UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bulletin 50
*
THE BIRDS OF
RTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
\
commenced by the late
ROBERT RIDGWAY
continued by
HERBERT FRIEDMANN
Part X
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WASHINGTON
D. C.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bulletin 50
THE BIRDS OF
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOG
OF THE
HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS
KNOWN TO OC jk IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC
LANDS TO TEE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, THE WEST INDIES
AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA,
AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO
commenced by the late
ROBERT RIDGWAY
continued by
HERBERT FRIEDMANN
Part X
Family Cracidae — The Curassows, Guans, and Chachalacas
Family Tetraonidae — The Grouse, Ptarmigan, etc.
Family Phasianidae — The American Quails, Partridges, and Pheasants
Family Numididae — The Guineafowls
Family Meleagrididae — The Turkeys
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1946
For Bale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.25
. T s -> f<D ^
PREFACE
The families of birds included in the present and preceding volumes
of this work are as follows:
Part I, issued October 24, 1901, included the Fringillidae (finches)
alone.
Part II, issued October 16, 1902, included the Tanagridae (tanagers),
Icteridae (troupials), Coerebidae (honeycreepers), and Mniotiltidae
(wood warblers).
Part III, issued December 31, 1904, included the Motacillidae (wag¬
tails and pipits), Elirundinidae (swallows), Ampelidae (waxwings),
Ptilogonatidae (silky flycatchers), Dulidae (palm chats), Vireonidae (vir-
eos), Laniidae (shrikes), Corvidae (crows and jays), Paridae (tit¬
mice), Sittidae (nuthatches), Certhiidae (creepers), Troglodytidae
(wrens), Cinclidae (dippers), Chamaeidae (wrentits), and Sylviidae
(warblers).
Part IV, issued July 1, 1907, contained the remaining groups of Os-
cines, namely, the Turdidae (thrushes), Zeledoniidae (wren-thrushes),
Mimidae (mockingbirds), Sturnidae (starlings), Ploceidae (weaver-
birds), and Alaudidae (larks), together with the haploophone or oligo-
myodian Mesomyodi, comprising Oxyruncidae (sharpbills), Tyrannidae
(tyrant flycatchers), Pipridae (manakins), and Cotingidae (chatterers).
Part V, issued November 29, 1911, included the tracheophone Meso¬
myodi, represented by the Pteroptochidae (tapaculos), Formicariidae
(antbirds), Furnariidae (ovenbirds), and Dendrocolaptidae (woodhew-
ers) ; the Macrochires, containing the Trochilidae (hummingbirds) and
Micropodidae (swifts) ; and the Heterodactylae, represented only by the
Trogonidae (trogons).
Part VI, issued April 8, 1914, contained the Picariae, comprising the
families Picidae (woodpeckers), Capitonidae (barbets), Ramphastidae
(toucans), Bucconidae (puffbirds), and Galbulidae (jacamars) ; the Ani-
sodactylae, with the families Alcedinidae (kingfishers), Todidae (todies),
and Momotidae (motmots) ; the Nycticoraciae, with the families Caprimul-
gidae (goatsuckers) and Nyctibiidae (potoos) ; and the Striges, consisting
of the families Tytonidae (barn owls) and Bubonidae (eared owls).
Part VII, issued May 5, 1916, contained the Coccygiformes (cuckoolike
birds), Psittaciformes (parrots), and Columbiformes (pigeons).
Part VIII, issued June 26, 1919, contained the Charadriiformes (plover¬
like birds) with the families Jacanidae (jacanas), Oedicnemidae (thick-
knees), Haematopodidae (oystercatchers), Arenariidae (turnstones),
Aphrizidae (surfbirds), Charadriidae (plovers), Scolopacidae (snipes,
sandpipers, etc.), Phalaropodidae (phalaropes), Recurvirostridae (avo-
ni
257346
IV
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
cets and stilts), Rynchopidae (skimmers), Sternidae (terns), Laridae
(gulls), Stercorariidae (skuas and jaegers), and Alcidae (auks).
^Part IX, issued October 2, 1941, contained the Gruiformes with the
families Gruidae (cranes), Rallidae (rails, gallinules, and coots), Helior-
nithidae (sun-grebes), and Eurypygidae (sun-bitterns).
Part X (the present part) contains the Galliformes, with the families
Cracidae (curassows, guans, and chachalacas) , Tetraonidae (grouse and
ptarmigan), Phasianidae (American quails, partridges, and pheasants),
Numididae (guineafowl), and Meleagrididae (turkeys).
Part XI, now ready for press, will contain the Falconiformes, with the
families Cathartidae (New World vultures), Accipitridae (hawks, kites,
buzzards, eagles, and harriers), Pandionidae (ospreys), and Falcomdae
(falcons, caracaras, and laughing falcons) .
Part XII, now in course of preparation, will contain the Anseriformes
(ducks, geese, and swans) ; the Ciconiiformes, with the families Ardeidae
(herons, bitterns, etc.), Cochleariidae (boatbills), Ciconudae (storks and
wood ibises), Threskiornithidae (ibises and spoonbills), and Phoemcop-
teridae (flamingoes) ; the Pelecaniformes, with the famdies Phaethonti-
dae (tropicbirds), Pelecanidae (pelicans), Sulidae (boobies and gan-
nets), Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants), and Fregatidae (man-o-war-
birds) ; the Procellariiformes, with the families Diomedeidae (alba¬
trosses), Procellariidae (shearwaters and petrels), and Hydrobatidae
(stormy petrels) ; the Colymbiformes (grebes) ; the Gaviiformes (loons) ;
the Sphenisciformes (penguins) ; and the Tinamiformes (tinamous).
In the ten volumes thus far published there have been treated in detail
(that is, with full descriptions and synonymies) , besides the families above
mentioned and higher groups to which they belong, 695 genera and 2,756
species and subspecies, besides 237 extralimital genera and 638 extralim-
ital species and subspecies whose principal characters are given in the
keys and whose principal synonymy is given in footnotes.
For the privilege of examining, or for the loan of, specimens needed in
the preparation of the present volume acknowledgments are due to the
authorities of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; the
American Museum of Natural History, New York; Carnegie Museum,
Pittsburgh; Chicago Natural History Museum; Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Cambridge; National Museum of Canada, Ottawa; Royal On¬
tario Museum of Zoology, Toronto; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
Berkeley; University of Michigan Museum, Ann Arbor; Cornell Uni¬
versity Museum, Ithaca ; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco ;
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena ; Princeton University Mu¬
seum ; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C. ; Museum of
Birds' and Mammals, University of Kansas, Lawrence; British Museum
(Natural History), London; Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Na-
turhistorisches Museum, Vienna; Natural History Museum, Leyden;
PREFACE
V
Robert T. Moore, Pasadena, and the late J. H. Fleming, Toronto. The
total number of specimens thereby made available for study in the present
connection is hard to estimate but runs into many thousands.
As in Part IX, the author has made extensive use of the manuscript
notes left by the late Robert Ridgway. His notes covered the diagnoses
of genera and higher groups and partial synonymies for many of the
species and subspecies. Wherever possible his manuscript has been in¬
cluded with the minimum of change (other than addition to synonymies)
permitted by more recent data. In fact, it has been, and still is, the
present author’s feeling that this work should be as largely Ridgway’s as
possible ; thus, for instance, he has kept and included Ridgway’s diagnoses
of certain genera now relegated to the position of subgenera, and where
Ridgway’s manuscript gave extensive synonymies for extralimital forms,
he has retained them without attempting to supply equally detailed
accounts for other extralimital forms. However, all such manuscript
material has been thoroughly studied with the specimens and the litera¬
ture; nothing has been accepted merely because it was written. From the
start, the author has felt himself responsible for the entire contents of
this volume and has not considered himself as an editor of an unpublished
work.
Measurements of specimens for use in the preparation were made by
the author and by A. L. O’Leary, Dr. E. M. Hasbrouck, and J. S. Webb
under the author’s supervision. Maj. Allan Brooks contributed (before
tbe present author began this work) a series of notes on the colors of the
unfeathered parts of many of the species discussed herein. The outline
drawings of generic details, except those previously published, were made
partly by E. R. Kalmbach, and partly, under the author’s supervision, by
Mrs. Aime Awl, of the United States National Museum staff.
Herbert Friedmann.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2019 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation
https://archive.org/details/birdsofnorthmiddOOOOridg
CONTENTS
Page
Order Gallifoemes : Fowllike birds . 1
Key to the suborders and superfamilies of Galliformes . 4
Suborder Galli : Megapodes, Curassows, Grouse, Pheasants . 4
Superfamily Cracoidea : Pigeon-footed Galli . 4
Key to the families of Cracoidea . 5
Family Cracidae : Curassows, guans, and chachalacas . 5
Key to the genera of Cracidae . 8
Genus Crax Linnaeus . 9
Key to the North and Middle American forms of the genus
Crax . 12
Crax rubra rubra Linnaeus . 13
Crax rubra griscomi Nelson . 19
Genus Penelope Merrem . 20
Key to the North and Middle American forms of the genus
Penelope . 22
Penelope purpurascens purpurascens Wagler . 23
Penelope purpurascens aequatorialis Salvadori and Festa.. 25
Genus Ortalis Merrem . 28
Key to the North and Middle American forms of the genus
Ortalis . 30
Ortalis vetula mccaJli (Baird) . 31
Ortalis vetula vetula (Wagler) . 34
Ortalis vetula polio cephala (Wagler) . 35
Ortalis vetula leucogastra (Gould) . 37
Ortalis vetula pallidiventris Ridgway . 38
Ortalis vetula intermedia Peters . 39
Ortalis vetula vallicola Brodkorb . 40
Ortalis vetula plumbiceps (Gray) . 40
Ortalis vetula deschauenseei Bond . 42
Ortalis garrula cinereiceps (Gray) . 42
Ortalis garrula mira Griscom . 45
Ortalis garrula olivacea Aldrich . 45
Ortalis ruficauda (Jardine) . 46
Ortalis wagleri wagleri (Gray) . 47
Ortalis wagleri griseiceps van Rossem . 49
Genus Penelopina Reichenbach . 50
Key to the races of Penelopina nigra (Fraser) . 51
Penelopina nigra nigra (Fraser) . 52
Penelopina nigra dickeyi van Rossem . 54
Penelopina nigra rufescens van Rossem . 54
Genus Chamaepetes Wagler . 55
Chamaepetes unicolor Salvin . 57
Genus Oreophasis Gray . 58
Oreophasis derbianus Gray . 60
Superfamily Phasianoidea : Grouse, pheasants, turkeys . 62
Key to the American (native and naturalized) families and sub¬
families of Phasianoidea . 62
VII
VIII
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Order Galliformes : Fowllike birds — Continued.
Superfamily Phasianoidea : Grouse, pheasants, turkeys Continued. Page
Family Tetraonidae: Grouse, ptarmigan, etc . 63
Key to the genera of Tetraonidae . 65
Genus Dendragapus Elliot . 67
Key to the forms (adults) of Dendragapus obscurus (Say) 69
Dendragapus obscurus sitkensis Swarth . 70
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus Ridgway . 74
Dendragapus obscurus sierrae Chapman . 77
Dendragapus obscurus howardi Dickey and van Rossem - 80
Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii (Douglas) . 82
Dendragapus obscurus obscurus (Say) . 85
Dendragapus obscurus pallidus Swarth . 88
Genus Lagopus Brisson . 90
Key to the North American forms (adults) of the genus
Lagopus . 92
Lagopus lagopus alascensis Swarth . 97
Lagopus lagopus albris (Gmelin) . 100
Lagopus lagopus alexandrae Grinnell . 104
Lagopus lagopus ungavus Riley . 106
Lagopus lagopus leucopterus Taverner . 107
Lagopus lagopus alleni Stejneger . 108
Lagopus mutus evermanni Elliot . 109
Lagopus mutus toivnsendi Elliot . HI
Lagopus mutus sanfordi Bent . 113
Lagopus mutus chamberlaini A. H. Clark . 114
Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner . 115
Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni Murie . 116
Lagopus mutus nelsoni Stejneger . 117
Lagopus mutus dixoni Grinnell . 120
Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gmelin) . 122
Lagopus mutus welchi Brewster . 126
Lagopus leucurus leucurus (Swainson) . 127
Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Chapman . 131
Lagopus leucurus saxatilis Cowan . 132
Lagopus leucurus rainierensis Taylor . 133
Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood . 134
Genus Canachites Stejneger . 136
Key to the forms (adults) of the genus Canachites . 137
Canachites franklinii (Douglas) . 138
Canachites canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus) . 143
Canachites canadensis canace (Linnaeus) . 147
Canachites canadensis atratus Grinnell . 150
Canachites canadensis torridus Uttal . 151
Genus Bomsa Stephens . 153
Key to the forms of Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus) . 155
Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linnaeus) . 156
Bonasa umbellus mediana Todd . 161
Bonasa umbellus monticola Todd . 163
Bonasa umbellus sabini (Douglas) . 166
Bonasa umbellus castanea Aldrich and Friedmann . 169
Bonasa umbellus brunnescens Conover . 170
Bonasa umbellus togata (Linnaeus) . 171
Botmsa umbellus affinis Aldrich and Friedmann . 175
CONTENTS IX
Superfamily Phasianoidea : Grouse, pheasants, turkeys Continued.
Family Tetronidae: Grouse, ptarmigan, etc. — Continued. page
Bonasa umbellus phaia Aldrich and Friedmann . 178
Bonasa umbellus inccma Aldrich and Friedmann . 179
Bonasa umbellus yukonensis Grinnell . 182
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (Douglas) . 184
Genus Pedioecetes Baird . 187
Key to the forms of Pedioecetes phasianellus (Linnaeus) . . 189
Pedioecetes phasianellus caurus Friedmann . 190
Pedioecetes phasianellus kennicottii Suckley . 193
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus (Linnaeus) .
Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi Lincoln . 196
Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus (Ord) . 200
Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway . 203
Genus Tympanuchus Gloger . 206
Key to the forms (adults) of the genus Tympanuchus.... 207
Tympanuchus cupido cupido (Linnaeus) . 208
Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus (Brewster) . 212
Tympanuchus cupido attzvateri Bendire . 217
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Ridgway) . 219
Genus Centrocercus Swainson . 223
Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte) . 224
Family Phasianidae : American quails, partridges, and pheasants - 230
Key to the North and Middle American genera of Phasianidae 235
Genus Dendrortyx Gould . 239
Key to the adults of the forms of Dendrortyx . 240
Dendrortyx barbatus Gould . 241
Dendrortyx macroura macroura (Jardine and Selby) . 243
Dendrortyx macroura griseipectus Nelson . 245
Dendrortyx macroura diversus Friedmann . 246
Dendrortyx viacroura striatus Nelson . 247
Dendrortyx macroura oaxacae Nelson . 248
Dendrortyx leucophrys leucophrys (Gould) . 249
Dendrortyx leucophrys nicaraguae Miller and Griscom . 250
Dendrortyx leucophrys hypospodius Salvin . 252
Genus Oreortyx Baird . 253
Key to the forms (adults in fresh plumage) of Oreortyx
picta (Douglas) . 255
Oreortyx picta palmeri Ober.holser . 255
Oreortyx picta picta (Douglas) . 258
Oreortyx picta confinis Anthony . 261
Oreortyx picta eremophila van Rossem . 262
Genus Callipepla Wagler . 264
Key to the forms of Callipepla squamata (Vigors) . 265
Callipepla squamata pallida Brewster . 265
Callipepla squamata castmogastris Brewster . 269
Callipepla squamata squamata (Vigors) . 270
Genus Philortyx Gould . 272
Philortyx fasciatus (Gould) . 273
Genus Lophortyx Bonaparte . 275
Key to the forms (adults) of the genus Lophortyx . 277
Lophortyx californica calif ornica (Shaw) . 279
Lophortyx californica brunnescens Ridgway . 284
X
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Order Galliformes : Fowllike birds — Continued.
Superfamily Phasianoidea : Grouse, pheasants, turkeys — Continued.
Family Phasianidae : American quail, partridges, and pheasants — Continued.
Page
Lophortyx calif ornica catalinensis Grinnell . 286
Lophortyx calif ornica plumbea Grinnell . 287
Lophortyx calif ornica achrustera Peters . 289
Lophortyx calif ornica canfieldae van Rossem . 290
Lophortyx calif ornica orecta Oberholser . 290
Lophortyx gambelii gambelii Gambel . 291
Lophortyx gambelii fulvipectus (Nelson) . 296
Lophortyx gambelii pembertoni van Rossem . 297
Lophortyx gambelii sana Mearns . 297
Lophortyx gambelii ignoscens Friedmann . 298
Lophortyx douglasii douglasii (Vigors) . 299
Lophortyx douglasii bensoni (Ridgway) . 302
Lophortyx douglasii teres Friedmann . 303
Lophortyx douglasii impediia Friedmann . 304
Lophortyx douglasii languens Friedmann . 305
Genus Colinus Goldfuss . 305
Key to the North and Middle American forms of Colinus. . 307
Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus) . 312
Colinus virginanus texanus (Lawrence) . 323
Colinus virginianus floridanus (Coues) . 326
Colinus virginianus insulanus Howe . 328
Colinus virginianus cubanensis (Gray) . 329
Colinus virginianus maculatus Nelson . 331
Colinus virginianus aridus Aldrich . 332
Colinus virginianus graysoni (Lawrence) . 333
Colinus virginianus nigripectus Nelson . 334
Colinus virginianus pectoralis (Gould) . 335
Colinus virginianus godmani Nelson . 336
Colinus virginianus minor Nelson . 337
Colinus virginianus insignis Nelson . 338
Colinus virginianus coyolcos (Muller) . 339
Colinus virginianus salvini Nelson . 341
Colinus virginianus nelsoni Brodkorb . 342
Colinus virginianus thayeri Bangs and Peters . 343
Colinus virginianus atriceps (Ogilvie-Grant) . 344
Colinus virginianus ridgwayi Brewster . 344
Colinus nigrogularis caboti Van Tyne and Trautman . 347
Colinus nigrogularis persiccus Van Tyne and Trautman... 350
Colinus nigrogularis nigrogularis (Gould) . 350
Colinus leucopogon leylandi Moore . 353
Colinus leucopogon sclateri (Bonaparte) . 355
Colinus leucopogon dickeyi Conover . 356
Colinus leucopogon leucopogon (Lesson) . 357
Colinus leucopogon hypoleucus Gould . 358
Colinus leucopogon incanus Friedmann . 359
Colinus cristatus sonnini (Temminck) . 360
Colinus cristatus panamensis Dickey and van Rossem . 363
Genus Odontophorus Vieillot . 364
Key to the Middle American forms of the genus Odon¬
tophorus . 366
Odontophorus gujanensis castigatus Bangs . 366
CONTENTS
XI
Order Galliformes : Fowllike birds — Continued.
Superfamily Phasianoidea : Grouse, pheasants, turkeys — Continued.
Family Phasianidae : American quail, partridges, and pheasants — Continued.
Page
Odontophorns gujanensis marmoratus (Gould) . 368
Odontophorus erythrops melanotis Salvin . 370
Odontophorus erythrops coloratus Griscom . 37 2
Odontophorus erythrops verecundus Peters . 373
Odontophorus guttatus (Gould) . 373
Odontophorus leucolaemus Salvin . 377
Genus Dactylortyx Ogilvie-Grant . 379
Key to the forms of Dactylortyx thoracicus (Gambel).... 380
Dactylortyx thoracicus thoracicus (Gambel) . 382
Dactylortyx thoracicus devius Nelson . 383
Dactylortyx thoracicus lineolatus (Gould) . 385
Dactylortyx thoracicus sharpei Nelson . 385
Dactylortyx thoracicus chiapensis Nelson . 386
Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus Dickey and van Ros-
sem . 387
Dactylortyx thoracicus taylori van Rossem . 388
Dactylortyx thoracicus fuscus Conover . 389
Genus Cyrtonyx Gould . 390
Key to the forms of the genus Cyrtonyx . 391
Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi Nelson . 392
Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae (Vigors) . 396
Cyrtonyx montezumae merriami Nelson . 398
Cyrtonyx montezumae sallei Verreaux . 399
Cyrtonyx ocellatus (Gould) . 400
Genus Rhynchortyx Ogilvie-Grant . 403
Key to the forms of Rhynchortyx cinctus (Salvin) . 405
Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus Peters . 405
Rhynchortyx cinctus cinctus (Salvin) . 408
Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius Griscom . 409
Genus Perdix Brisson . 409
Perdix perdix perdix (Linnaeus) . 411
Genus Phasicmus Linnaeus . 417
Phasianus colchicus torquatus Gmelin . 419
Family Numididae: Guineafowls . 430
Key to the genera of Numididae . 431
Genus Numida Linnaeus . 431
Numida meleagris galeata Pallas . 433
Family Meleagrididae : Turkeys . 436
Key to the genera of Meleagrididae . 437
Genus Meleagris Linnaeus . 437
Key to the forms of Meleagris gallopavo (Linnaeus) . 439
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot . 440
Meleagris gallopavo osceola Scott . 447
Meleagris gallopavo intermedia Sennett . 449
Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson . 451
Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo Linnaeus . 454
Meleagris gallopavo mexicana Gould . 455
Meleagris gallopavo onusta Moore . 457
Genus Agriocharis Chapman . 458
Agriocharis ocellata (Cuvier) . 460
465
Index
TEXT FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS
Page
. 10
. 21
. 29
. 50
. 56
. 59
. 67
. 91
. 136
. 154
. 188
. 207
13. Centrocercus urophasianus .
. 223
. 240
15. Oreortyx picta .
16. Callipepla squamata .
17. Philortyx fasciatus .
18. Lophortyx californica .
. 254
. 264
. 272
. 276
. 306
. 365
21. Dactylortyx thoracicus .
22. Cyrtonj'x montezumae .
23. Rhynchortyx cinctus .
24. Perdix perdix . . .
25. Phasianus colchicus .
26. Numida meleagris .
27. Meleagris gallopavo .
28. Agriocharis ocellata .
. 380
. 390
. 404
. 410
. 418
. 432
. 438
. 459
XII
THE BIRDS OF
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
Commenced by the late Robert Ridgway; continued by Herbert Friedmann
Part X
Order GALLIFORMES: Fowllike Birds
Gallinae Forster, Enchiridion, 1788, 36.
t=Gallinae Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 594, 609.
<fGallinae Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 135. Elliot, Stand. Nat.
Hist., iv, 1885, 197.— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886,
167; ed. 3, 1910, 134. — Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 184.—
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, xi, 33.— Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 270.
XGallinacei Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 49 (Alectorides+Cracidae+Crypturi-f
Pterocles).
> < [Gallinacei] Nupidedes Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 50 (excludes Tetraonidae; in¬
cludes Crypturi).
Giratores ou Gallinacees Blainville, Journ. Phys., lxxxiii, 1816, 252 (sub¬
order I. Brevicaudes ; II. Longicaudes).
Gradatores ou Gallinaces Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil., 1816, 110 (I. Longi¬
caudes; II. Brevicaudes).
i=Phasianidae Bonaparte, Saggio Distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 54.
> Alectoromorphae Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 459 (includes Hemi-
podii and Pterocletes) .
>Rasores Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 317 (includes Pterocletes, Hemipodii,
and Opisthocomi) .
<=Rasores Reichenow, Vog. Zool. Gart., 1882; Die Vogel, i, 1913, 270.
>Galliformes Gadow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 33 (includes Mesoenatidae, Hemi¬
podii). — Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49, 263 (includes Mesoena¬
tidae and Hemipodii).
t=Gallidae Furbringer, Bijd. Dierkunde, ii, 1888 (Unters. Morph. Syst. Vdg.),
i567. n .
i=Galliformes Furbringer, Bijd. Dierkunde, ii, 1888 (Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog.),
1557 _ Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 68; Pland-list, i, 1899, x,
12. _ Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3 ; Smiths. Misc.
Coll., lxxxix, No. 13, 1934, 6; xcix, No. 7, 1940, 5.— American Ornitholo¬
gists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 78.— Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 3.— Hellmayer and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 114.
> Kolobathrornithes Boetticher, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvii, 1927, 190 (includes
rails, cranes, bustards, gallinaceous birds, shorebirds, pratincoles, gulls, and
terns).
1
2
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Schizognathous, holorhinal, terrestrial, or arboreal rasorial birds with
sternum usually deeply 4-notched or cleft (2-notched in Opisthocomi) ;
16-19 cervical vertebrae (19 in Opisthocomi, 16 in all the rest) ; cora¬
coids without a subclavicular process and with basal ends overlapping or
crossed; quadrate bone double; intestinal convolutions of type V (plagio-
coelous) ; bill relatively short, with maxilla vaulted, its tip overhanging
that of the mandible, vaulted, not compressed, and with hallux always
present.
Nares holorhinal, impervious; palatines without internal lamina; max-
illopalatines not coalesced with one another or with the vomer1 ; quadrate
bone double; basipterygoid processes absent but represented by sessile
facets on anterior part of sphenoidal rostrum; rhamphotheca simple;
angle of mandible produced and recurved. Cervical vertebrae, 16; an-
kylosed sacral vertebrae preceded by a free vertebra, this by four anky-
losed dorsal vertebrae, the latter heterocoelous ; coracoids with or without
(Opisthocomi) a subclavicular process and with basal ends overlapping
or crossed; furcula with median process (hypocleidium) much developed.
Metasternum with four deep notches or clefts (Galli), or two notches
(Opisthocomi), in the former case the median xiphoid process very long
and narrow, the internal processes much shorter, the external processes
shorter still and bent outward over posterior ribs, their extremities ex¬
panded; spina communis sterni and processus obliquus present, large;
episternal process perforated to receive a process from base of coracoids;
muscle formula usually ABXY+(the femorocaudal muscle absent in Pavo
and Meleagris, very slender in Cracidae) ; expansor secundariorum pres¬
ent, but in Tetrao, Francolinus (except F. clappertoni) , Rollulus , Euplo-
comus, Gallus, Ceriornis, and Pavo, instead of being inserted into the
scapulosternal fibrous head, after blending more or less with the axillary
margin of the teres, it ceases by becoming fixed to a fibrous intersection
about one-third way down the coracobrachialis brevis muscle ; biceps slip
usually present (absent in Ortalis araucuan, Crax, Mitua, Talegallns, and
Numida, but present in Megapodius and Megacephalon) ; tensor patagii
brevis with a thin, wide, diffused tendon (as in Crypturi) ; ectepicondylo-
ulnaris muscle present (as in Crypturi) ; anconeus with humeral head not
always present; gluteus primus present, large; gluteus V present (ten¬
dinous in Chrysolophus pictus) ; intrinsic syringeal muscles absent; deep
plantar tendons of type I (if reaching the hallux proceeding from flexor
longus hallucis, not from flexor perforans digitorum). Intestinal convo¬
lutions of type V (plagiocoelous) ; crop present, globular; stomach usu¬
ally a gizzard ( Centrocercus the only known exception) ; gall bladder
present; caeca large; oil gland usually tufted (nude in Megapodii, absent
1 In some Cracidae, however, the maxillopalatines are said to be united medially
into an ossified septum.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
in Argus). Aftershafts present; neck without lateral apteria; adult
downs on pterylae only; wing eutaxic (quintocubital) in Galli and Cra¬
cidae, diastataxic (aquintocubital) in Megapodii ; primaries, 10; rectrices,
10 or, usually, more. Nest usually on the ground; eggs numerous (ex¬
cept in Cracidae), variable in form and coloration. Young ptilopaedic
and nidifugous (those of the Megapodii highly so, being able to fly and
care for themselves soon after hatching) .
The following additional external characters may be mentioned :
Bill short (usually much shorter than head), generally rather stout, the
culmen regularly and rather strongly decurved, the maxilla depressed
rather than compressed (except in some Cracidae), its obtuse vaulted tip
overhanging the tip of the mandible; maxillary tomium never dentate or
serrate, the mandibular tomium dentate only in Odontophorinae ; nasal
fossae naked (except in Tetraonidae and some Cracidae), the horizontal
or longitudinal nostril overhung by a corneous operculum. Frontal feath¬
ers (if present) parted by the backward extension of the culmen. Tibiae
always feathered, frequently the tarsi also (at least in part) ; sometimes
(in genus Lagopus ) the toes also; the tarsi, if unfeathered, usually trans¬
versely scutellate in front, frequently provided with one or more spurs
behind ; hallux always present, but varying in relative size and position ;
anterior toes usually webbed between the basal phalanges ; claws obtuse,
slightly curved. Wing strong but relatively short, much rounded, and
very concave beneath. Tail excessively variable in shape and develop¬
ment, the rectrices varying from 8 to 32 in number.
The Galliformes are nearly cosmopolitan in their distribution, only
Polynesia, New Zealand, and the Antarctic regions being without repre¬
sentatives of the order.2 They are much more numerous in the Northern
Hemisphere, to which the typical suborder, Galli, is mostly confined, these
being far better represented in the Old World than in America, the large
and varied family Phasianidae having its focus in temperate and subtrop¬
ical Asia. The aberrant superfamily Cracoidea is chiefly confined to the
Southern Hemisphere, the Megapodidae to the Australian Region, the
Cracidae to the Neotropical Region. One family of Phasianoidea is
peculiar to America, this being the Meleagrididae. One phasianoid family
(Numididae) is restricted to Africa, another (Tetraonidae) is common to
the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, while the remaining and much more
numerous and varied one (Phasianidae) has the widest range of all,
every portion of Europe and Asia (except the far Arctic parts), besides
portions of the Indo-Malayan and Nearctic Regions, possessing represen¬
tatives (represented in America not by true pheasants, but only by quail).
2 They are, however, also lacking in certain areas within regions the greater part
of which is inhabited by them ; for example, the greater part of the West Indies,
and the Revillagigedo and Galapagos island groups. New Zealand formerly possessed
a species of Coturnix (C. novae -Zealand iae) , but this has become extinct.
4
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
The species of Galliformes are very numerous. Peters’s Check-list of
Birds of the World (vol. ii, 1934, pp. 3-141) enumerates no fewer than
94 genera, a considerable number of which contain many forms each.
KEY TO THE SUBORDERS AND SUPERFAMILIES OF GALLIFORMES
a. Sternum 4-notched, narrower posteriorly than anteriorly .. .suborder Galli (p. 4)
b. Sternum with inner notches very deep, extending for more than half length
of sternum, outer division of long and narrow posterior lateral process
slightly expanded only on outer side, costal process elongated and nearly
parallel to long axis of sternum; hallux relatively small, attached above level
of anterior toes, its basal phalanx much shorter than that of toe.
super family Cracoidea (p. 4)
bb. Sternum with inner notches relatively short, extending for less than half
length of sternum, the outer division of the short and broad posterior lateral
process widely expanded terminally on both sides, the costal process short
with anterior edge at right angle with long axis of sternum ; hallux relatively
large, attached at same level as anterior toes, its basal phalanx as long as
that of the third toe . superfamily Phasianoidea (p. 62)
act. Sternum 2-notched, wider posteriorly than anteriorly.
suborder Opisthocomi (extralimital)3
Suborder Galli: Megapodes, Curassows, Grouse, Pheasants
Galli Gadow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 34— Beddard, Struct, and Classif. Birds,
1898, 290.— Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49, 267.— Wetmore, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3; Smiths. Misc. Coll., lxxxix, No. 13, 1934,
6; xcix, No. 7, 1940, 5. — Peters, Checklist Birds of World, ii, 1934, 3.
Superfamily Cracoidea: Pigeon-footed Galli
=Peristeropodes Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 296. — Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, xv, 33, 445— Salvin and Godman, Biol
Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 271.— Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909,
267, in text.
=GallinEe Peristeropodes Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, vii, 135.
=Gallin£e-Peristeropodes Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 229.
>Pullastrae Cope, Amer. Nat., xxiii, 1889, 871, 873 (includes also Pterocletes
and Columbae!).
<Megapodii Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 68 (Megapodidae only) ;
Hand-list, i, 1899, x, 12.
< Megapodes Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxiv, 1915, 33 (Megapodidae
only).
< Craces Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 68; Hand-list, i, 1899 x,
14 (Cracidae only) .
<Penelopes American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 178 (Cracidae
only) ; ed. 3, 1910, 146.
3 Opisthocomi Forbes, Ibis, 1884, 119.— Sclater, Ibis, 1880, 407.— Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 523.— Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, Birds, 1885,
196.— Beddard, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 285.— Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., lxxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3; Smiths. Misc. Coll., lxxxix, No. 13, 1934, 6; xcix,
No. 7, 1940, 6.— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 141.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
r
5
=Cracoidea Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., lxxxix, No. 13, 1934, 6; xcix, No.
7, 1940, 5. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 78. —
Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 3.
=Cracides Wetmore and Miller, Auk, xliii, 1926, 342.— Wetmore, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., lxxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3.
Galliform birds with the hallux incumbent (inserted at same level as
anterior toes), its basal phalanx as long as that of third toe; sternum
with inner notches relatively short, extending for less than half the
length of the sternum, the outer division of the short and broad lateral
process widely expanded terminally on both sides, the costal process short,
with anterior edge at right angles with long axis of sternum, the episternal
process perforated to receive the feet of the coracoids.
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF CRACOIDEA
a. Sternum less than twice as long as its inner notch; trachea generally coiled;
both carotids present; biceps slip never present; oil gland feathered; hallux
relatively shorter, toes all much shorter and smaller; wing eutaxic (quin-
tocubital) ; arboreal; nidification normal . Cracidae (p. 5)
aa. Sternum more than twice as long as its inner notch; trachea always straight;
only one carotid (the left) present; biceps slip sometimes present; oil gland
nude; hallux relatively longer, all the toes much longer and stouter; wing
diasataxic (aquintocubital) ; terrestrial ; nidification highly peculiar.
Megapodidae (extralimital)4
Family Cracidae: Curassows, Guans, and Chachalacas
=Alectrides Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 49 (includes actually only genus Penelope
but by implication entire family).
4 =Megapodidre Lilljeborg, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, IS. — Elliot, Stand.
Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 229, in text.— Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 33, 445.—
Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49, 268. =Megapodiidae Carus, Handb. Zool.,
i, 1868-75, 324.— Gadow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 34. =Megapodiidae Sharpe, Hand¬
list, i, 1899, x, 12. >Struthiones alis volantibus Wagler, Nat. Syst. Av., 1830, 6,
127 (includes Crypturi). >Crypturidae Nitzsch, Syst. Pterylog., 1840, 117 (in¬
cludes Crypturi and Hemipodii). >Megapodinae Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, 490.
<[Megapodiinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868—75, 325. <CTalegalinae Gray, Gen.
Birds, iii, 1849, 488. <Talegallinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 325. The
Megapodidae or moundfowls are a group of plainly colored terrestrial gallinaceous
birds of most remarkable habits. They are unique among birds (as far as
known) in their nidification; for, instead of building a nest and incubating their
eggs, several individuals of the same species together scrape up, with their power¬
ful feet, dead leaves and other rubbish of the forest floor into an immense heap,
sometimes as much as 30 feet in diameter, in which their eggs are deposited, then
covered with the same material, and left to be hatched by the heat generated by
the decomposing mass. The young are hatched with wings sufficiently developed
for immediate flight, and after emerging they shift for themselves without any help
or protection from their parents. One monotypic genus, Megacephalon, represented
by the Males, or Mallee-fowl, of Celebes and Sanghir ( M . males), buries its eggs
in the warm sand along the seashore. The group is essentially confined to the
Australian Region, one species only occurring in Borneo and the Philippines.
653008°— 46 - 2
6
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
>Penelopidse Bonaparte, Saggio Distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 54 (includes
Menuridae, Megapodidae, and Opisthocomidae !).
=Penelopidae Nitzsch, Syst. Pterylog., 1840, 167. — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 609, 610.
<Penelopinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 325 (genera Penelope and
Oreophasis) .
<Penelopinae Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 135 ( Stegnolaema ,
Penelope, Penelopina, Pipile, Aburria, Chamaepetes, and Ortalis). — Baird,
Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 397. — Elliot,
Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 233, in text.- — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds,
ed. 2, 1884, 573. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 178 ;
ed. 3, 1910, 146. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 473. —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 275.
)>Cracidae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 325 (includes Meleagridae !).
=Cracidae Gadow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 34. — Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., lxxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3; Smiths. Misc. Coll., lxxxix, No. 13, 1934, 6;
xcix, No. 7, 1940, 5. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4,
1931, 78. — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 9. — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 141.
=Cracidae Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, vii, 135. — Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 397. — Coues, Key North
Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 572. — Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 229, 232,
in text. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 178 ; ed. 3,
1910, 146. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 33, 473.— Sharpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, x, 14. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii,
1902, 271. — Iynowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49, 271.
<Cracinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 325.
>Cracinse Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 135. — Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 397. — Elliot, Stand. Nat.
Hist., iv, 1885, 233, in text. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii,
1893, 473. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 271.
XCracinae Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 207 (includes all genera
except Oreophasis') .
<Oreophasinas Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137 ( Oreophasis
only). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874,
397.— Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 232, in text. — Ridgway, Man. North
Amer. Birds, 1887, 208. — Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 473. —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 274.
=Duodecempennatae Sundevall, ofv. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Fork., 1873, 118.
Gallinaceous birds with hallux incumbent and more than half as long
as lateral toes, its basal phalanx as long as that of the third (middle)
toe; with tufted oil gland; sternum less than twice as long as its inner
notch ; both carotids present ; trachea usually coiled ; biceps slip never
present; wing eutaxic (quintocubital), habits arboreal, nidification normal.
Bill variable, usually relatively small, with culmen longer than meso-
rhinium and broadly rounded (not ridged), the tomia never denticulate;
sometimes much higher than broad basally, with the mesorhinium high
and more or less arched, sometimes produced into a swollen knob or bony
tubercle. Nostril more or less longitudinal, the cere entirely nude (ex¬
cept in Oreophasis). Wing moderately large, relatively very broad,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
7
the large and broad secondaries nearly as long as longest primaries, some¬
times a little longer; undersurface of wings strongly concave, the outer
primaries strongly bowed or incurved distally, sometimes with terminal
portion abruptly attenuate or falcate ; primaries, 10, the outermost much
the shortest. Tail nearly as long as to slightly longer than wing, more
or less rounded, flat (not vaulted), the rectrices relatively broad, with
broadly rounded tips. Tarsus less than one-fourth to about one-third
as long as wing, the acrotarsium with a single row of large transverse
scutella, the planta tarsi usually with a single row of smaller scutella along
outer side and smaller, irregular scutella on inner side ; middle toe about
two-thirds to three-fourths as long as tarsus, the lateral toe reaching to
or slightly beyond penultimate articulation of middle toe (the outer
usually slightly longer than the inner) ; hallux about as long as combined
length of first two phalanges of outer toe; claws moderately to rather
strongly curved (that of hallux most strongly so), moderately large,
compressed; a well-developed web between basal phalanges of anterior
toes. Plumage in general rather compact, the feathers rather broad and
with rounded tips except on anal region and rump, where soft and downy,
those of neck sometimes sublanceolate, those of pileum sometimes
elongated, forming a bushy erectile crest, more rarely (in Crax ) rigid,
erect, and recurved terminally; loral region wholly nude, orbital region
more or less (sometimes extensively) nude, the throat also sometimes
nude, the naked skin sometimes developed into a wattle or dewlap.
Nidification normal, the nest placed in trees; eggs (said to be only
two in number) relatively large, with rough, granular surface, immacu¬
late whitish.
Range. — The whole of continental tropical America.
The Cracidae are arboreal gallinaceous birds that differ from all other
Gallinae except the Megapodidae (of the Australian Region) in having
the hallux large and on the same level with the anterior toes, and from
the Megapodidae in having the legs and feet conspicuously less stout,
all the toes shorter ; in having the trachea usually coiled instead of straight ;
the presence of two carotid arteries and tufted oil gland, absence of biceps
slip, and normal nidification; although, unlike the Tetraonidae, Phasian-
idae, and other alectoropode Gallinae, the nest is usually built in a tree,
and the eggs, said to be only two in number, are very large in proportion
to the size of the bird, plain dull white, and very different in shape and
texture of the shell, which is roughly granulated.
The members of the Cracidae are never of brilliant plumage, though
many of them are very handsome birds. They dwell in forests and
spend much of their time among the branches of the higher trees, where
they build their nests. Easily domesticated, they become excessively
tame, gentle, and affectionate.
The true curassows (subfamily Cracinae), of the genera Crax, Notho-
crax, Mitu, and Pauxi, are the largest and finest birds of the family,
8
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
being nearly equal in size, though inferior in bulk, to the turkeys. The
plumage of the males is usually of a glossy black, the underparts of most
species chiefly white; the recurved crest and bright color (yellow or
orange) of the cere and (if present) frontal protuberance adding to
their fine appearance. They are known to the natives of the countries
they inhabit as pavo or pavo del monte (peacock or mountain peacock).
Their flesh is held in great esteem, being much like that of the turkey,
but richer.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CRACIDAE
a. Planta tarsi wholly covered by a continuous series (single row) of large,
quadrate scutella on each side; bill compressed, relatively large and heavy,
deep at base, the mesorhinium ascending and arched proximally or sur¬
mounted by a swollen knob or egg-shaped bony tubercle; postacetabular area
of pelvis narrow; sexes usually (except in Mitu only) more or less different
in coloration. (Cracinae.)
b. Pileum with an erectile crest; forehead without an egg-shaped protuberance.
c. Feathers of crest semierect, narrow, rigid, and recurved or curled forward
at tips . Crax (p. 9)
cc. Feathers of crest decumbent, broad, soft, and blended.
d. Loral region nude ; sexes very different in coloration.
Nothocrax (extralimital)3
dd. Loral region densely feathered ; sexes alike in coloration.
Mitu (extralimital)6
bb. Pileum not crested ; forehead with a large, egg-shaped, naked, bony tubercle
or protuberance . Pauxi (extralimital)’
aa. Planta tarsi with a continuous series (single row) of quadrate scutella only on
outer side, these conspicuously smaller than scutella of acrotarsium, or with
none on either side ; bill depressed, relatively small, not deeper than broad at
base, the mesorhinium not distinctly ascending nor arched, and never sur¬
mounted by a knob or tubercle; postacetabular area of pelvis broad; sexes
usually alike in coloration (different only in Penelopina) .
b. Entire base of bill, including cere and mesorhinium, together with forehead,
densely covered with short, erect, plushlike feathers, quite concealing nostrils ;
crown nude, with an elongated nude bony protuberance ; loral and orbital
regions covered with short feathers ; mandibular rami and chin densely covered
with plushlike feathers ; feathers of hindneck sublanceolate. (Oreophasinae.)
Oreophasis (p. 58)
5 Nothocrax Burmeister, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 347 (type, by monotypy,
Crax urumutum Spix). British Guiana to upper Amazon Valley. (Monotypic.)
0 Mitu Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 485 (type, by tautology', Crax galeata Latham
=Crax mitu Linnaeus). — Mitua (emendation) Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
vii, 1841, 36. Guiana to upper Amazon Valley. (Three species.)
’ Pauxi Temminck, Pig. et Gallin., ii, 1813, 456, 468 (type, by tautonymy, “Crax
pauxi” Latham et Gmelin = Crax Pauxi Linnaeus). — Ourax Cuvier, Regne Anim.,
i, 1817, 440 (type, by monotypy, Crax pauxi Linnaeus). — Lephocercus Swainson,
Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 353 (type, by monotypy Crax pauxi Linnaeus). Colombia
to Venezuela and Peru. (Monotypic.). — Ur ax (emendation) Reichenbach, Av. Syst.
Nat. Vog., 1852, xxvi. — Pauxis (emendation) Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, ix,
1875, 285.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
9
bb. Entire base of bill, including cere and mesorhinum, nude, the forehead (to¬
gether with rest of pileum) covered with relatively large, distinctly outlined,
more or less elongated feathers, forming when erected a bushy crest ; crown
without a bony protuberance; loral and orbital regions nude (the former some¬
times partly feathered) ; feathers of hmdneck not sublanceolate, but rounded
or, sometimes, blended. (Penelopinae.)
c. Outer primaries with inner webs not distinctly, if at all, incised distally, never
with attenuated tips.
d. Throat without a median feathered area.
e. Chin (sometimes more or less of upper throat also) feathered; lower
throat with wattle or dewlap less developed, sometimes not evident;
sexes alike in color, the plumage never uniform black.
Penelope (p. 20)
ee. Chin, as well as whole throat, nude; lower throat with wattle or dewlap
conspicuously developed ; pileum less distinctly crested ; sexes very
different in color, adult males uniform black . Penelopina (p. 50)
dd. Throat with a median feathered strip, completely nude laterally only.
Ortalis (p. 28)
cc. Outer primaries with inner webs deeply incised distally, their terminal portion
narrowly falcate.
d. Foreneck more or less naked and wattled or caruncled.
e. Foreneck mostly naked, with a median wattle or dewlap.
Pipile (extralimital)8
ee. Foreneck mostly feathered and with a long fusiform tubercle.
Aburria (extralimital)0
dd. Foreneck entirely feathered and without wattle or caruncle.
Chamaepetes (p. 55)
Genus CRAX Linnaeus
Crax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 157. (Type, by subsequent designation,
Crax rubra Linnaeus (Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1896, 207).)
Craxa (emendation) Billberg, Synop. Faunae Scand., i, pt. 2, 1828, table A.
Alector Merrem, Av. Rar. Icon, et Descr., fasc. 2, 1786, 40. (Type, by tautonymy,
Crax alcctor Linnaeus.)
Crossolaryngus Reichenbach, Handb. Orn., Columb., 1861, 136. (Type, as desig¬
nated by Sclater and Salvin, 1870, Crax globulosa Spix.)
Mituporanga Reichenbach, Handb. Orn., Columb., 1861, 136. (Type, as desig¬
nated by Sclater and Salvin, 1870, Crax globicera Linnaeus.)
Sphaerolyngus Reichenbach, Handb. Orn., Columb., 1861, 136. (Type, by monotypy,
Crax alberti Fraser.)
Very large Cracidae (length about 762-916 mm.), with bill deep and
compressed, the oilmen mesorhinium long and more or less arched, the
s Pipile Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 877 (type, by tautonymy, Penelope
leucolophos Merrem = Crax pipile Jacquin).— Cumana Coues, Auk, xvii, 1900, 65
(new name for Pipile Bonaparte, alleged to be preoccupied by Pipilo Vieillot, 1816).
Colombia to Guiana, upper Amazon Valley, and southeastern Brazil. (Three species.)
9 Aburria Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. Vog., 1852, xxvi (type, by original desig¬
nation and monotypy, Penelope carunculata Temminck = aburri Lesson). — Opetiop-
tila Sundevall, Tentamen, 1873, 118 (new name for Aburria Reichenbach, on
grounds of purism; ’o^tlov, subula, Sundevall). Colombia and Ecuador. (Mono-
typic.)
10
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Figure 1. — Crax rubra.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
11
cere and anterior half (more or less) of mandibular rami wholly nude;
pileum with a more compressed erectile crest of elongated, rigid termi¬
nally recurved feathers, and forehead with an egg-shaped tubercle or
protuberance.
Bill deep at base, compressed, its greatest basal width equal to less
than three-fourths (sometimes barely two-thirds) its height; culmen
strongly decurved, not ridged, much shorter than length of mesorhinium,
the latter more or less arched proximally, sometimes much compressed
(almost ridged), sometimes broad and flattened basally; cere and anterior
half (more or less) of mandibular rami, sometimes loral and at least
part of orbital region also, wholly nude ; nostril more or less comma-
shaped, rounded anteriorly, acute or subacute posteriorly, in anterior
middle portion of cere sometimes touching base of rhinotheca, overhung,
at least for proximal half, by a convex membranous operculum. Wing
relatively large and broad, the very large and broad secondaries extend¬
ing beyond tips of primaries ; primaries rigid, strongly rounded, composed
of 12 rather rigid, broad, roundish-tipped rectrices, then decidedly in¬
curved terminally and slightly but distinctly bent vertically, the tail thus
convex above and concave beneath. Tarsus long and stout, less than
one-fourth to nearly one-third as long as wing, entirely nude, the acro-
tarsium and planta tarsi both with a continuous series of large and
broad transverse scutella; middle toe nearly to about two-thirds as long
as tarsus, the inner toe reaching about to its penultimate articulation,
the outer toe slightly longer ; hallux incumbent, longer than first two
phalanges of outer toe; claws rather large, strongly curved (especially
that of hallux), moderately compressed.
Plumage and coloration. — Plumage in general rather soft, but feathers
distinctly outlined, except on sides and under portion of head and on
upper neck, where short and velvety, and abdomen, flanks, and under
tail coverts, where very soft and full ; pileum with an erectile compressed
crest of elongated, rigid feathers, recurved at tips. Adult males plain
black, more or less glossed, especially on upper parts, with greenish,
bluish, or purplish, the abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts— some¬
times also tips of rectrices — white. Adult female with plumage more
or less barred, sometimes with rufescent and ochreous hues predominat¬
ing; in one species differing from adult male only in having the feathers
of the crest barred with white.
Range . — Southern Mexico to Brazil. (Seven species with several
additional subspecies. Only a single species, with two races, in the re¬
gions covered by this work.)
12
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
KEY TO THE NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICAN FORMS OF THE GENUS CRAX10
a. Crest uniform black (male).
b. A wattle present on each side of his chin . Crax alberti (extralimital)* 11
bb. No wattles at base of lower mandible.
c. Plumage of upperparts with a purplish gloss. . . .Crax nigra ( extralimital )“
cc. Plumage of upperparts glossed with dull greenish.
d. Smaller, wings averaging 340 mm . Crax rubra griscomi (p. 19)
dd. Larger, wings averaging 385 mm . Crax rubra rubra (p. 13)
aa. Some white bars in crest (females).
b. Secondaries uniform black . Crax nigra (extralimital)
bh. Secondaries not uniform black.
c. Secondaries black with narrow white bars . Crax alberti (extralimital)
cc. Secondaries chestnut, or, if blackish, then widely barred with whitish.
d. Size smaller, wings averaging 330 mm . Crax rubra griscomi (p. 19)
dd. Size larger, wings averaging 370 mm . Crax rubra rubra (p. 13)
10 Included in the key are two South American species, whose ranges extend near
enough to Panama to make them worth considering as potential additions in time
to come.
11 Crax alberti Fraser. — Crax alberti Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1850, 246,
pis. 27, 28 (locality unknown; coll. Knowsley Menagerie) ; Gray, List Eirds Brit.
Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 15 ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870,
517 (monogr. ; Colombia); Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, ix, 1875, 280, pi. 48;
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 483 (vicinity of Bogota, Colom¬
bia) ; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xii, 1898, 132 (Santa Marta, Colombia) ;
Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xiii, 1900, 127 (Bonda, Naranjo, and Santa
Marta, Colombia) ; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvi, 1917, 194 (west
of Honda, Colombia, 2,000 feet) ; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xiv,
1922, 176 (Don Diego and San Lorenzo, Santa Marta, Colombia). — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 127. — C\rax ] alberti Reichenbach, Voll.
Nat. Tauben, 1861, 136. — [Crax] alberti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 253, No. 9527;
Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 135; Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 15. — Crax
alberti alberti Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 11. — (?) Crax mikani, part,
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1870, 343 (female). — Crax viridirostris Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc.
London, ix, 1875, 282 (“South America” ; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.) ; x, 1879, 544,
pi. 92; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, 463 (Cartagena, Colombia).- — Crax annulata
Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxviii, 1915, 170 (Don Diego, Santa Marta,
Colombia).
12 Crax nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 157 (South America) ; Peters,
Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 10 (distr. ; syn.). — [CVa.r] alector Linnaeus,
Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 269 (“America Calidiore” ; based on Crax guianensis
Brisson, Orn., i, 1725, 298, pi. 29). — Gallus indi-cus Sloane, Jam., ii, 302, pi. 260;
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 735; Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 622; Gray,
Hand-list, ii, 1870, 253, No. 9523; Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 135;
Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 14. — Crax alector Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., i,
1791, 173, pi. 85, fig. 4; Temminck, Pig. et Gallin., iii, 1815, 27, 689; Vieillot, Nouv.
Diet. Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 584; Gal. Ois., ii, 1825, 6; Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831,
484; Bennett, Gard. and Menag., ii, 1831, 9; Reichenbach, Synop. Av., Columb., ii,
1837, pi. 173, fig. 1515 ; Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 20, pt. 5,
Gallinae, 1867, 14; Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 148 (crit.) ; Burmeister, Syst. fibers,
Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 344; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1870, 286 (Rio Negro, Rio Vaupe,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
13
CRAX RUBRA RUBRA Linnaeus
Central American Curas sow
Adult male. — Entire feathering of head, neck, wings, tail, and body
black with a very dark greenish gloss, except for the middle and posterior
part of the abdomen, the flanks, and the under tail coverts, which are
white ; in some cases the rectrices are slightly margined with white ; the
feathers of the lower back and rump are short and often reveal their
dark brownish bases, causing this area to appear somewhat mixed black
and dull sepia, iris red ; cere with swollen wattle pale yellow to bright
yellow, tip of bill somewhat duskier; tarsi and toes grayish “horn color.”
Adult female. — Extremely variable, the plumages falling into at least
three phases, which, as far as present data indicate, are all equally adult :
1. Dark phase: Feathers of head and neck and upper two-thirds of
throat blackish broadly crossed subterminally with white, causing a barred
or sometimes a scalloped appearance, the white areas much smaller on
the sides of the head than on the chin, throat, and sides and back of
the neck, making the lores, circumorbital area, cheeks, and auriculars
definitely blacker in appearance; crest feathers black with a broad white
band and sometimes a narrow basal one ; posterior part of neck, lower
throat, upper breast, scapulars, and interscapulars dark slate black with
a slight greenish gloss, the scapulars and interscapulars more or less
washed or edged with dark warm sepia to mars brown ; back and rump
rich dark chestnut-brown somewhat mottled or tinged with blackish ;
upper wing coverts bright chestnut with a slight suffusion of orange-
rufous, the feathers with dusky shafts and irregularly mottled with dusky
fuscous to blackish ; primaries and outer secondaries bright chestnut
mottled with black and with the shaft edged with blackish on the inner
web ; in some specimens the outer webs unmottled, in others both we.bs
are heavily sprinkled with black markings; inner secondaries generally
darker, much more heavily mottled with blackish, and with narrow
whitish transverse irregular marks on the outer webs ; in some specimens
the inner secondaries are more blackish than chestnut and blend easily
and Rio Brancho, n. Brazil) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870,
514 (monogr.) ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, ix, 1875, 277, pi. 43 (monogr.) ;
Brown, Canoe and Camp Life in Brit. Guiana, 1876, 345 ; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 475 (int. Colombia; San Gabriel, upper Rio Negro; Barra
do Rio Negro; Camacusa and Demerara, Brit. Guiana; Surinam); Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvi, 1917, 194 (Buena Vista, e. Colombia). — C[rax]
alector Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 746; Reichenbach,
Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 130. — Crax globiccra (not of Linnaeus) Temminck, Cat.
Syst., 1807, 151 (Surinam). — Crax mitu (not of Linnaeus) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet.
Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 583 ; Gal. Ois., ii, 1825, pi. 199. — Crax erythrognatha Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, 22 (interior of Colombia ; coll. Salvin
and Godman, now in coll. Brit. Mus.) ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. London., x,
1879, 543, pi. 90.
^4 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
into the dark interscapulars ; upper tail coverts blackish washed or edged
with dark warm sepia and with a faint greenish gloss ; rectrices variable,
in some specimens all are uniform blackish with a greenish gloss ; in
others the median pair are heavily vermiculated with dull orange-chestnut ;
in still others the outer webs of all the tail feathers have incomplete,
narrow, irregular, white bars and whitish tips; lower breast and sides
tawny-russet paling into light ochraceous-tawny to light ochraceous-buff
on the adbomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts ; under wing coverts
chestnut vermiculated with blackish ; bill yellowish, darker and somewhat
olive-brown basally; tarsi and toes dull “pinkish gray.”
2. Red phase: Similar to the dark phase but with the lower throat,
entire breast, the scapulars, interscapulars, entire back, rump, upper wing
coverts, and remiges bright orange-chestnut to Sanford’s brown, the
inner secondaries obscurely and incompletely barred with blackish, and
the rectrices broadly barred black chestnut and cinnamon-buff, the chest¬
nut usually confined to the median two pairs and edged with black, not
coming directly into contact with the buff bars, of which there are seven
or eight, including the terminal one.
3. Barred-backed phase: Feathers of head and neck white with small
black tips, the whole area definitely much whiter than in the two phases
described above ; the crest mostly white instead of black barred with white ;
the black tips practically absent in the feathers of the chin and upper
throat ; lower throat, upper breast, posterior part of hindneck, and inter¬
scapulars broadly barred with black and white, the bars about equal in
width (8 mm.) in one specimen, the black ones wider than the white
ones in several others; scapulars, upper wing coverts, and secondaries
very conspicuously banded wTith broad bars of pinkish buff to cinnamon-
buff, the dark (wider) .bars dull deep chestnut edged with black or, in
some birds, and especially on the interscapdlars, almost solid black;
primaries pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff, terminally suffused with pinkish
cinnamon and banded with orange-cinnamon to mikado brown, these
dark bands more widely spaced (narrower than the pale interspaces) and
more developed on the inner than the outer webs ; on the innermost
primaries the dark bands have some blackish margins ; back and rump
pale cinnamon-buff barred with black-edged chestnut bands; upper tail
coverts and median rectrices like the scapulars and secondaries, the outer
rectrices becoming blacker and the pale bars narrower, sometimes almost
disappearing in the outermost pair ; underparts of body paler than in the
other phases — the lower breast and sides pale ochraceous-buff, abdomen,
flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts as in other phases ; under wing
coverts ochraceous-buff speckled with dull chestnut.13
13 This plumage is very different from anything else seen in this species ; the only
character elsewhere exhibited that approaches it is in the tail of the rufous phase. I
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
15
5" ubadult male. — Similar to the adult but without the swollen wattle on
the cere.
Juvenal male. — Similar to the adult female dark phase but with the
entire breast and upper abdomen blackish, the abdominal feathers basally
pale chestnut, which color shows through the black; thighs with dusky
edges and tips to each of the feathers producing a scalloped appearance;
and entire back and scapulars blackish like the interscapulars ; primaries
darker — very dark chestnut on the outer webs, dark sepia on the in¬
ner ones.
Juvenal female.14 — ' Three phases, as follows :
1. Dark phase: Similar to the adult of the same phase but with the
secondaries and the long scapulars mottled with white, the irregular
elongated whitish marks surrounded with black; the central pair of
rectrices vermiculated black and chestnut and similarly mottled with white ;
the next pair with a few white marks on the outer webs ; upper tail coverts
dark chestnut vermiculated with black like the median rectrices but with
no white, breast very dark chestnut, not black, the lower breast, upper
abdomen, and sides barred more or less with dusky fuscous and
ochraceous-buff ; occasional feathers have the buff replaced by white;
thighs similarly barred with fuscous ; crest with several white bars.
2. Red phase: Similar to the corresponding adult but with the lower
breast, abdomen, and thighs barred with fuscous, and the remiges crossed
by numerous rather fine wavy blackish bars ; crest with several white bars.
3. Barred-backed phase: Similar to the corresponding adult but the
crest feathers with several white bars instead of one very broad one;
upper abdomen and sides and flanks barred with fuscous-black.
Natal down. — Down of head, upperparts generally, breast, sides, flanks,
and thighs grayish warm buff, abdomen white ; the chin also whitish ; tip
and sides of head with blackish spots which tend to become connected
into longitudinal stripes on the hindneck and back (where there are one
median and two lateral stripes separated by slightly more grayish, less
buffy, down than that of the upperparts generally; bill dusky yellowish,
tending toward lead grayish on the maxillary tomium ; tarsi and toes
pale ochraceous-salmon. (descr. ex col. fig. in Heinroth, Journ. fur Orn.,
lxxix, 1931, pi. xvii, facing p. 282).
have seen four examples of the barred-backed form “chapmani Nelson,” all females.
As far as I have been able to discover, all the known specimens of this type come
from Campeche and Yucatan; the plumage is not represented from other parts of
the range of rubra and is not known to occur in the Cozumel Island subspecies
griscomi. It is impossible to decide the status of chapmani definitely; it may be a
color phase of rubra as here treated, and as considered by several recent authors,
or it may be a distinct species. A similar case in South America is to be found in
Crax grayi Ogilvie-Grant and in Crax pinima Pelzeln.
14 There seems to be no subadult stage that may be told from skins.
16
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult male.— Wing 365-445 (388) ; tail 305-362 (331.3) : oilmen
from cere 27-33.5 (31.5): oilmen including cere 46-o8 (t>3.2) ; tarsus
113-127 (117.8) ; middle toe without daw 70-436 (76.8 mm.).15
Adult female. — Wing 35c— 110 (372.4); tail 31 >-345 (322); culmen
from cere 24 — 30 ( 2/. 2) : culmen including cere 4o.5— '0 (^4tc>.3 > , tarsus
108-117 (112.4) : middle toe without daw 70-80 (73. o mm.).16
Range. — Resident in forested areas in the tropical zone from south¬
eastern Mexico — southern Tamaulipas ( Guiaves ; Sierra Madre above
Ciudad Victoria) : Veracruz (Misantla) ; Oaxaca (Tapana: Chimalapa) ;
Campeche (La Tuxpeiia : Champeton - ; Yucatan (eastern Quintana Roo;
Puerto Morelos ; La \ ega > : Britisn Honduras (Belize: Cayo DistrtCi. i ,
Honduras (Lake Yojoa: Tigre Island: Comayagua; San Pedro; Lance-
tilla i : Guatemala ( local on the Pacific slope; Chilomo : Lake Peten ; Los
Amates : Varan j o ; Pozo del Rio Grande ; Panzos : Rexcne ; Samo i onias >
Savanna Grande: Sepacuite; Vera Paz) : Xicaragua (Rio Escondido: Los
Sabalos); Costa Rica (Guacimo; La Palma de Xicoya; Xaranjo: Rio
Frio; San Carlos: San Jose; Sarapiqui ; Talamanca: \ alza : \ clean de
Irazu ; Volcan de MiravaUes) ; and Panama (Aknirante ; Boquete ; Canal
Zone: Cerro Bruja: Tesusito, Danen; Lion Hill: Obaldia; Perme) : soutn
through western Colombia (Choco; Bando; Bagado) ; to western Ecuador
(Chongon Hills; Paramba: Bunliin).
Type locality. — Xo locality given; designated as western Ecuador by
Hdlmayr and Conover (Cat. Birds Arner., i, Xo. 1, 1942, loO).
[Cra.r] rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Xat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 157 (“America”; based on
Gallina peruviana rubra Albin, Ax., iii, 37, pi. 40) : ed. 12, i, 1766, 270. — Amelin,
Svst. XaL, i, pt. 2. 1788, 736. — Rzichexbach, Synop. Av., Co’.umb., ii, 1837, pi.
175, figs. 1523, 1524.
Cra.r rubra Temminck, Pig. et Gallin., iii, 1815, 21, 687.— Yieillot, Xouv. Diet.
Hist. Xat., xiv, 1817, 582. — Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xi. pt. i. 1819, 168,
pi. 9. — Bennett, Gard. and Menag., ii, 1831, 22c. — Lesson, Traite d Om, 1831,
484. — Reichenbach. Yoll. Xat. Tauben, 1861, 139 (crit.). — button and Bur-
eeigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Unix. Xo. 3, 1939, 27 (Tamaulipas >.
— Sutton and Pettingill. Auk, lix. 1942, 10 (Tamaulipas; habits; nest and
eggs).
C[rax ] rubra Reichenbach, YolL Xat. Tauben, 1861, 133, part (Mexico).
C[rGi] rubra Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de ios Estados
Unidos Mexicanos. 1884. 169 (Mexico; common names).
Crax rubra ? Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. XaL Hist Xew \ ork. Hi, 1861, 301 (Panama).
Crax rubra rubra Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 12 (distr.). — Griscom,
BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii. 1935, 303 (Panama).— Van Tyne. Misc. Publ.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan. Xo. 27, 1935. 10 (Uaxactun, Peten, Guatemala).—
Aldrich, Sci. Pub'.. Cleveland Mus. Xat. Hist., vii, 19o7. 51 (Cerro \ ieio,
Azuero Peninsula, Panama ; plum. ; crit.) . — Sassi, Temmmckia, iii. 1938, 304
(Costa Rica; Bebedero; spec.).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Arner.,
“ Eleven specimens from Mexico, Guatemala. Costa Rica, and Panama.
18 Seven specimens from Mexico.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
17
i, No. 1, 1942, 129 (syn. ; distr.). — Brodkorb, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ.
Michigan, No. 56, 1943, 30 (Mexico; Chiapas, Palenque; spec.).
[ Crax ] globicera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 270 (“Brasilia; Curacao”;
based on Crax curassous Brisson, Orn., 300 ; Gallus indicus alius Aldrovandi,
Orn., ii, 332; Gallina indica Aldrovandi, Orn., ii, 333; Ray, Av., 31, 32; Edwards,
Av., 2, pi. 295, fig. 1). — Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 736. — Latham, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 624 (“Guiana”). — Reichenbach, Synop. Av., Columb., ii, 1837,
pi. 174, figs. 1517, 1518. — Sclater and Salvtn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 135. —
Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 14 (Mexico to Honduras).
Crax globicera Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., i, 1791, 175. — Vieillot, Nouv.
Diet. Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 582. — Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 484. — Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 253 (Veracruz) ; Trans. Zool. Soc. London,
ix, 1875, 274, pi. 40 (fig. S, 2 ; monogr.) ; x, 1879, 543, pi. 89 (Panama; Costa
Rica). — Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 311 (Tigre Island and between Pacific coast and
Comayagua, and Lake Yojoa, Honduras). — Salvin, Ibis, 1861, 143 in text
(Vera Paz, Guatemala). — Salle and Parzudaki, Cat. Oiseaux Mexique, 1862
6 (Mexico). — Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, viii, 1863, 12, 490
(Panama); ix, 1868, 139 (San Jose, Costa Rica); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 4,
1876, 44 (Tapana, Oaxaca). — Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 297, 298
figs, of sternum and pelvis). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 373 (Rio
Sarapiqui; Costa Rica) .— Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1869,
560 (hot region of Veracruz) ; La Naturaleza, ii, 1871, 37 (Veracruz, Mexico).
— Sclater and Salvtn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 513, 543 (monogr.) ; 838
(Honduras). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, 42 (San Carlos, Volcan
de Irazu, and Naranjo, Costa Rica); 1883, 459 (Yucatan; habits). — Nutting,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 408 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica) ; vi,
1884, 408 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; habits; fresh colors unfeathered parts).—
Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 175 (Veracruz). — Rovirosa,
La Naturaleza, vii, 1887, 380 (Tabasco; Rio Macuspana). — Zeledon, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 128 (Costa Rica) .— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 478, part (Sierra Madre above Ciudad Victoria, Tamau-
lipas; Misantla, Veracruz; Chimalapa, Oaxaca; n. Yucatan; Sabana Grande,
Guatemala) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 203, part (monogr., excl. of Cozumel
Island).- — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 524 (Rio Escondido,
Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa Rica; habits). — Beristain and Laurencio, Mem.
y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 220 (Mexico; forests of both
coasts). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 448 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica;
habits). — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-7 (1899), 219 (Naranjo
and Santo Tomas, Guatemala). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, iii, 1902, 271, part (Sierra Madre above Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas;
Misantla, Veracruz ; Chimalapa and Tapana, Oaxaca ; n. Yucatan ; Lake Peten,
Chilomo, Sabana Grande, Rexche, and Vera Paz, Guatemala; Lake Yojoa and
San Pedro, Honduras). — Dearborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 125,
1907, 77 (Los Amates, Guatemala). — Phillips, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 74 (Guiaves,
Tamaulipas). — Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 25, 1921, 7, 8
(crit.) —Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxv, 1922, 195 (Jesusito,
Darien; crit.). — Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 235, 1926, 7 (eastern Quin¬
tana Roo, Yucatan) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ixxii, 1932, 318 (Perme, Obaldia,
Panama; crit.).— Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lv, 1926, 151 (distr.
in Ecuador; spec. Chongon Hills). — Sturgis, Field Book Birds Panama Canal
Zone, 1928, 26 (descr. ; habits; Panama Canal).— Heinroth, Journ. fur Orn.,
lxxix, 1931, 278, pi. 17-19 (development; habits). — Caum, Occ. Pap. Bishop
Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, ii (Hawaii; introduced in 1928; uncertain status in 1933). —
18
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Aldrich, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., vii, 1937, 51, in text. — Groebbels,
Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 165 (data on breeding biology).
C[rax ] globicera Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 133. — Reichenow, Die
Vogel, i, 1913, 280.
Cras globicera Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los Estados
Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 169 (Mexico; common names).
Crax globicera globicera Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, lxix, 1929, 369 (distr. ;
Cayo District, British Honduras).- — Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxix, 1929,
403 (hills e. of Lancetilla, Honduras; type loc. fixed) ; lxxi, 1931, 297 (Almi-
rante, Panama) .— Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Ixiv, 1932, 99 (distr.
in Guatemala; abundant between Sepacuite and Panzos). — Stone, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932, 301 (Honduras). — Dickey and van Rossem,
Birds El Salvador, 1938, 147 (Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador). — del Campo,
Anal. Inst. Biol., xiii, No. 2, 1942, 700 (Chiapas; Catarinas; spec.).
[Crax] alector (not of Linnaeus), part, Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 623 (female).
Crax alector Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xi, pt. i, 1819, 163, part (Mexico). —
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 223 (Guatemala; Belize, British Honduras;
habits).
Crax alector ? Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 61 (Peten and Chilomo,
Guatemala) .
Crax alberti Frazer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1850, 246, part, pis. 27, 28 (female).
(?) Crax blumenbachii Spix, Av. Bras., ii, 1825, 50 pi. 64 (“Rio de Janeiro,” but
locality said to be erroneous). — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae,
1867, 15.
[Crax] blumenbachii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 253, No. 9525.
(?) Crax albini Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1931, 484 (based on “Albin, t. ii, pi. 32;
Hoazin Hernandez ?”). — Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1862, 155.
Crax temminckii Tschudi, Archiv fur Naturg., x, 1844, 308 (based on “The Red
Peruvian Hen” of Abin and Crax rubra Temminck) ; Fauna Peruana, Aves,
1844-46, 287 (w. Mexico). — Burmeister, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 347.
Crax edivardsii Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1862, 134 (based on “The Curasso-
Bird” Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., ii, 181, pi. 295, fig. 1 : Aviary bird without
locality) .
C[rax] pseudalector Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1862, 131, pi. 174, fig. 1516
(Yucatan; cites “t. 237, i.e. 1516 ‘Crax’ syst. nat. t. xxiv”).
Crax sp. Sclater and Salvtn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 371 (Panama).
CVa.r panamensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 479 (“Southern
Nicaragua and Costa Rica to the United States of Colombia”; Valza, Costa
Rica ; Lion Hill, Panama ; type locality not specified) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii,
1897, 205 (monogr.). — Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, xiv, 1899,
9, Rio Lara, Darien, Panama). — Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, xv, 1899, 1
(breeding in captivity). — Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 21
(Boquete, w. Panama) ; Auk, xxiv, 1907, 290 (Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa
Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 278 (Los
Sabalos and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; San Jose, Valza, Sarapiqui, San
Carlos, Volcan de Irazu, Naranjo, La Palma de Nicoya, Rio Frio, and Mira-
valles, Costa Rica; Lion Hill, Panama). — Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix, 1902, 601
(Paramba, 3,500 feet, and Bulun, nw. Ecuador; crit.). — Carriker, Ann. Car¬
negie Mus., vi, 1910, 382 (Guacimo, Costa Rica; crit.; habits). — Chapman,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvi, 1917, 194 (Choco, Bando, and Bagado, nw.
Colombia). — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, 242 (Canal Zone,
Panama).— Rendahl, Ark. Zool., xii, No. 8, 1919, 10 (Siquirres, Costa Rica, and
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
19
Zapatera, Nicaragua). — Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 25, 1921,
7 (crit.). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166 (breeding data).
C[rax ] panamensis Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 280.
[Crax] panamensis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 14. — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds
South Amer., i, 1912, 8 (Colombia; nw. Ecuador).
Crax hecki Reichenow, Journ fur Orn., 1894, 231, pi. 2 (aviary bird; 9). —
Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166 (data on breeding biology).
Crax chapmani Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xiv, Sept. 25, 1901, 170
(Puerto Morelos, e. Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 273.
Crax sclateri Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,’’
vii, 1894, 220 (Mexico).
CRAX RUBRA GRISCOMI Nelson
Cozumel Curassow
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate form but smaller.
Adult female. — Similar to the dark phase adult female of the typical
race but smaller, the median white band on the crest slightly broader ;
the inner primaries and the secondaries with slightly wider whitish trans¬
verse markings, and the scapulars, greater upper wing coverts, and upper
surface of secondaries generally more irregularly marked with dusky
mottlings.
Subadult male. — Similar to the adult but without the swollen wattle
on the cere.
Juvenal male. — None seen.
Juvenal fe^nale. — Similar to the adult but with the lower breast, upper
abdomen, and sides barred with narrow wavy blackish bands, some of
the feathers with whitish tips.
Natal down. — Apparently not known.
Adult male.— Wing 325-355 (339.5); tail 300-310 (306.8); culmen
from cere 26.5-29 (27.8) ; culmen including cere 44-52 (48) ; tarsus
98-109.5 (104.5) ; middle toe without claw 62.5-71.5 (67 mm.).17
Adult female.— Wing 320-330 (328.3) ; tail 273-305 (289.3) ; culmen
from cere 22.5-26 (24.5) ; culmen including cere 42-45 (43) ; tarsus
97-98 (97.5) ; middle toe without claw 60.5-63 (62.1 mm.).17
Confined to the type locality, Cozumel Island, off the coast of Yucatan.
Crax globicera (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Salvin, Ibis, 1889, 378; 1890, 89 (Cozumel
Island; crit.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893 , 478, part
(Cozumel Island) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 203, part (Cozumel Island). —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 271, part (Cozumel
Island) .
Crax globicera ? Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 581 (Cozumel Island;
crit.).
Crax globicera griscomi Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxxix, 1926, 106
” Three specimens of each sex.
20
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
(orig. descr. ; Cozumel Island). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 132 (syn. ; distr.).
Crax rubra griscomi Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 12.
Genus PENELOPE Merrem
Penelope Merrem, Av. Rar. leones et Descr., fasc. 2, 1786, 39. (Type, as designated
by Sclater and Salvin, 1870, P. jacupema Merrem = P. marail Gmelin?18.)
Penelophe (emendation) Billberg, Synop. Faunae Scand., i, pt. 2, 1828, table A.
Ponolope (emendation) Jarocki, Zoologiia, ii, 1821, 186.
Salpiza Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1226. (Type, as designated by Gray, 1840, Penelope
marail Gmelin.)
Salpizusa (emendation) Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 301.
Gornn Lacepede, Tabl. Ois., 1799, 12. (Type, by tautonymy, The Quan or Guan
Edwards = Penelope crisiata Gmelin = Penelope purpurascens aequatorialis
Salvadori and Festa.)
Guan (emendation) Fischer de Waldheim, Nat. Mus. Naturg. Paris, ii, 1803, 183.
Guanus (emendation) Fischer de Waldheim, Zoognesia, i, ed. 3, 1813, 34, 51.
Ganix Rafinesque, Analyse, 1815, 69. (New name for Gouan Lacepede.)
Stegnolcema Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 521. (Type, by
monotypy, Ortalida montagnii Bonaparte.)
Steganolxma (emendation) Waterhouse, Index Gen. Avium, 1889, 211.
Large Cracidae (length about 558-890 mm. but less bulky and more
slender than Crax), with bill relatively small and not compressed, loral,
orbital, and gular regions nude, the last with a median wattle or dewlap
(sometimes not evident in dried skins), pileum with decumbent but
erectile crest of broad, flattened soft feathers, tail as long as or longer
than wing, and coloration mostly brownish or olivaceous, without bars,
usually without any solid black, and sometimes with whitish streaks on
underparts.
Bill relatively small (only about half as long as head), its depth at
base about equal to its width at same point; oilmen about as long as
nude portion of mesorhinium, gradually decurved, broadly rounded on
top, the rhinotheca slightly to decidedly broader than deep at base;
mesorhinium straight or very slightly convex toward base, gently ascend¬
ing proximally ; nostril relatively rather large, narrowly elliptical or slit¬
like to comma- shaped (broadly rounded anteriorly, acute or subacute
posteriorly), its posterior half or more overhung by a convex membrane,
its anterior end touching base of rhinotheca, or nearly so. Wing large
and broad, the longer primaries and secondaries about equal in length
18 Merrem had two species, P. leucolophos (p. 43), which = Crax cumanensis
Jacquin (a Pipile), and P. jacupema (p. 39), which is doubtfully referred to P.
marail Gmelin; Sclater and Salvin, P.Z.S. 1870, 523, say it ‘must always remain
doubtful’ what species was intended by Merrem under this name.” (Richmond, MS.)
In 1816 Vieillot (Analyse, p. 49) gave only Marail BufTon (= Penelope marail
Gmelin) under the generic term Penelope; while in 1832 Wagler (Isis, p. 1226)
included P. pipile (= Pipile jacuntinga) , P. cumanensis (— Pipile cmnanensis) , and
P. aburri (= Abnrria aburri) .
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 21
or (in P. montagnii ) the former decidedly longer; outer primaries strongly
bowed, especially the outermost, of which the narrow tip is strongly in¬
curved ; sixth to eighth primaries longest ; none of primaries with inner
web incised ; secondaries strong and relatively broad, with rounded tips.
Tail about as long as wing or a little shorter, distinctly rounded, the
rectrices (12) very broad, the lateral ones slightly or moderately bowed,
653008° — 46 - 3
22
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
all faintly but distinctly bent downward terminally (the upper surface
slightly convex, the under side slightly concave). Tarsus moderately long
and stout (about one-fourth as long as wing), the acrotarsium with a
single continuous row of broad, transverse scutella, the planta tarsi with
small irregular scutella, then large and more or less hexagonal, on
upper and lower portion, tending to arrangement in double longitudinal
series; middle toe about three-fourths as long as tarsus, the outer toe
reaching to a little beyond penultimate articulation of middle toe, the
inner slightly to decidedly shorter ; hallux shorter than first two phalanges
of outer toe; claws rather long and strongly curved, moderately com¬
pressed; a well-developed web between basal phalanges of anterior toe.
Plumage and coloration .- — Entire loral and orbital regions (extensively)
completely nude, the throat also nude but with scattered hairlike feathers,
the chin and upper throat more or less feathered; feathers of pileum
elongated, but broad and flattened, forming when erected a bushy crest;
plumage in general moderately firm, the feathers, even on neck, distinctly
outlined, except on abdomen and under tail coverts, where soft and
semidecomposed. Upperparts plain brownish, olivaceous, dull olive-
greenish, or dusky dull bluish green, the pileum sometimes black, white
with dusky shaft streaks, or with white edges to feathers, one species
with eight outer primaries white with dusky tip and base, one with wing
coverts, back, etc., edged with white, and one with tail tipped with
cinnamon-rufous ; under parts brownish, usually with feathers of chest
or breast edged with white, the abdomen, etc., sometimes cinnamon-rufous
or chestnut. Sexes alike in color.
Range. — Southern Mexico to southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru.
(About 11 species, only one of which occurs in the area dealt with in
this work.)19
KEY TO THE NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICAN FORMS OF THE GENUS PENELOPE
a. Lower abdomen, under tail coverts, and lower back dull dark brown, not chest¬
nut . Penelope purpurascens purpurascens (p. 23)
aa. Lower abdomen, under tail coverts, and lower back chestnut.
b. Inner remiges coppery auburn, not bronze-green.
Penelope purpurascens perspicax (extralimital)20
19 The above description, so far as proportions are concerned, is based essentially
on P. purpurascens and P. montagnii, other species not being available at the time
of writing. P. montagnii differs from P. purpurascetis in greater extent of feather¬
ing of chin, which extends over much of the throat, relatively longer primaries or
shorter secondaries, much greater restriction of nude circumorbital and loral area,
and some other characters, but it is doubtful that the genus Stegnolaema Sclater
and Salvin, of which it is the type, should be granted recognition.
20 Penelope purpurascens perspicax Bangs.— Penelope perspicax Bangs, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, xxiv, 1911, 187 (San Luis, Bitaco Valley, w. Colombia; crit. ;
E. A. and O. Bangs coll., now in Mus. Comp. Zool.). — Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., xxxvi, 1917, 195 (San Antonio, Miraflores, Salento, Colombia) .—Bangs,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
23
bb. Inner remiges bronze-green, not coppery auburn.
c. Crown and upper back greenish. Penelope purpurascens aequatorialis (p. 25)
cc. Crown and upper back dull metal bronze, not greenish.
Penelope purpurascens brunnescens (extralimital):
PENELOPE PURPURASCENS PURPURASCENS Wagler
Northern Crested Guan
Adult (sexes alike). — Forehead, crown, occiput, and hindneck dark
fuscous with a very slight purplish to greenish bronzy sheen ; scapulars,
interscapulars, upper wing coverts, and remiges similar but sheen more
greenish, the outer primaries less greenish, more fuscous-black, the inter¬
scapulars, scapulars, and upper wing coverts with narrow lateral, but
not terminal, white edges ; back and rump dull dusky sepia to mummy
brown ; upper tail coverts and rectrices like the inner remiges but the
tail feathers with a little brighter sheen and averaging slightly more olive,
less bronzy ; lores bare except for some sparse black bristlelike feathers ;
circumocular area bare ; chin and upper throat also bare except for a
very few black hairlike feathers, a malar' band of feathers from the
posterior end of the mandibular ramus, broadening over the auriculars
to extend dorsad to the feathers of the occiput and caudally to the sides
of the upper throat, dark fuscous ; rest of sides of neck, lower throat,
and breast dark fuscous with a faint bronzy brownish gloss, each feather
laterally narrowly edged with white; abdomen, sides, flanks, thighs, and
under tail coverts like the back and rump ; under wing coverts dark
fuscous ; iris carmine-red ; circumorbital skin and lores violaceous-black ;
bill black ; upper part of gular skin violaceous-black, the lower part
carmine-red; tarsus carmine-red to magenta.
Immature (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult but with the white marks
on the interscapulars, scapulars, and upper wing coverts much less de¬
veloped ; inner remiges and median rectrices with a little more purplish
sheen.
Juvenal (only one male and one unsexed bird seen). — Much paler than
adult or immature birds, the fuscous of the latter replaced by dusky
earth brown to dull sepia; no white marks on the upperparts and very
faintly present on the breast; scapulars, upper wing coverts, inner
secondaries, upper tail coverts, and rectrices sepia abundantly flecked and
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930, 154 (type spec.; crit.). — P[eneIope] purpurascens
pcrspicax Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, xlix, 1932, 332 (crit.; distr.). — Penelope
purpurascens perspicax Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 13. — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 137.
21 Penelope purpurascens brunnescens Hellmayr and Conover. — P[enelope\ pur¬
purascens brunnescens Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, xlix, 1932, 333 (Rio Cogollo,
Perija, Zulia, Venezuela; coll, of H. B. Conover; crit.). — Penelope purpurascens
brunnescens Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 13. — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 137.
24
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
vermiculated with mikado brown ; no crest on top of head ; chin and
upper throat clothed in warm-buff down.
Natal down. — Forehead and supraorbital bands grayish light ochra-
ceous-salmon, center of crown and occiput deep bright chestnut bordered
laterally by a broad line of black, laterad of which is a band of pale olive-
grav, which in turn is bordered on the outside (laterally) by a narrow
line of chestnut next to the ochraceous-salmon supraorbitals ; hindneck
like the occiput ; back with a spinal band of deep chestnut bordered wTith
black, otherwise pinkish buff ; chin and upper throat pale pinkish buff,
lower throat and breast between cinnamon-buff and clay color; abdomen
white with a very faint ivory-yellow tinge ; flanks and thighs cinnamon-
buff splotched with dusky.22
Adult male. — Wing 370-415 (390.6) ; tail 350-408 (384) ; culmen
from base 32-44 (36.1) ; tarsus 81-90 (85.1) ; middle toe without claw
63-72 (67.2 mm.).23
Adxdt female. — Wing 362—390 (380) ; tail 372-408 (385.5) ; culmen
from base 32-44 (36.1) ; tarsus 81-90 (85.1) ; middle toe without claw
65-70 (67.1 mm.).24
Range. — Resident in tropical forests from Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Escuin-
apa) and southern Tamaulipas (Sierra Madre above Ciudad Victoria,
Guiaves) south through Veracruz (Jalapa, Santa Ana) ; Jalisco (Tonila) ;
Guerrero (Omilteme) ; Oaxaca (Chimalapa, Rio Grande, Santa Efigenia,
Villa Alta) ; Puebla (Hacienda Atlixco) ; Yucatan (Yualahau, Yak-
Jonat) ; Chiapas (Tonala) ; and Campeche (La Tuxpena) to Guatemala
(Naranjo, Vera Paz, Retalhuleu, Santo Tomas, Sabana Grande, Volcan
de Fuego, Medio Monte, Raxche, Los Amates, Finca Sepacuite, and
Sacchich, Peten), and Honduras (Lancetilla Valley).
Type locality. — Mexico.
Penelope cristata (not Meleagris cristata Linnaeus) Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl.
Meth., i, 1791, 171, pi. 84, fig. 2. — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-7
(1899), 219 (Naranjo and Santo Tomas, Guatemala).
P[enelope ) purpurascens Wagler, Isis, 1830, 1110 (Mexico; coll. Monaco Mus.).—
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 269 (Mexico; monogr.).— Reichenbach,
Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 149.— Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 276.
Penelope purpurascens Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 61 (Honduras). —
Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 223 (Guatemala) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1870, 522, 543 (monogr.).— Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 368 (Jalapa,
Veracruz), 391 (Rio Grande, Oaxaca, s. Mexico). — Salle and Parzudaki,
Cat. Oiseaux Mexique, 1862, 6 (Mexico) .—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5,
Gallinae, 1867, 6 (Guatemala).— Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i,
1869, 560 (tierra caliente of Veracruz) .—Lawrence, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., ii, 1874, 306 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Tonila, Jalisco); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
” Taken from a specimen in an early stage of the postnatal molt; rest of down
already replaced.
“ Eight specimens from Mexico.
24 Six specimens from Mexico.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
25
4, 1876, 45 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; fresh colors of nude parts). — Boucard,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, 459 (Yak-Jonat, Yucatan; habits). — Ferrari-
Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 175 (Jalapa, Veracruz).— Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 496 (Sierra Madre above Ciudad
Victoria, Tamaulipas; Santa Ana near Jalapa, Veracruz; Hacienda Atlixco,
Puebla; Villa Alta and Chimalapa, Oaxaca; Yalahan, n. Yucatan; Vera Paz,
Retalhuleu, Sabana Grande, Volcan de Fuego, and Medio Monte, Guatemala). —
Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894,
220 (Mexico; along both coasts). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, iii, 1902, 276 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Sierra Madre, Tamaulipas; Jalapa and
Santa Ana, Veracruz, Hacienda Atlixco, Puebla; Rio Grande, Villa Alta,
Chimalapa, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Yak-Jonat, n. Yuca¬
tan; Retalhuleu, Raxche, Vera Paz, Sabana Grande, Volcan de Fuego, and
Medio Monte, Guatemala; Honduras).— Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxi, 1905, 343 (Escuinapa, etc., s. Sinaloa; fresh colors of nude parts) .—Dear¬
born, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 125, 1907, 77 (Los Amates, Guatemala). —
Phillips, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 74 (Guiaves, Tamaulipas). — Peters, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., lxix, 1929, 403 (eastern border, Lancetilla Valley, Honduras).—
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932, 301 (Honduras; Lance¬
tilla).
[ Penelope ] purpurascens Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 250, No. 9474. — Sclater and
Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 136.— Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 16.
Penelope purpurascens Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los
Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 168 (Mexico; common names).
Penelope purpurascens purpurascens Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv,
1932, 100 (distr. in Guatemala; tropical forests on both slopes; spec. Finca
Sepacuite).- — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 12.- — van Tyne, Misc.
Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan No. 27, 1935, 10 (Uaxactun and Sacchich,
Peten, Guatemala; spec.; downy young). — Griscom, Auk, liv, 1937, 192
(Omilteme, Guerrero; spec.). — Sutton and Burleigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., No. 3, 1939, 28 (northeastern Mexico; Gomez Farias,
Tamaulipas; spec.). — Traylor, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xxiv,
1941, 204 (Matamoros and Pacaitun, Yucatan).— Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 134 (syn.; distr.).— del Campo, Anal. Inst.
Biol., xiii, No. 2, 1942, 700 (Chiapas; Paval, Catarinas; spec.).— Brodkorb,
Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 56, 1943, 30 (Mexico; Tabasco
and Chiapas; plum.; crit.).
P[enelope] purpurascens purpurascens Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, xliv, 1932,
331 (crit.; range).
S[alpisa] purpurascens Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1226.
PENELOPE PURPURASCENS AEQUATORIALIS Salradori and Festa
Southern Crested Guan
Adult (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult of the nominate form but
with the abdomen, thighs, flanks, under tail coverts, back, rump, and
upper tail coverts more reddish-tawny russet to dark hazel; the median
pair of rectrices more coppery auburn ; and the scapulars, interscapulars,
and upper wing coverts with no, or only few, white lateral edges ; iris
carmine; naked skin of throat dull carmine; scutellae of tarsus and feet
coral red.” (Ex Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 523.)
26
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult but with the rectrices,
remiges, and upper wing coverts washed with rufescent and mottled with
dusky, especially on the edges of the webs in the rectrices and remiges.
Natal down. — Apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 349-380 (363.9) ; tail 341-375 (360.6) ; culmen
from base 31-37 (34.5) ; tarsus 85-95 (90.4) ; middle toe without claw
62-69 (65.1 mm.).25
Adult female. — Wing 338-378 (353.4) ; tail 346-384 (357.1) ; culmen
from base 30-36 (32.6) ; tarsus 84-88 ( 86.6) ; middle toe without claw
58-65 (61.8 mm.).26
Range. — Resident in tropical forests from Nicaragua (Los Sabalos,
Rio Escondido, Rio San Juan, San Carlos) ; Costa Rica (Bonilla, Bar¬
ranca, La Palma de Nicoya, Volcan de Miravalles, Volcan de Irazu,
Jimenez, Naranjo de Cartago, La Palma de San Jose, Angostura, Pozo
Azul de Pirris, El Pozo de Terraba) ; and Panama (Lion Hill, Davilla,
Boquete, Chiriqui, Jesusito, Barro Colorado, Guabo, Ranchon) to western
Colombia (Remedios, Antioquia, “Bogota,” La Canela, Rio Frio, and
Santa Marta; Bonda, Las Tinajao, Don Diego, Minca) ; and western
Ecuador (Chimbo, Gualea, Naranjo, Balzar Mountains, Foreste del Rio
Peripa, Paramba, below Mindo, above Bucay, El Chiral).
Type locality. — Foreste del Rio Peripa, western Ecuador.
[Meleagris] cristata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 157, part (“America
australi” ; based on The Quan or Guan Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, i, 13, pi.
13; Jacupema Marcgrave, Bras., 198; Coxolitli Hernandez, Mex. . . .; Phasianus
brasiliensis Ray, Av., 56) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 269.
Meleagris cristata Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 122.
[ Penelope ] cristata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 733. — Latham, Index Om.,
ii, 1790, 619 (“Brazil’’; “Guiana”). — Reichenbach, Synop. Av., Columb., ii,
1837, pi. 171, figs. 1501, 1502. — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1870, 543; Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 136. — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 16
(Nicaragua and Ecuador).
Penelope cristata Temminck, Pig. et Gallin., iii, 1815, 46, 691. — Stephens, in Shaw,
Gen. Zool., xi, pt. i, 1819, 178 (“Brazil”). — Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat.,
xxxvi, 1819, 337. — Bennett, Gard. and Menag., ii, 1831, 131. — Lesson, Traite
d’Orn., 1831, 481. — Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 27, pi. (anatomy, etc.). — Bur-
meister, Syst. fibers. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 339. — Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1860, 269 (“West Indies?”; monogr.). — Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1868, 298, fig. of pelvis (osteology). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1870, 525 (monogr.); 1879, 544 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia). —
Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 409 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa
Rica; habits) ; vi, 1884, 408 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; fresh colors of un¬
feathered parts). — Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1883, 576 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador; fresh color of nude parts). — Zeledon, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 128 (Jimenez and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa
Rica). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 498 (Valza and La
“ Ten specimens from Costa Rica and Panama.
25 Eight specimens from Costa Rica and Panama.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
27
Palma de San Jose, Costa Rica; Lion Hill, Panama; Bogota, Colombia; Balzar
Mountains, w. Ecuador) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 226, part (Nicaragua to
Panama and Ecuador). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 523
(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; fresh colors of nude parts). — Underwood, Ibis,
1896, 448 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica; food). — Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
v, 1898, 504 (Paramba, nw. Ecuador, 3,500 feet.; crit.). — Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, xiv, No. 399, 1899, 10 (Laguna della Pita, Rio Lara, and
Rio Cianati, Darien, Panama).- — Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xiii,
1900, 126 (Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia). — Bangs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 356
(Divala, Chiriqui, Panama) ; Proc. New England Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 21 (Bo-
quete, etc., Chiriqui, w. Panama, 4,000-7,000 feet) ; Auk, xxiv, 1907, 291 (El
Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, iii, 1902, 277 (Los Sabalos, Rio San Juan, Rio Escondido, and San Carlos,
Nicaragua; Valza, Barranca, Angostura, La Palma de San Jose, La Palma de
Nicoya, Jimenez, Naranjo de Cartago, Volcan de Irazu, and Volcan de Mira¬
valles, Costa Rica; Divala and Lion Hill, Panama; Colombia; Ecuador). —
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 382 (Bonilla, Pozo Azul de Pirns,
Rio Siesola, Miravalles, and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; crit.; habits). —
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvi, 1917, 195 (Choco and La
Canela, nw. Colombia; Gualea and Naranjo, Ecuador; Chiriqui and Panama
Railway, Panama; crit.). — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918,
242 (Panama Canal Zone). — Rendahl, Ark. Zool., xii, 1919, 10 (Volcan
Ometepe, Nicaragua). — Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxv,
1922, 195 (Jesusito, Darien).
P[enelope] cristata Wagler, Isis, 1830, 1110 (“Guiana”; “Brasilia”). — (?) Tschudi,
Archiv fur Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844, 308 (Peru).— Reichenbach, Voll. Nat.
Tauben, 1861, 148. — Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 276.
Penelope cristata cristata Sturgis, Field Book Birds Panama Canal Zone, 1928,
27 (Canal Zone). — Kennard and Peters, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
xxxviii, 1928, 446 (Boquete Trail, Panama; spec.). — Heath, Ibis, 1931, 468
(Barro Colorado Island, Panama). — Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxi, 1931,
297 (Guabo, Panama). — Caum, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, 12
(Hawaii ; introduced in 1928 ; not known to breed) .
S[alpisa ] cristata Wagler, Isis, 1932, 1226.
Salpiza cristata Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 19.
Penelope brasiliensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 877.
Penelope jacucaca (not of Spix) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 72
(Pallatanga, Ecuador).
Penelope jacuaca (not P. jacuacu Spix) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae,
1867, 6. — Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 317 (Costa Rica; Panama).
Penelope purpurascens (not of Wagler, 1832) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
New York, viii, 1863, 12 (Panama) ; ix, 1868, 139 (Barranca, Angostura, and
La Palma de San Jose, Costa Rica) .—Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 317 (Costa Rica and
Panama; crit.) — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 372 (Costa Rica). —
Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, 42 (Volcan de Irazu and San Carlos,
Costa Rica).
Penelope aequatorialis Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, xv, No. 368,
Feb. 19, 1900, 38 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador; coll. Turin Mus.).—
Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xiv, 1922, 174 (Las Tinajao, Bonda,
Don Diego, and Minca, Santa Marta, Colombia; crit.). — Darlington, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxi, 1931, 371 (Rio Frio foothills, Magdalena, Colombia;
habits).
28
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Penelope cequatorialis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, 16, part (Colombia; Ecuador, crit.).
Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., xiv, 1922, 15 (Gualea and Nanegal,
Ecuador).— Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lv, 1926, 153 (trop. zone
w. Ecuador ; Gualea ; below Mindo ; above Bucay ; El Chiral) .
[ Penelope ] aequatorialis Brabourne and Chubb, Birds South Amer., i, 1912, 10
(Colombia; Ecuador).
Penelope purpurascens aequatorialis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxii, 1932,
318 (Ranchon, Panama) ; lxxviii, 1935, 303 (Costa Rica to western Ecuador).
Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 13. — Aldrich, Sci. Publ. Cleve¬
land Mus. Nat. Hist., vii, 1937, 53 (/Vzuero Peninsula, Panama; spec.).
Sassi, Temminckia, iii, 1938, 304 (Bebedero, Costa Rica; spec.). Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 135 (sjm. ; distr.).
P[enelope ] purpurascens aequatorialis Hellmayr and Conover, Auk, xlix, 1932,
331 (crit.; distr.).
P[enelope] p[urpurascens] aequatorialis van Tyne, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ.
Michigan, No. 27, 1935, 10, in text (Panama; Canal Zone).
Genus ORTALIS Merrem
Ortalis Merrem, Av. Rar. Icon, et Descr., fasc. 2, 1786, 40. (Type, as designated
by Lesson, 1829, Phasianus motmot Linnaeus.)
Ortalida “Merr[em]” Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1226.
Ortalidia (emendation) Fleming, Philos.-Zool., ii, 1822, 230.
Penelops “Plin.” Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. Yog., 1853, xxvi. (Type, by
monotypy, Penelope albiventris “Gould” = Lesson = P. leucogastr a Gould.)
Penelopsis (emendation) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, May 1856, 877.
Penelopid.es van Rossem, Condor, xliv, 1942, 77. (Type, by original designation,
Ortalida vcagleri (Gray).)
Small, plainly colored Cracidae (length about 412-649 mm.), with sides
of gular area nude, divided longitudinally by a narrow feathered area on
median strip.
Bill relatively small (from frontal feathers less than half as long as
head) , broader than deep at base of exposed culmen ; culmen rather
strongly decurved terminally, not ridged ; nostril longitudinal, narrov lv
elliptical to rather broadly fusiform, anteriorly nearly in contact with base
of rhinotheca, a membranous or cartilaginous piece showing withm the
basal portion; cere straight, slightly ascending basally, and, together with
greater part of loral and orbital regions and sides of gular region, nude.
Wing rather large, very broad and rounded, the longer primaries with
tips extending decidedly beyond those of longest secondaries (except in
O. wagleri ) ; fourth to sixth primaries longest, the first (outermost)
about one-half (in O. v. leucogastra ) to nearly three-fifths (in O. wagleri )
as long as the longest and strongly bowed or incurved. Tail longer than
wing (very slightly as in O. v. leucogastra), strongly rounded, the rec-
trices (12) relatively broad to very broad, with rounded tips. Tarsus
relatively long and stout, less than one-third as long as wing, the acro-
tarsium with a single series of large transverse scutella, the planta tarsi
with a series of smaller transverse scutella along each side (these less
distinct, especially on inner side, in O. v. leucogastra) ; middle toe nearly
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
29
to quite tnree-fourths as long as tarsus, the lateral toes reaching about
iO penultimate articulation of middle toe, the outer usually a little longer
than the inner; hallux about as long as combined length of first two
phalanges of outer toe ; claws moderately large to rather small, moderately
curved (that of hallux more strongly curved) compressed.
Plumage and coloration. — Frontal feathers erect or suberect, more or
less elongated (very much so in 0. wagleri), rigid and lanceolate or sub-
lanceolate, those of crown and occiput more or less elongated (very much
so in O. wagleri; very slightly so in O. v. leucogastra) but broader and
with rounded tips ; feathers of neck variable, in 0 . wagleri rather long
and blended on hindneck, rigid and acuminate-lanceolate on foreneck,
malar region, and median line of throat, on 0. v. leucogastra short and
rounded, even on foreneck ; plumage in general soft, the feathers distinctly
outlined, with broadly rounded tips (more blended on underparts) that
of anal region soft and downy ; loral and orbital regions mostly nude, the
sides of chin and throat also nude, separated by a narrow strip of feathers,
these small and bristlelike in O.v. leucogastra, much broader and lanceo¬
late in 0. wagleri. Coloration plain brownish above, paler beneath, the
abdomen, thighs, and under tail coverts sometimes whitish, sometimes
deep cinnamon-rufous or chestnut; rectrices usually tipped with pale
brown, whitish or chestnut, sometimes mostly chestnut, and outer pri¬
maries sometimes chestnut.
Range. Southern Texas (Rio Grande Valley) to Paraguay, Argentina,
and Peru. (About 13 species and 30 subspecies.)
30
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
KEY TO THE NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICAN FORMS
OF THE GENUS ORTALIS
a. With a conspicuous crest on head; abdomen chestnut-rufous.
b. Top of head pale slate-gray (southern Chihuahua to northern Sinaloa).
Ortalis wagleri griseiceps (p. 49)
bb. Top of head dark slate (central and eastern Sinaloa to Durango, Talisco, and
Navarit) . Ortalis wagleri wagleri (p. 47)
oj. No conspicuous crest ; abdomen brownish to whitish.
b. Primaries olive-brown.
c. Larger, wing over 230 mm. (southwestern Mexico).
Ortalis vetula poliocephala (p. 35)
cc. Smaller, wing under 230 mm.
d. Tips of tail feathers white, not buffy or isabelline.
e. Belly pure white (southwestern Chiapas to northern Nicaragua).
Ortalis vetula leucogastra (p. 37)
ee. Belly pale isabelline to dull fulvous (southern Texas to Veracruz).
Ortalis vetula mccalli (p. 31)
dd. Tips of tail feathers isabelline or buffy or chestnut.
e. Tips of outer tail feathers bright chestnut and very broad (30 mm. or
more) (northern Venezuela; introduced into Grenadines, Lesser
. Ortalis ruficauda (p. 46)
ee. Tips of outer tail feathers isabelline or buffy.
/. Belly dull whitish isabelline (dry parts of Yucatan and adjacent
Campeche) . Ortalis vetula pallidiventris (p. 38)
ff. Belly darker— isabelline to dull fulvous.
g. Tips of tail feathers dull buffy brown.
/». Tips of tail feathers noticeably bicolored, distinctly rufescent
proximallv (humid coastal forests from southern British
Honduras to eastern Guatemala and northwestern Honduras).
Ortalis vetula plumbiceps (p. 40)
hh. Tips of tail feathers not noticeably bicolored.
j Feathers of upper throat decidedly blackish (Utila Island,
Honduras) . Ortalis vetula deschauenseei (p. 42)
ji. Feathers of upper throat not decidedly blackish (southeastern
jjgxico) . Ortalis vetula vetula (p. 34)
gg. Tips of tail feathers light grayish isabelline.
/i. Larger; wing averaging 210 mm. (male), 195 mm. (female)
(Grand Valley of Interior of Chiapas).
Ortalis vetula vallicola (p. 40)
hh. Smaller; wing averaging 193 (male) ; 185 mm. (female)
(Quintana Roo and Peten) . .Ortalis vetula intermedia (p. 39)
bb. Primaries chestnut. .
c. Head and neck rush’ brownish. ... Ortalis garrula garrula (extrahmital)
:: Ortalis garrula garrula (Humboldt) .—Phasianus gar ruins Humboldt, Obs. de
Zool., i. 1811, 4 (Rio Magdalena, Colombia; Caracas, ’Venezuela). P[cnelope ]
garrula Wagler, Isis, 1830, 1111 (Cartagena, “Mexico”, i.e., Colombia).— 0[rtalida]
garrula Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1227; Reichenbach, Voll. Nat Tauben, 1S61 144.-
Ortalida garrula Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gallinae, 1844, 20 ; ed. ISO/ 1- ;
Sdater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 539 (monogr.).— [Ortahda]
'garrula Reichenbach, Synop. Av„ Columb.. ii, 1847, pi. 169, fig. 1491 ; Gray, Hand¬
list ii, 1870. 252, No. 9506; Sclater and Salvin. Norn. Av. Neotr., lb/o, 13/.—
Ortalis garrula Ogil vie- Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1S93, 515 (Cartagena
BIRDS OF NORTH AXD MIDDLE AMERICA
0-1
0 1
cc. Head and neck slate-gray.
d. Abdomen white, the under tail coverts pale brownish gray (Caribbean
slope of Darien) . Ortalis garrula mira (p. 45)
dd. Abdomen pale fulvescent.
e. Tail shorter, usually under 250 mm. (eastern Nicaragua to Panama).
Ortalis garrula cinereiceps (p\ 42)
ee. Tail longer, over 230 mm. (Montijo Bay. Veraguas).
Ortalis garrula olivacea (p. 45)
ORTALIS VETULA MCCALLI (Baird)
Northern Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Forehead, crown, and occiput dull brownish
chaetura black, tlie individual feathers somewhat paler, more grayish,
medially; hindneck. scapulars, interscapulars, upper wing coverts, sec¬
ondaries, back, rump, and upper tail coverts deep olive to dark greenish
olive, the hindneck and interscapulars averaging slightlv more brownish
olive; primaries olive-brown, externally edged with deep olive; rectrices
dark greenish olive with an oil-green sheen, the median pair indistinctly
tipped with pale, ashy buffy brown, the other pairs with white tips about
15-20 mm. wide, the white tips joined to the greenish part of the feather
by a narrow, grayish-brown band; lores and sides of head largelv nude
but lower cheeks with some black hairlike feathers ; auriculars and sides
of upper throat, center and sides of lower throat, and the upper breast deep
olive, each feather with an indistinctly defined median streak of dark
olive-buff; a wide band of black hairlike feathers extending from chin
along the middle of the upper throat : sides of upper throat bare : lower
breast paler and washed with fulvescent ; abdomen, sides, and flanks pale
fulvous, palest on the middle abdomen; the thighs, lower abdomen, and
under tail coverts darker — isabelline buffy brown ; bare areas on upper
throat grayish flesh color, alike in both sexes except in spring when the
male has these patches red; iris light brown; bill, tarsi, and toes light
horn bluish.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — In a general way similar to the adult but the
hindneck, scapulars, interscapulars, upper wing coverts, secondaries,
back, rump, and upper tail coverts Saccardo’s umber instead of deep olive,
the center of the back and rump indistinctly barred with ashy buck¬
thorn brown28 ; remiges also Saccardo’s umber, faintly tipped and mottled
and Santa Marta, Colombia) ; Todd and Carriker, .Ann. Carnegie Mus., xiv, 1922,
171 (Donjaca, Mamatoco, Fundacion, and Trojas de Cataca, Santa Marta. Colombia;
crit.) . — Ortalis garrula garrula Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 20; Hell-
mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1. 1942, 178.
According to Bent, L . S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 350. the upper wing coverts
are barred with cinnamon-buff in this plumage. This appears to be a variable
character, as I have not found it in all the juvenal birds examined in the present
connection.
32
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
on the outer edge with cinnamon-buff; rectrices as in adult but all tipped
with ashy buffy brown and pointed in shape ; aunculars, sides and lower
parts of the neck, and the breast dark isabelline buffy brown ; rest of under¬
parts as in adult but more washed with cinnamon-buff.
Downy young.— Forehead, crown, cheeks, and aunculars pale pm is
buff barred narrowly with dull sepia, the light interspaces much wider
than the bars, the crown, cheeks, and auriculars tinged with light buffy
cinnamon, and the coronal bars more or less confluent along the median
line forming a dark irregular spot ; occiput and hindneck fuscous washed
with sepia, the sides of neck and posterior part of hindneck cinnamon-
buff irregularly and incompletely barred with fuscous to dark sepia; back,
wings, rump, and upper tail coverts sepia mottled, chiefly transversely,
with cinnamon-buff, the wings sepia edged with tawny cinnamon-buff ;
chin and middle upper throat and all of abdomen, sides, and flanks white ;
the breast forming a broad band of cinnamon-buff between these white
areas; thighs and vent washed with pale cinnamon-buff transversely
narrowly mottled with sepia. _ .
In some specimens the pinkish buff of the top and sides of the head is
replaced by pallid neutral gray, and all the brownish parts are slightly
washed with ashy.
Adult male. — Wing 197-219 (208.2) ; tail 222-255 (239) ; exposed
culmen 22-27 (25) ; tarsus 55-63 (60) ; middle toe without claw 44-51
(47.4 mm.).29 ,
Adult female. — Wing 185-212 (196.6); tail 205-264 (225) ; exposed
culmen 19-26 (22.6); tarsus 49-63 (56.7); middle toe without claw
42-49 (44.4 mm.).30
Range —Resident in the chaparral areas from Lower Rio Grande v alley
in Texas (Ringgold Barracks, Lomita Ranch, Hidalgo, Brownsville, and
Rio Grande City) ; south through Tamaulipas (Sierre Madre above
Ciudad Victoria, Aldama, Matamoros, Jimenez, Xicotencatl, and Rio
Pilon) to extreme northern Veracruz ; and west to Nuevo Leon (Bo-
quilla) ; and southeastern San Luis Potosi (Valles).
Type locality. — Boquilla, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
(?) [Penelope] vociferans Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 735 (Mexico; based
on Chacamel of Buffon and Crying Curassow of Latham).
(?) [Crax] vociferans Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 625.
(?) Crax vociferans Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 3.
( ?) Penelope vociferans Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., 1791, 172.
(?) Phasianus chacamel Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 125 (new name for Pene¬
lope vociferans Gmelin) .
Ortalida vetula Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York v 1851 116 (Texas ) -
Baird, Rep. Stansbury’s Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 334 (Rio Grande, Tex.).
M Seven specimens from Texas and Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and northern
Veracruz, Mexico.
*° Yen specimens from Texas and Tamaulipas, Mexico.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
33
McCown, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, 10 (Rio Grande Valley up to
Ringgold Barracks ; etc. ; habits). — Salle and Parzudaki, Cat. Oiseaux Mexique,
1862, 6 (Mexico).— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 364, part
(crit.) ; 1870, 538, part (monogr.) .— Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds,
1874, No. 378.— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio
Alzati,” vii, 1894,220 (Mexico; distr.).
0[rtalida ] vetula Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 144, part.— Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 398, footnote, part.
[Ortalida] vetula Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9502, part.
Ortalis vetula Sennett, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., Bull. 4, No. 1, 1878, 50
(Hidalgo, Texas; habits); 5, No. 3, 1879, 426 (Lornita Ranch, Tex.’; habits;
descr. nest and eggs).— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 512,
part (Brownsville, Tex.; Sierra Madre above Ciudad Victoria, Aldoma, and
Tampico, Tamaulipas; Valles, San Luis Potosi).— Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 280, part (s. Texas; Matamoros, Sierra Madre,
and Tampico, Tamaulipas; Valles, San Luis Potosi).
0[rtalis ] vetula Mendizabal, Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat., i, No. 3, 1940, 180, in
text (Mexico).
[Ortalis] vetula Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 17, part.
Ortalis vetula vetula American Ornithologists’ Union, Check List North Amer.
Birds, ed. 3, 1910, 146; ed. 4, 1931, 78. — Oberholser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 247. —
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 345 (life hist., descr., distr.). — Peters,
Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 19.— Cottam and Knappen, Auk, lvi, 1939,
152 (food).— Sutton and Burleigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State
Univ., No. 3, 1939, 28 (Tamaulipas — Gomez Farias and Guemes) ; Wils. Bull.,
Iii, 1940, 223 (Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi) ; Condor, xlii, 1940, 259 (Valles,
San Luis Potosi) .—Sutton and Pettingill, Auk, lix, 1942, 12 (Gomez Farias
region, sw. Tamaulipas; abundance; habits).
Ortalis v[ etula] vetula Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 165 (breeding biology).
Ortalida mccalti Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1858, 611 (Boquilla, Nuevo Leon,
ne. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii,
pt. 2, 1859, 1922 (Boquilla, Nuevo Leon; Rio Grande Valley up to Ringgold
Barracks, Texas; habits) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 456.
0[rfa!ida] mccalli Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 145 (crit.).
Ortalida mc-calli Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los Estados
LMidos Mexicanos, 1884, 169 (common names, Mexico).
Ortalida maccalli Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 24 (s. Texas) .—Baird, Brewer and Ridgway,
Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, pi. 37, fig. 1.
0[rtalida] maccalli Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 538, 539
(crit.).
Ortalida maccaulii Bouc ard, Cat. Avium, 1876, 13, No. 326 (“New Mexico”).
Ortalida vetula, var. maccalli Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 398.— Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 159 (Fort Brown,
Tex. ; habits ; descr. nest and eggs) .
Ortalida vetula maccalli Goode, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 20, 1883, 332.
Ortalis vetula maccalli Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 9, 195; Norn.
North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 469. — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds,
ed. 2, 1882, No. 552. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, No. 311,
1886; ed. 2, 1895, No. 311. — Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Valley, 1888, 108 (ne.
Mexico; lower Rio Grande Valley). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds,
i, 1892, 119, pi. 3, fig. 16.— Dury, Joum. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1896,
201, figs, (habits in captivity; structure of trachea). — Bailey, Handb. Birds
Western United States, 1902, 137 (descr.; distr.). — Bent, Wils. Bull., xxxvi,
34
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
1924 12 (Brownsville, Tex.) Griscom and Crosby, Auk, xln, 1925, 533
(Brownsville, Tex.). -Friedmann, Auk, xlii, 1925, 543 (Lower Rio Grande
0[rlu!u'eJulanuiccam Corns, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 573,-Ridgway,
Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 209. .
Ortalis vetula mccalli American Ornithologists Onion, Check-list, ed 3, 19 0,
146. — Pearson, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 518 (near Brownsville, Tex ! coll notes,
habits).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer, i, No. 1, 1942, 169 Gy •»
Ort^s mccalli Petrides, Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf, 1942, 310, footnote
(age indicators— plumage ; Brownsville, Tex.).
\Ortalis] maccalli Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 17. Q ,
Penelope poliocepkal a (not of Wagler) Baird, Rep. Stansburys Expl. Great .alt
Lake, 1852, 334 (Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Rio Grande, Tex.)
Ortalida poliocephala Cassin, Illustr. Birds Calitorma, Texas, etc, 185o, 267, pi. 44
(Texas).
ORTALIS YETULA VETULA (Wagler)
Oaxaca Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike) .—Similar to Ortalis vetula mccalli but smaller, the
tips of the tail feathers not white, but isabelline buffy, the throat slightly
more fulvous, less olive, the upperparts, in worn specimens, more brown¬
ish, less olive-green than in mccalli.
Juvenal. — None seen.
Downy young.— Similar to the corresponding buffy (not grayish) stage
of mccalli, but much more rufescent, the brownish parts replaced by
chestnut to buffy chestnut. ,
Adult male. — Wing 177-202 (192.8) ; tail 197-22o (214.3) ; exposed
culmen 24-28 (25.9) ; tarsus 58-65 (62) ; middle toe without claw 42-51
(47.5 mm.) .31 „ ,
Adult female. — Wing 181-195 (186.6) ; tail 208-22/ (21o.6) ; exposed
culmen 22-25 (23.4) ; tarsus 54-60 (56.6) ; middle toe without claw
43-47 (45.2 mm.).32 _ , .
Range. _ Resident from southeastern Mexico, excluding T ucatan Penin¬
sula (central Veracruz— Jalapa, Acayucan, Playa Vicente, Cueste de Mis-
antla, Plan del Rio, Vega de Casadero, and La Antigua ; eastern Oaxaca
— Chimalapa, Guichicovi, Tolosa, and Tuxtepec; Puebla— Haciende de
los Atlixcos and San Jose Acetano ; southern Campeche ; Tabasco— Mon-
tecristo; western and southern Chiapas (Tecpatan, Mapastepec) ; to Brit¬
ish Honduras (Cayo District) and the Caribbean slope, but not the coastal
belt itself, of Guatemala (Sepacuita, Secanquim, and Fmca Chama).
Type locality. — V eracruz, Veracruz, Mexico.
P[enelope ] vetula Wagler, Isis, 1830, 1112 (Mexico ; coll. Monaco Mus .) .
Penelope vetula van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist, vn, 1934, 349
spec.; crit.).
(type
ri Eight specimens from Oaxaca, Tabasco, and southern \ eracruz.
32 Five specimens from Oaxaca and Campeche.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
35
Ortalida vdtula Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 20 (Mexico) ;
ed. 2, 1867, ii (Mexico).— Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 391 (ne’.
Oaxaca); 1869, 391 (Playa Vicente, Veracruz; crit.).— Sumichrast, Mem.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1869, 560 (hot region of Veracruz) ; La Naturaleza,
ser. 1, v, 1882, 229, part (Chimalapa, Oaxaca). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 364, part (crit.); 1870, 538, part (monogr.) .—Law¬
rence, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 4, 1876, 45 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).
0[rtalida] vetula Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1227 (O. be tula in Willughby Society re¬
print) .— Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 144, part.— Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 398, footnote, part.
[Ortalida] vetula Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9502, part.— Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 543, part; Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part.
Ortalis vetula Ocilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 512, part (Veracruz,
Cuesta de Misantla, Plan del Rio, Vega de Casadero, and La Antigua, Veracruz;
Hacienda de los Atlixcos, Puebla) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 245, part.—
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 280, part (Guichicovi,
Oaxaca; San Jose Acateno, Vega de Casadero, and La Antigua, Playa Vicente,
Cordoba, and Uvero, Veracruz; Hacienda de los Atlixcos, Puebla).
0[rtalis ] vetula Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 277 .
Ortalis vetula vetula Miller and Griscom, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 46 (type locality
designated, erroneously, as Tampico, Tamaulipas; crit.) .— Griscom, Ibis, 1935,
810 (Sierra de las Minas, eastern Guatemala; spec.). — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 170 (syn. ; distr.).
Ortalis v[etula] vetula Miller and Griscom, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 455 (corr. type
loc., Veracruz).
Ortalis vetula jalapensis Miller and Griscom, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 46 (Jalapa, Vera¬
cruz, e. Mexico; coll. Amer. Mus. N. H.).— Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
lxix, 1929, 370 (Cayo District, Mountain Cow Water Hole, British Honduras). —
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 101 (distr. in Guatemala,
spec, from Sepacuite, Secanquim, and Finca Chama, all in the Caribbean forest,
50 to 60 miles east of Coban, 1,800 to 3,500 feet altitude) .—Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 19.— del Campo, Anal. Inst. Biol., xiii, No. 2, 1942,
700 (Chiapas; Tecpatan and Mapastepec; spec.).— Brodkorb, Misc. Publ. Mus.
Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 56, 1943, 30 (Veracruz; Tabasco; spec.).
Ortalis vetula fulvicauda Miller and Griscom, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 47 (Tolosa
Oaxaca; coll. Amer. Mus. N. H.).
Ortalis vetula maccalli (not of Baird) Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix,
1886, 176 (San Jose Acetano, Puebla). — Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., x, 1898, 36 (Jalapa, Veracruz).
Ortalida mc-calli Rovirosa, La Naturaleza, vii, 1887, 380 (Tabasco; Rio Macuspana).
Ortalida poliocephala Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, 310 (Cordoba, Vera¬
cruz).
[Ortalis] [vetula] jalapensis van Tyne, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan.
No. 27, 1935, ii (Guatemala).
ORTALIS VETULA POLIOCEPHALA (Wagler)
Gray-headed Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike).— Similar to Ortalis vetula vetula but larger, the
abdomen and underparts generally much lighter — the abdomen whitish,
washed to a varying degree with light ochraceous-buff, the sides, flanks,
thighs, and under tail coverts more heavily so tinged — varying from light
36
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ochraceous-buff to dark ochraceous-buff with a trace of ochraceous-
salmon ; breast less olive, more grayish— ashy grayish olive ; upperparts
of body more brownish — light brownish olive; rectrices slightly more
ashy and the pale tips light to dark ochraceous-buff, not white, and much
broader than in the nominate form (45-60 mm.) ; iris hazel-brown; bare
orbital and gular skin carmine ; bill light plumbeous ; tarsi and toes ash) .
Juvenal (sexes alike) .—Similar to the corresponding stage of Ortalis
vetula vetula but the abdomen whitish as in the adult (above), the breast
less tawny, more grayish, the sides, flanks, thighs, and under tail coterts
light ochraceous-buff; the upperparts of the body slightly paler— light
brownish olive; rectrices slightly more ashy, tipped with fulvescent ana
pointed in shape.
Downy young (male only seen). — Similar to the buffy (not the gray¬
ish) type of the similar plumage in the nominate form, but all of the rufes-
cent-brownish areas paler, more buffy; the breast more grayish drab
mottled with buffy avellaneous.
Adult male. — Wing 235—282 (248.4) ; tail 263-310 (283.2) ; exposed
culmen 26-33 (29.8); tarsus 68-77 (71.5); middle toe without claw
52-62 (55.5 mm.).33
Adult female.— Wing 229-263 (244) ; tail 247-304 (276) ; exposed
culmen 25-28 (2 7.3); tarsus 66-72 (70.1); middle toe without claw
52-57 (55 mm.).34
Range. — Resident in southwestern Mexico from Colima (Mazanillo and
Rio de la Armeria) ; Michoacan (La Salada and Tupila River) ; Morelos
(Tetela del Volcan) ; western Puebla (Chachapa) ; and Valley of Mexico
(City of Mexico and Real Aribe) ; to Guerrero (Tlalixtaquilla, Papayo,
Camaron, Ometepec, Sepuatenejo, and Mexcaia) ; to western Oaxaca
(Chivela, Pluma, Huilotepec, Llano Grande, Chicapa, Tapana, Barrio,
Tehuantepec City, Salina Cruz, Rio Grande, Santa Efigenia, Torullo, and
Tapantapec) ; and western Chiapas (Tonala).
Type locality. — Mexico. I restrict it to La Salada, Michoacan.
P[enelope ] poliocephala Wagler, Isis, 1830, 1112 (Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.).
0[rtalida ] poliocephala Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1227.— Reichenbach, Voll. Nat.
Tauben, 1861, 145. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds,
iii, 1874, 398, footnote.
[Ortalida] poliocephala Reichenbach, Synop. Av., Columb., ii, 1847, pi. 169, fig.
1490. — Salle and Parzudaki, Cat. Oiseaux Mexique, 1862, 6 (Mexico).—
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9512.— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1870, 543 ; Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137.
Ortalida poliocephala Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 364 (near
City of Mexico; crit.) ; 1870, 537 (monogr.).— Lawrence, Mem. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., ii, 1874, 306 (Rio Tupila, Colima) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 4, 1876,
45 (Tapana, Barrio, and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca; fresh colors of nude
33 Fifteen specimens from Michoacan, Morelos, western Oaxaca, and Guerrero.
31 Six specimens from Michoacan, Colima, western Oaxaca, and Guerrero.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
37
parts).— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,”
vii, 1894, 220 (Tehuantepec, Mexico).
Ortalis poliocephala Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 175 (Chachapa,
Puebla). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 511 (Tehuantepec
and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
iii, 1902, 279 (Real Arriba, Mexico; Rio de la Armeria and Rio Tupila, Colima;
Chachapa, Puebla; Rio Grande, Tapana, Santa Efigenia, Barrio, Torullo, Ta-
pantapec, and Salina Cruz, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas). — Bangs and Peters,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxviii, 1928, 386 (Chivelas, Oaxaca, Mexico). — Mendi-
zabal, Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat., i, No. 3, 1940, 180, in text (Mexico).—
Petrides, Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 311, in text (age in¬
dicators in plumage).
0[rtalis] poliocephala Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 209. — Reichenow,
Die Vogel, i, 1913, 211 .
[Ortalis] poliocephala Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 17.
Ortalis vetula poliocephala Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 19. — Hell-
mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer. i, No. 1, 1942, 168 (syn. ; distr.). — Blake
and Hanson, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xxii, 1942, 527 (Michoacan;
Cerro de Tancitaro; spec.).
Ortalida leucogastra (not Penelope leucogastra Gould) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1859, 391 (Rio Grande, Oaxaca; crit.).
Ortalis poliocephala subsp. longicauda Lampe, Jahrb. Nassau Ver. Natur., lix, 1906,
232 (“Mexico”; type in Wiesbaden Mus.).
Ortalida plumbeiceps (not plumbiceps Gray) Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev.
Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 220 (Tehuantepec, Mexico).
ORTALIS VETULA LEUCOGASTRA (Gould)
White-bellied Chaciialaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Similar to the corresponding stage of Ortalis
vetula poliocephala in the whiteness of the abdomen and posterior under¬
parts, but with less ochraceous wash on the under tail coverts, flanks,
thighs, and sides, and almost none on the abdomen ; very much smaller in
all dimensions ; upper parts of body darker — Dresden brown to sepia, and
the crown washed with mummy brown ; rectrices as in Ortalis vetula
vetula, with a well-developed greenish sheen and white tips.
Juvenal. — None seen.
Downy young. — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 207-220 (215.6) ; tail 197-212 (202.6) ; exposed
culmen 27 (27) ; tarsus 52-55 (53.6) ; middle toe without claw 45-46
(45.6 mm.).35
Adult female. — Wing 200-203 ; tail 195-197 ; exposed culmen 24—25 ;
tarsus 50-54; middle toe without claw 43 (43 mm.).36
Range. — Resident from southwestern Chiapas (Huehuetan) ; Pacific
lowlands of western Guatemala (Naranjo, Escuintla, Retalhuleu, Costa
Grande, San Jose, Hacienda California, Finca Cipres, and Espina) ; the
35 Three specimens from Chiapas.
30 Two specimens from Chiapas.
A
C530080— 46-
38
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Pacific coast of Honduras; El Salvador (La Libertad) ; and northern
Nicaragua (Realejo and Momotombo).
Type locality. — None given; Realejo, Nicaragua.37
Penelope albiventer (not P. albiventris Wagler) Lesson, Rev. Zool., v, 1842, 174
(Realejo, Nicaragua).- — Gould, Voy. Sulphur, Zool., 1844, 48, pi. 31.
Penelopsis albiventer Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 877.
Penelope leucogastra Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, 105 (locality unknown ;
new name for P. albiventer Lesson from Realejo, Nicaragua).
Ortalida leucogastra Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae, 1944, 20. — Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 224 (Pacific coast Guatemala; habits; descr. nest and
eggs) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 539 (monogr.). — Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 311
(Pacific coast Honduras) .— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc.
Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 220 (Chiapas and Tabasco). — Lantz, Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-7 (1899), 219 (Naranjo, Guatemala).
0[rtalida ] leucogastra Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii,
1874, 399, footnote.
[ Ortalida ] leucogastra Salle and Parzudaki, Cat. Oiseaux Mexique, 1862, 6
(Mexico). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 543; Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 137.
Ortalida leucogaster Gray, List Birds, Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 13.
[ Ortalida ] leucogaster Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9517.
Chamaepetes leucogastra Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1862, 142.
[Penelopsis] leucogastra Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 301
(Escuintla, Guatemala).
0[rtalis] leucogastra Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 208.
Ortalis leucogastra Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 514 (Retalhuleu
and Costa Grande, Guatemala ; La Libertad, El Salvador ; Momotombo, Nicara¬
gua) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 247 (monogr.). — Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 281 (Retalhuleu and Costa Grande, Guate¬
mala; La Libertad, El Salvador; Momotombo and Realejo, Nicaragua). —
Dearborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 125, 1907, 78 (San Jose, Guatemala;
habits).
[ Ortalis ] leucogastra Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 17.
Ortalis vetula leucogastra Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 103
(Pacific lowlands of western Guatemala to northwestern Nicaragua; spec, from
Hacienda California, Finca Cipres, and Espina, Guatemala). — Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 19. — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No.
1, 1942, 173 (syn. ; distr.).
ORTALIS VETULA PALLIDIVENTRIS Ridgway
Yucatan Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult of Ortalis vetula vetula but
paler below, the abdomen dull whitish isabelline, darkening on the sides,
flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts to isabelline ; the breast less olive-
brown, more ashy olive ; and the tips of the rectrices not pure white but
washed with isabelline to pale buffy.
31 This designation appears to be proper, inasmuch as the name leucogastra was
originally proposed as a new name for Penelope albiventer Lesson from Realejo,
Nicaragua (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, 105).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
39
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Like the corresponding stage of Ortalis vetula
vetula but with the pale underparts as in the adult.
Downy young. — None seen.
Adult 'male.— Wing 173-204 (188.5) ; tail 201-226 (214) ; exposed
culmen 24—28 (25.5) ; tarsus 56-66 (61.3) ; middle toe without claw
42-50 (45.5 mm.).38
Adult female. — Wing 174-203 (189); tail 197-228 (211.5); exposed
culmen 24-26 (24.8) ; tarsus 55-62 (59) ; middle toe without claw 42-45
(44.4 mm.).39
Range. — Resident in the drier parts of the Yucatan Peninsula (Chichen
Itza and Merida, and Meco, Holbox, Mujeres, and Cozumel Islands), and
adjacent parts of Campeche (La Tuxpena and Apazote).
Type locality. — Yucatan.
Ortalida maccalli (not O. mccalli Baird) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New
York, ix, 1869, 209 (Merida, Yucatan; crit.).
Ortalida vetula (not Penelope vetula Wagler) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1870, 538, part (monogr.).
[Ortalida] vetula Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9502, part.— Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 543, part; Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part.
0[rtalida] vetula Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874,
398, footnote, part.
Ortalis vetula Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, 460, Yucatan; habits). —
Salvin, Ibis, 1889, 378 (Meco and Holbox Islands, Yucatan, crit.).- — Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 512, part (Holbox, Mujeres, Meco,
and Cozumel Islands, Yucatan) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 245, part. —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 280, part (Meco, Hol¬
box, Cozumel, and Mujeres Islands and Merida, Yucatan).
0[rtalis] vetula pallidiventris Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 209 (Yuca¬
tan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Ortalis vetula pallidiventris Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 591. — Chap¬
man, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., viii, 1896, 288 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan;
habits; notes). — Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 115 (Chichen Itza). —
Miller and Griscom, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 48 (crit.). — Peters, Check-list Birds
of World, ii, 1934, 19. — Traylor, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xxiv,
1941, 204 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; spec.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 172 (syn. ; distr.).
[ Ortalis ] pallidiventris Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 17.
ORTALIS VETULA INTERMEDIA Peters
Peten Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Very similar to the adult of Ortalis vetula palli¬
diventris but slightly darker above, more brownish, less grayish olive;
abdomen pale isabelline, the breast slightly duskier than in pallidiventris ;
all but the median pair of rectrices tipped with light grayish isabelline.
Juvenal. — None seen.
88 Eight specimens from Yucatan and Campeche.
30 Five specimens from Yucatan and Campeche.
40
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Downy young. — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 181-190 (186.6) ; tail 225-258 (237) ; exposed
culmen 23.5-27 (25) ; tarsus 58—65 (61.8) ; middle toe without claw 42-43
(42.5 mm.).40
Adult female. — Wing 172-183; tail 215-235; exposed culmen 22-24.5;
tarsus 62.5-64; middle toe without claw 41 mm.41
Range. — Resident in southern Quintana Roo (Camp Mengel) and the
Peten district of Guatemala (Uaxactun and Chuntuqui). Doubtfully dis¬
tinct from pallidiventris.
Type locality. — Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
Ortalis vetula intermedia Peters, Auk, xxx, 1913, 371 (Camp Mengel, Quintana
Roo, se. Mexico; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).— Miller and Gr^com, Auk, xxxviii,
1921, 48 (crit.). — Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 235, 1926, 7 (c. Quintana
Roo, Yucatan). — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930, 154 (type spec, in
Mus. Comp. Zool.; crit.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 19. —
Van Tyne, Misc. Publ. Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., No. 27, 1935, 11 (Peten,
Guatemala, Uaxactiin, Chuntuqui; crit.). — Traylor, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
zool. ser., xxiv, 1941, 198, 204 (Campeche; Matamoros — spec.). — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 171, part (syn. ; distr.).
0[rtalis] v[clula ] intermedia Miller and Griscom, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 50 (diagnosis).
ORTALIS VETULA VALLICOLA Brodkorb
Brodkorb’s Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Very “similar to O. v. intermedia, but larger;
breast somewhat paler and grayer ; flanks, crissum, and thighs on average
more brownish olive, less rufescent. . . . Resembles O. v. vetula in size
but is paler throughout, including the tips of the rectriccs” (ex original
description as are also the measurements).
Adult male. — Wing 207-214 (210.3) ; tail 234-252 (245.3 mm.).
Adult female. — Wing 192-199; tail 216-239 mm.
Range. — Known only from the dry upper part of the Grand Valley
of the interior of Chiapas.
Type locality. — Malpaso, Chiapas.
Ortalis vetula intermedia Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds. Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
171, part (Malpaso, Chicomuselo).
Ortalis vetula vallicola Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, lv, 1942, 182 (Mal¬
paso, Chiapas; meas. ; distr.; crit.).
ORTALIS VETULA PLUMBICEPS (Gray)
Plumbeous-caitkd Ci-iachalaca
Admit (sexes alike). — Similar to Ortalis vetula jalapcnsis but slightly
more olivaceous above, especially in fresh plumage, and the tips of the
40 Three specimens from Quintana Roo and Peten.
a Two specimens from Quintana Roo and Peten.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
41
rectrices bicolored, the basal part of the tip being ochraceous-tawny, the
distal part grayish fulvescent.
Other plumages. — None seen.
Adult vuile. — Wing 189; tail 238; exposed culmen 25 ; tarsus 66; middle
toe without claw 48 mm. (1 specimen).
Adult female. — Wing 180-194; tail 230-241 ; exposed culmen 23.5-24;
tarsus 63-65 ; middle toe without claw 47 mm.42
Range. — Resident in the humid coastal forest areas of the southern half
of British Honduras (Belize) ; Tabasco (Teapa) ; eastern Guatemala
(Quirigua, Gualan, Coban, Vera Paz, Los Amates, and Virginia Planta¬
tions near Puerto Barrios) ; to northwestern Honduras (Omoa, Chamel-
econ, San Pedro, Progreso, Lancetilla).
Type locality. — Omoa, Honduras.
P enclose vetula (not of Wagler) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, 119
(Guatemala; descr. ; crit.).
Ortalida vetula Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 62 (Omoa, Plonduras; habits).
— Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 224 (Guatemala; habits); Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1870, 538, part (monogr.), 838 (San Pedro, Honduras). — Taylor, Ibis,
1860, 311 (Atlantic slope of Honduras; habits).
[ Ortalida ] vetula Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part.
Or tails vetula Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 512, part (Teapa,
Tabasco; vicinity of Belize, British Honduras; Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala) ;
Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 245, part. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 280, part (Teapa, Tabasco; Belize, British Honduras;
Omoa and San Pedro, Honduras ; Coban, Guatemala).
[ Ortalis ] vetula Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 17, part.
Ortalida plumbiceps Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 11 (British
Honduras; Guatemala; coll. Brit. Mus.).
[ Ortalida ] plumbiceps Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9504.
0[rlalida] plumbeiceps Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 538
(crit.).
0[rtalis] vetula plumbeiceps Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 209.
Ortalis vetula plumbeiceps Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932,
301 (Honduras; Omoa, Chiloma, Lancetilla, and Progreso). — Deignan, Auk,
liii, 1936, 188 (Honduras; La Ceiba; spec.; colors of soft parts).
Ortalis vetula plumbiceps Dearborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 125, 1907, 78
(Gualan and Los Amates, Guatemala; notes, etc.). — Miller and Griscom, Auk,
xxxviii, 1921, 47 (Guatemala; Honduras; highlands of Pacific slope in Nica¬
ragua; crit.; meas.). — Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxix, 1929, 403 (Pro¬
greso, Lancetilla, Honduras ; habits) ; Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 19.—
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 101 (humid coastal forest
areas of eastern Guatemala; spec. Virginia Plantation near Puerto Barrios).—
Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxvii, 1935,
413 (Guatemala; Gualan and Quirigua). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 172 (syn. ; distr.).
O [r tails] v[etula ] plumbiceps Miller and Griscom, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 50
(diagnosis).
“Two specimens from Guatemala and Plonduras.
42
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ORTALIS VETULA DESCHAUENSEEI Bond
Utila Chachalaca
Adult male (unique specimen). — Similar to Ortalis vetula vetula but
larger ; the tips of the outer rectrices ochraceous-drab instead of white ;
the feathers of the upper throat decidedly blacker ; the lower throat grayer ;
hindneck grayish merging imperceptibly with the dark gray of the crown
and occiput; wing 208; tail 225; exposed culmen 25.5; tarsus 58; middle
toe without claw 45 mm.
Known only from the type locality — Utila Island, Spanish Honduras.43
Ortalis vetula descliauenseei Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxviii,
1936, 356 (Utila Island, Spanish Honduras; descr. ; meas. ; crit.). — Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 173 (syn. ; distr.).
ORTALIS GARRULA CINEREICEPS (Gray)
Dusky-headed Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Forehead, crown, occiput, nape, hindneck, feath¬
ered parts of sides of head, chin, and upper throat deep mouse gray to
dark mouse gray; interscapulars, scapulars, back, rump, upper wing and
tail coverts, and inner secondaries raw umber with a slight olivaceous
wash (in fresh plumage almost medal bronze) ; primaries hazel, the inner
ones vaguely washed with olive-brown at the tips ; outer secondaries
olivaceous raw umber with a fairly broad median shaft line of hazel
(except terminally) widening across the inner webs for their basal two-
thirds ; the upper surface of the wings with a faint oily green sheen not
present on the back or interscapulars; rectrices olivaceous-black with a
strong dark-green sheen, the middle pair paling to grayish medal bronze
terminally, the other pairs broadly tipped (20-35 mm.) with pale grayish
fulvescent, fading to almost white at the tips; lower throat and breast
light brownish olive with a varying degree of isabelline wash ; abdomen
pale fulvescent, washed with isabelline anteriorly and on thighs, sides,
and flanks, the thighs with a grayish tone; under tail coverts grayish
buffy brown; under wing coverts hazel; iris burnt umber to sepia; bill
pale bluish horn, darker and more plumbeous on basal half, including cere ;
bare skin of face and throat reddish; naked lores and orbits dull slate
color ; tarsi and toes slate color, claws horn color.
Juvenal (only one chick in early postnatal molt seen). — Upper wing
coverts and remiges dull bister to dark sepia edged and tipped with bright
ochraceous-buff. (Rest of specimen still in downy plumage.)
Downy young. — Forehead, crown, occiput, cheeks, auriculars, and
malar area fuscous-black, a little dark chestnut mixed with the black on
the middle of the crown; hindneck and middle of back posterior to the
"Additional material of this form is much to be desired, but the unique type is
remarkably distinct from its mainland neighbor 0. v. plumbiceps and, as indicated
above, from the nominate race as well.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
43
tail fuscous-black, the feathers of the hindneck barred with ochraceous-
tawny, the dark middorsal band laterally bordered with a line of light
orange-buff, laterad of which is another blackish area; wings fuscous-
blackish barred with ochraceous-tawny ; chin and upper throat white
very slightly suffused with cartridge buff ; lower throat and breast bright
cinnamon-brown, paling on lower breast and upper abdomen to light
ochraceous-buff ; middle of abdomen like the chin ; sides, flanks, thighs,
and vent ochraceous-buff mottled with dusky.
Adult male— Wing 194-216 (204.5) ; tail 201-236 (218.9) ; exposed
culmen 24—27 (25.3) ; tarsus 59-67 (65) ; middle toe without claw 47-53
(50.2 mm.).44
Adidt female. — Wing 184-208 (193.7) ; tail 190-232 (206.3) ; exposed
culmen 22-26 (23.6) ; tarsus 54—61 (60) ; middle toe without claw 42-46
(44.1 mm.).45
Range.- — -Resident from eastern Nicaragua (Chontales; Rio Grande;
Muy Muy; Las Canas; Los Sabalos; and Rio Escondido) ; south through
Costa Rica (Atlanta; Buenos Aires; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui ; Cartago;
Cuabre; Guacimo ; Guapiles; Guayabo; Jimenez; Juan Vinas ; La Palma
de San Jose; Pozo Azul de Pirris ; San Jose; Sibueno; Talamanca; Tur-
rialba; Volcan de Irazu; and Volcan de Miravalles) ; to Panama, except
the coastal strip of Veraguas, and stopping short of the Caribbean slope of
Darien (Boqueron, Chiriqui; Canal Zone; Castillo; Chapignana; Cric-
amola; Cordillera de Tole; Divala ; Gatun ; Guabo; Lion Hill; Paraiso ;
Pearl Islands — San Miguel, San Pedro, and Pedro Gonzalez Islands in
the Bay of Panama; and Santiago).
Type locality. — “North-west coast of America” error=Pearl Islands?
Designated by Aldrich, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., vii, 1937,
55, as San Miguel, Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama.
Ortalida poliocephala (not Penelope poliocephala Wagler) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc.
Nat. Hist. New York, vii, 1861', 333 (Lion Hill, Panama) ; ix, 1868, 139 (San
Jose, Turrialba, and La Palma de San Jose, Costa Rica). — Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 371 (Panama; crit.). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1867, 161 (Santiago and Cordillera de Tole, Veraguas, w. Panama;
crit.) ; Ibis, 1869, 318 (Costa Rica; crit.). — Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869,
372 (Costa Rica).
Ortalida cinereiceps Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 12 (“north¬
west coast of America” = Panama; coll. Brit. Mus.).— Salvin, Ibis, 1869, 318
(Panama) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 217 (Castillo, Veraguas, w. Pan¬
ama). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 540 (localities in
Panama; Costa Rica; monogr.), 543. — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi,
1884,408 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua).
[Ortalida] cinereiceps Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9507 (Costa Rica; Pan¬
ama).- — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137 (Costa Rica;
Panama).
44 Fourteen specimens from Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.
45 Seven specimens frojn Panama, Costg Rica, and Nicaragua,
44
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ortalis cinereiceps Zeledon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 112 (Costa Rica) ;
Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 128 (Jimenez and Cartago, Costa Rica). —
Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 54 (Buenos Aires, sw. Costa
Rica). — Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 523 (Rio Escondido,
Nicaragua; habits). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 515
(San Jose, Costa Rica; Cordillera de Tole, Castillo, and Paraiso, Panama) ;
Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 249, part. — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 448 (Volcan
de Miravalles, Costa Rica; habits) .— Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool.
Torino, xiv, No. 339, 1899, 10 (Laguna della Pita, Darien). — Bangs, Proc. New
England Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 14 (Loma del Leon, Panama) ; Auk, xviii, 1901,
25, 356 (Pearl Islands, and Divala, Chiriqui) ; Auk, xxiv, 1907, 291 (Boruca,
Terraba, Costa Rica) .— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii,
1903, 382 (Los Sabalos and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Turrialba, San Jose,
La Palma de San Jose, Jimenez, Cartago, Volcan de Irazu, and Volcan de
Miravalles, Costa Rica; Divala, Santiago de Veraguas, Cordillera de Tole,
Castillo, and Paraiso, Panama). — Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
xlvi, 1905, 145 (San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama; crit.), 214 (Savana de
Panama). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 383 (Costa Rica — Pozo
Azul, Cuabre, Guayabo, Miravalles, Juan Vinas, etc.). — Ferry, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., orn. ser., i, No. 6, 1910, 260 (Guayabo, Costa Rica; habits; crit.). —
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 383 (Guayabo, Miravalles, Cariblanco
de Sarapiqui, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Tuan Vinas, and Cuabre, Costa Rica; crit.;
habits; descr. nest and eggs). — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1918, 242 (Panama Canal Zone). — Rendahl, Ark. Zool., xiii, No. 4, 1920, 22
(San Miguel Island).
0[rtalis] cinereiceps Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 209.
[Ortalis] cinereiceps Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 17.
Ortalis cinereiceps cinereiceps Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 25, 1921,
1, in text (Boqueron, Chiriqui; Canal Zone, Chapigana, e. Panama). — Sturgis,
Field Book Birds Panama Canal Zone, 1928, 28 (descr.; Panama Canal).—
Kennard and Peters, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, 1928, 446 (Boquete
Trail, Panama; spec.; colors of soft parts). — Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
lxxi, 1931, 297 (Guabo, Cricamola, Panama; crit.). — Caum, Occ. Pap. Bishop
Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, 12 (Hawaii; introduced in 1928; not known to breed).
Ortalis struthopus Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, ii, 1901, 61 (San Miguel
Island, Bay of Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs, now in coll. Mus. Comp.
Zool.) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930, 154 (type spec, in Mus. Comp.
Zool. = Ortalis cinereiceps cinereiceps). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 283 (San Pedro and Pedro Gonzalez Islands, Bay of
Panama).
Ortalis garrula cinereiceps Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii, 1935, 303
(Panama — common almost throughout). — Aldrich, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus.
Nat. Hist., vii, 1937, 53, 54, 55, in text (crit.). — Hei.lmayr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 176 (syn. ; distr.).
Ortalis cinereiceps frantsii Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932,
206 (northeastern Nicaragua; spec.; nest; eggs).
Ortalida frantsii Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 211 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin
Mus.). — Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 373 (Costa Rica).
[Ortalida] frantsii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9515.
Ortalis garrula frantsii Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 20. — Aldrich,
Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., vii, 1937, 53, 55, in text (crit). —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 175 (syn.; distr.).
Ortalis cinereiceps saturatus Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 25, 1921,
1 (near Matagalpa, Nicaragua; coll. Amer. Mus. N. H.).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
45
Ortalis garrula saturata Aldrich, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., vii, 1937,
55 in text.
ORTALIS GARRULA MIRA Griscom
Darien Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Similar to Ortalis garrula cinereiceps but with
the lower middle abdomen white and the under tail coverts pale brownish
gray ; tail longer ; iris gray-brown ; bill blue-gray ; tarsi and toes slate
gray ; throat skin red.
Other plumages unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 214—228 (219.7), tail 237-265 (249.5) ; exposed
culmen 23-28 (26.6); tarsus 65-72 (70.1); middle toe without claw
47-53 (50.6 mm.).46
Adult female. — Wing 204-208 (205.7) ; tail 232-235 (233.5) ; exposed
culmen 25-26 (25.2), tarsus 67-71 (68.5) ; middle toe without claw
45-52 (48 mm.) . (4 specimens.)
Range. — Resident in the Caribbean slope of eastern Darien, Panama
(Ranchon, Port Obaldia, Rio Tuicuisa).
Type locality. — Ranchon, Caribbean slope of eastern Panama.
Ortalis garrula mira Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxii, 1932, 318 (Ranchon,
Caribbean slope of e. Panama) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii, 1935, 303
Panama; known chiefly from the Caribbean slope, eastern Darien). — Peters,
Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 20. — Aldrich, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus.
Nat. Hist., vii, 1937, 56, in text (Caribbean coast of e. Panama). — Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 178 (syn. ; distr.).
ORTALIS GARRULA OLIVACEA Aldrich
Azuero Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Similar to Ortalis garrula cinereiceps but with
wing and tail longer.47
Other plumages unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 213-223 (219.3) ; tail 245-256 (249.7) ; exposed
culmen 25-25.5 (25.1); tarsus 69-74 (71); middle toe without claw
49-50 (49.5 mm.).48
Adult female. — Wing 203 ; tail 239 ; exposed culmen 25 ; tarsus 67 ;
middle toe without claw 44 mm. (1 specimen).
Range. — Known only from the type locality ; possibly other western
Veraguas records (listed under O. g. cinereiceps in this work) may be
of this form.
46 Five specimens from Darien.
47 The color characters given by Aldrich (Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist.,
vii, 1937, 53) do not serve to differentiate this form from a good series of cinereiceps
(which includes frantzii) .
48 Three specimens, all from the type locality.
46
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Type locality. — Paracote, 50 feet, eastern shore of Montijo Bay, 1 mile
south of the mouth of the Angulo River, Veraguas, Panama.
Ortalis garrula olivacea Aldrich, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., vii, 1937, 53
(Paracote, Veraguas, Panama; crit.).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 177 (syn. ; distr.).
ORTALIS RUFICAUDA (Jardine)
Rufous-tailed Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Forehead, crown, occiput, nape, suboculars,
cheeks, and auriculars dark slate gray, the forehead and crown with a
dull brownish wash, the posterior part of the auriculars, the nape, and
the throat just posterior to the bare upper throat paling to slate gray ,
hindneck, sides of neck, interscapulars, scapulars, back, rump, upper
wing and tail coverts dark citrine to brownish olive; the greater upper
wing coverts with a blue-green sheen on their outer webs , primaries
brownish olive; outer secondaries brownish olive tinged on the outer
web with a blue-green sheen, inner secondaries like the back but with
faint transverse striations ; rectrices greenish black with blue-green sheen,
the median pair uniformly of this color, the next pair narrowly, the others
broadly, tipped with bright chestnut ; lower throat and upper breast grayish
dark olive-buff paling on the lower breast, abdomen, sides, flanks, and
thighs to grayish buff, tinged on the breast, sides, flanks, and thighs with
ochraceous-buff ; under tail coverts russet; under wing coverts russet,
bare skin around eye dark blue ; bare sides of throat red , bill, tarsi, and
toes dark blue.
Juvenal (one unsexed seen, but the sexes probably alike). Similar
to the adult but the feathering of the head and neck browner— dark drab
to hair brown with an olivaceous wash; posterior hindneck and inter¬
scapulars with a dull cinnamon-brown wash; upperparts blackish olive,
the feathers narrowly tipped with dull light buffy olive; the lower back,
rump, and upper tail coverts mixed with brownish olive; remiges as in
adult; rectrices as in adult but without the chestnut tips (the only speci¬
men seen was in very abraded plumage, however) ; underparts as in adult.
Downy young. — None seen.
Adult male.— Wing 222-236 (228) ; tail 264-274 (269.6) ; exposed
oilmen 24-27.5 (25.9) ; tarsus 64-71.5 (69.1) ; middle toe without claw
48-54 (52.2 mm.).49
Adult female.— Wing 20&-229 (219.3) ; tail 253-267 (261.6) ; exposed
culmen 24-25 (24.3) ; tarsus 64.5-71 (68.8) ; middle toe without claw
47-50 (49 mm.).50
49 Five specimens from Tobago and Venezuela.
00 Three specimens from Tobago and Venezuela.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
47
Range. — Resident in northern Venezuela (Margarita Island, San
Julian, La Guaira, and Orinoco Valley) ; and the island of Tobago. Intro¬
duced and established in Bequia and Union Islands, Grenadines, Lesser
Antilles.
Type locality. — T obago.
Ortalida ruficauda Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xx, 1847, 374 (Tobago) ; Contr.
Orn., 1848, 16, pi. 4. — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 534
(monogr.).- — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 796 (Tobago). — Cory,
List Birds West Indies, rev. ed., 1886, App. (Union Island, Grenadines, intro¬
duced) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, 138 (Union Island, Grenadines).
0[rtalida ] ruficauda Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 144.
[Ortalida] ruficauda Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9510. — Sclater and Salvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 136.
Ortalis ruficauda Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, 440 (Rio Apure, Venezuela; crit.). — Cory,
Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, 96 (Union Island, Grenadines) ; Auk, x, 1893, 220
(Tobago) ; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 137, 1909, 239 (Margarita Island,
Venezuela; crit.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 507
(Venezuela; Tobago; Bequia Island, Grenadines) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897,
237 (monogr.). — Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv,
1901, 165 (La Guaira and San Julian, Venezuela; habits).- — Clark, Auk,
xix, 1902, 261 (Margarita Island) ; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxii,
1905, 245 (Bequia and Union Islands, Grenadines). — Lowe, Ibis, 1909, 322
(Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela). — Cory, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., orn.
ser., i, 1909, 239 (Margarita Island). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds South
Amer., i, 1912, 11 (Venezuela; Trinidad).— Cherrie, Bull. Brooklyn Inst.
Sci., ii, 1916, 356 (Orinoco Valley, Venezuela) .—Cherrie and Reich enberger,
Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 27, 1921, 3, in text (Venezuela; Cristobal Colon, Paria
Peninsula, and Tucacas, Falcon). — Delacour, Ibis, 1923, 138 (San Fernando
de Apure, Venezuela). — Peters, Checklist Birds of World, ii, 1934, 20. —
Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, 279 (Tobago; eggs). — Bond, Birds West
Indies, 1936, 402 (introduced in Bequia and Union Islands, Grenadines) ; Check
List Birds West Indies, 1940, 163— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 180.
0[rtalis ] ruficauda Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 276.
[Orta/u] ruficauda Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 17.
? Ortalis ruficauda Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 658 (Margarita
Island).
Ortalis rufficauda Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, 96 (Union and Grenadine
Islands).
Ortalida bronzina Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, II (Venezuela).
[Ortalida] bronzina Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 252, No. 9o0 3.
Phasianus garrulus Humboldt, Obs. Zool. Anat. Comp., i, livr. 1, 1805, 4, part
(“prov. de Caracas et Nouvelle Andalousie”) ; Beob. Zool., i, 1806, 7, part
(Prov. Caracas, Cumana, and New Barcelona, Venezuela).
ORTALIS WAGLERI WAGLERI (Gray)
Wagler’s Rufous-bellied Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Forehead, crown, occiput, and hindneck dark
slate with a brownish tinge; malar band, cheeks, auriculars, middle of
chin and upper throat, and band across lower throat similar, but each
•AS
BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
feather with a broad median area of light neutral gray ; lower hindneck,
sides of lower neck, scapulars, interscapulars, upper wing coveits, back,
rump, upper tail coverts, and breast light brownish olive to deep olive ;
primaries olive-brown, externally washed with deep olive ; outer seconda¬
ries dark olive internally, deep olive with a very faint oily green sheen
externally, the inner secondaries deep olive with an almost imperceptible
oily green sheen; rectrices deep olivaceous-black with a daik blue-gieen
sheen, the middle pair uniformly of this color, the next pair narrowly
tipped with chestnut, the lateral pairs very broadly (35-50 mm.) tipped
with chestnut ; abdomen, sides, flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts deep
hazel to russet; iris reddish hazel; bill “med(ium?) horn” (Batty) ;
tarsi and toes brownish lead ; bare skin around eye reddish blue, nude
throat areas red.
Juvenal (female only seen, but sexes probably alike) .—Similar to
the adult but the upperparts of the body and wings browner, less olive-
deep Saccardo’s umber to sepia; rectrices pointed and not tipped with
bright chestnut but merely very faintly freckled with tawny terminally ;
remiges clove brown externally edged with sepia.
Downy young. — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 250-289 (262.7); tail 269-307 (287.1); exposed
culmen 25-28 (26) ; tarsus 69-80 ( 74) ; middle toe without claw
53-60 (56.9 mm.).51
Adult female. — Wing 238-260 (252.1) ; tail 269-294 (281.6) ; ex¬
posed culmen 23-27 (24.5) ; tarsus 69-79 (73.6) ; middle toe without
claw 49-60 (54.8). J_
Range. _ Resident from central and southern Sinaloa (Escuinapa,
Mazatlan, Labrados, and Limoncito) to Durango (Chacala and Savapa),
Talisco (Bahia de Banderas), and Nayarit (San Bias, Rancho San Pablo,
and Santiago, Tepic).
Type locality.— “ Western Mexico” ; restricted to San Bias, Nayarit
(van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxvii, 1934, 431).
Ortalida wagleri Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 186/, 12 (w. Mexico,
coll. Brit. Mus.). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 534
(monogr.). — Lawrence, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1874, 306, part
(Mazatlan, Sinaloa; fresh colors of nude parts; geogr. range).— Beristain and
L\urencio, Mem. y Lev. Soc. Cient. Antonio Alzata, vii, 1894, 220 (Sinaloa).
[Ortalida] zvaglcri Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 282, No. 9505.— Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 543; Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 136.
0[rtaJida] waglerii Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los Estados
Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 169 (Mexico; common names).
Ortczlis wagleri Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 507 (Presidio de
Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San Bias and Santiago, Tepic); Handb. Game Birds, ii,
1897, 237, pi. 39 (monogr.). — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-7
"Eight specimens from Durango, Sinaloa, and Tepic.
“ Seven specimens from Durango, Sinaloa, and Jalisco.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
49
(1899), 219 (Limoncito, Sinaloa). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 279, pi. 72 (Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San
Bias and Santiago, Tepic).- — Miller, Bull Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxi, 1905, 343
(Escuinapa, etc., s. Sinaloa; habits) ; xxii, 1906, 163 (Sayapa, Durango, 2,500
feet). — McLellan, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xvi, 1927, 6 (Labrados,
Sinaloa). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 18, part (Sinaloa to
Jalisco). — Bailey and Conover, Auk, lii, 1935, 424, in text (Durango, Mexico).—
van Eossem, Condor, xliv, 1942, 77 in text (tax.; fig. of head).
O [r tails} wagleri Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 208. — Mendizabal, Rev.
Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat., i, No. 3, 1940, 180, in text (Mexico).
[ Ortalis} ivagleri Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 17.
Ortalis wagleri wagleri Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
168 (syn. ; distr.).
Ortalis vctula maccalli (not Ortalida mccctlli Baird) Bailey, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 385
(San Bias, Tepic).
ORTALIS WAGLERI GRISEICEPS van Rossem
Northern Rufous-bellied Chachalaca
Adult (sexes alike). — Similar to that of Ortalis wagleri wagleri but
with the head and upper hindneck paler — ashy neutral gray to pale slate
gray and with less brownish wash ; upperparts slightly grayer, especially
in worn plumage ; breast and lower throat more grayish, less greenish —
ashy deep grayish olive ; abdomen, sides, flanks, thighs, and under tail
coverts averaging slightly paler than in the nominate race, averaging
more hazel than russet.
Juvenal.. — None seen.
Downy young. — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 256-272; tail 277-279 ; exposed culmen 26-27;
tarsus 67, 67 ; middle toe without claw 54—60 mm.53
Adult female.— Wing 248-258 (253) ; tail 265-288 (275) ; exposed
culmen 24-26 (24.8) ; tarsus 67-70 (68.5) ; middle toe without claw
52-58 (56 mm.).54
Range. — Resident from southern Chihuahua (Hacienda de San
Rafael) and southern Sonora (Alamos) south into northern Sinaloa
for an undetermined distance.
Type locality. — Alamos, Sonora, Mexico.
Ortalida ivagleri (not of Gray, 1867) Lawrence, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii,
1874, 306 part (Sonora). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 18
part (Chihuahua and Sonora).
Ortalis ivagleri (not of Gray, 1867) van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat.
Hist., vi, No. 19, 1931, 244 (Sonora, Mexico). — Peters, Check-list Birds of
World, ii, 1934, 18, part.
Ortalis wagleri griseiceps van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxvii, 1934, 431
(Alamos, Sonora, Mexico; crit.)\ — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 167 (syn.; distr.).
53 Two specimens from Sonora.
Four specimens from Sonora and Chihuahua.
50
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Genus PENELOPINA Reichenbach
Penelopina Reichenbach, Handb. Orn., Columb., 1861, 152. (Type, by monotypy,
Penelope niger Fraser.)
Penelope Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 275, part.
Medium-sized Cracidae (length about 534-635 mm.) with entire chin
as well as throat nude, the lower throat with a conspicuous compressed
lobe or dewlap, the adult male with plumage entirely black.
Bill relatively rather small (from laterofrontal antiae about as long
as distance from same point to middle of eye), rather compressed, its
depth at base about equal to its height at same point ; culmen rather
strongly decurved, broadly rounded, decidedly longer than distance from
its base to laterofrontal antiae; mesorhinium rather narrow anteriorly,
much broader basally, where flattened, its upper outline straight, gradually
but slightly ascending toward base ; nostrils fusiform, longitudinal, their
anterior ends in contact with rhinotheca, the nasal fossae posterior to and
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
51
underneath posterior half or more of nostril occupied by naked mem¬
brane. Wing rather large, the longest primaries shorter than longest
secondaries; eighth to eleventh primaries longest, the first (outermost)
about two-thirds as long as the longest ; the three outermost rather strongly
bowed, or incurved terminally. Tail decidedly longer than wing, much
rounded, the rectrices (12) broad, firm, with broadly rounded tips. Tarsus
rather long and slender, about one-third as long as wing to tips of longest
secondaries ; acrotarsium with a single series of large, broad scutella on
upper portion and outer side and an additional series on the lower half
(approximately) of inner side; planta tarsi with two series of much
smaller scutella, which on lower portion become more or less indistinct
or obsolete; middle toe about two-thirds as long as tarsus, the lateral
toes about equal in length and extending to about penultimate articula¬
tion of middle toe; hallux about as long as basal phalanx of middle toe;
claws relatively rather small, not strongly curved, except that of the hallux.
Plumage and coloration. — Feathers of pileum moderately elongated
(much less so than in Penelope) , forming, when erected, a short bushy
crest ; loral region mostly covered by short feathers, and orbital region
nude for a narrow space beneath and behind eyes ; entire chin and throat
nude, the former, however, with sparse, hairlike feathers, the throat with
a conspicuous median compressed wattle or dewlap ; feathers in general
distinctly outlined, broad, with rounded tips, except on rump, abdomen,
and anal region, where soft, downy, and blended. Adult male uniform
glossy blue-black, the rump, abdomen, and anal region plain sooty ; adult
female and immature male with plumage variously barred and otherwise
variegated with black, rufous, and ochraceous.
Range. — Highlands of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
and Nicaragua. (Monotypic.)
KEY TO THE RACES OF PENELOPINA NIGRA (FRASER)
a. Plumage black (males).
b. Plumage with more of a greenish than a bluish hue above ; seminude ocular
area purplish in life (Chiapas, Guatemala, sw. El Salvador).
Penelopina nigra nigra ( p. 52)
bb. Plumage with more of a bluish than a greenish hue above; seminude ocular
area dull reddish brown in life.
(interior of El Salvador and adjacent parts of Honduras).
Penelopina nigra dickeyi (p. 54)
(mountains of Nicaragua) . Penelopina nigra rufescens (p. 54)
cro. Plumage brown (females).
b. General tone of plumage sandy brown.
c. Ocular area dusky; lower eyelid pink in life (interior of El Salvador and
adjacent parts of Honduras) . Penelopina nigra dickeyi (p. 54)
cc. Ocular area not dusky; lower eyelid apparently dusky in life (Chiapas,
Guatemala, sw. El Salvador) . Penelopina nigra nigra (p. 52)
bb. General tone of plumage pale rufescent-brown (mountains of Nicaragua).
Penelopina nigra rufescens (p. 54)
52
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PENELOPINA NIGRA NIGRA (Fraser)
Guatemalan Black Chachalaca
Adult male. — Forehead, crown, occiput, cheeks, auriculars, nape, sides
of neck, entire upperparts, wings and tail, and lower throat and upper
breast black with a dark bluish to greenish gloss,55 darkest on the head,
becoming somewhat greenish on the scapulars, wings, back, and tail ,
lower breast, abdomen, sides, flanks, and under tail coverts dark fuscous-
black, the sides and under tail coverts with a blue-green sheen; under
wing coverts like the upper ones; chin and upper throat bare and red
in color ; circumocular area purplish ; iris dark brown ; bill and feet red.
Adult female. — Forehead, crown, occiput, and nape dark fuscous, each
feather narrowly edged with Brussels brown to Argus brown, sides of
head, auriculars, sides of neck, lower throat, and upper breast fuscous
indistinctly barred with Brussels brown ; interscapulars, inner, lesser, and
median upper wing coverts banded narrowly with fuscous-black and
Argus brown, the two colors present in about equal widths ; back, lower
back, and rump similar but paler and duller — pale, rather olive-brown
and Brussels brown; scapulars, remiges, and outer and greater upper
wing coverts dark fuscous-black with an oily greenish gloss and crossed
■with numerous narrow Brussels-brown bands, these bands nariower than
the darker interspaces and restricted to the outer webs of all the remiges
except the innermost secondaries and much reduced even on the outer web
toward the tips of the feathers, the under surface of the wing being uni¬
form fuscous-black ; upper tail coverts olive-brown with irregular, fairly
broad cross bars of blackish and Argus browrn ; central pair of rectrices
bright Argus brown barred with fuscous-black, the bars not quite so wide
as the interspaces, there being about 20—25 dark bars on the median rec¬
trices, these bars tending to break up laterally toward the tip of the
feather ; the other rectrices similar but with an increasing resti iction of
the Argus brown to the outer webs, and with a narrowing of the same
(widening of the fuscous-black areas) toward the tip ; lower breast, ab¬
domen, sides, flanks, and under tail coverts grayish buffy brown, darkening
posteriorly to Saccardo’s umber on the thighs and under tail coverts, and
the feathers more or less marked with irregular, wavy pale bars of pale
buffy to buffy whitish, these bars edged narrowly with dusky.56
Juvenal male. — Above similar to adult female but with the rectrices
different, not Argus brown barred with black, but blackish with two
pairs of longitudinal, wavy, interrupted, narrow streaks of brownish, one
pair next to the shaft (one on each side) and one pair slightly nearer
the outer than the inner edge of each web, this pair confluent about
05 There may be some seasonal variation in the bluish or greenish sheen.
« ln older birds the ventral barring is restricted to thighs, flanks, and under tail
coverts; in younger birds more of the underparts generally are affected.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
53
15 mm. from the tip, which terminal area is crossed by three narrow
bars of brownish ; the rectrices also very narrowly edged with pale brown ;
chin and throat with buffy down ; lower throat like the underparts of
the body, darker and more barred with fuscous than in the adult female.
Juvenal female. — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 223-266 (247) ; tail 265-300 (282) ; exposed oil¬
men 24.5-26.4 (25.6) ; tarsus 72-81 (77.7) ; middle toe without claw
48-54.5 (51.8 mm.).57
Adult female. — Wing 226-254 (240.1) ; tail 274-312 (289) ; exposed
oilmen 22.5-26.5 (24.8) ; tarsus 67-79 (76.3) ; middle toe without claw
48.7-51 (50 mm.).58
Range. — Resident in the humid subtropical zone of the mountainous
areas of Chiapas (Finca Juarez, Mount Ovando, Tumbala, Santa Rita),
through Guatemala (near Antigua, Barrillos, Nebaj, Sepacuite, La
Primavera, Coban, Vera Paz, Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, El
Pincon, San Marcos) to the extreme southwestern part of El Salvador
(Cerro del Aquila, Volcan de Santa Ana; possibly more widely ranging
formerly in El Salvador and since killed off).
Type locality. — Guatemala (ex van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc.
Nat. Hist., vii, 1934, 364).
Penelope niger Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1850, 246, pi. 29 (locality unknown;
type in coll. Derby Mus.).
P[enelope] niger Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 194 (Coban, Guatemala).
Penelope nigra Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 224 (Guatemala). — Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 272 (Guatemala; monogr.). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1867, 160 (Volcan de Agua, Guatemala).
P[enclope ] nigra Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 276.
[Penelope] nigra Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 251, No. 9495 (Guatemala).
P[enelopina] nigra Reichenbach, Handb. Orn., Columb., 1861, 152.
Penelopina nigra Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 528, 543
(monogr.; Guatemala — Vera Paz, Volcan de Agua, and Volcan de Fuego). —
Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 503 (Vera Paz, Coban, El
Rincon in San Marcos, and Volcan de Agua, Guatemala) ; Handb. Game Birds,
ii, 1897, 233 (monogr.). — Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 156 (Tumbala e. Chiapas). —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 277, part (Santa Rita,
Chiapas, Coban, Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, and El Rincon in San
Marcos, Guatemala). — Griscom, Bull. Amcr. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 100
part (distr. in Guatemala). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 21, part
(Chiapas and Guatemala). — Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, xi,
1939, 361 (Santa Rosa, Chiapas; spec.). — del Campo, Anal. Inst. Biol., xiii,
No. 2, 1942, 700 (Cerro Brujo, Ocozocoautla, and Triunfo, Chiapas; spec.).
[Penelopina] nigra Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 136 (Guatemala). —
Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 16, part (highlands of Guatemala).
Penelopina nigra nigra van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, No. 31,
May 31, 1914, 364 (chars., range). — Dickey and van Rossem, Birds El Salvador,
07 Five specimens from Chiapas, Guatemala, and El Salvador.
6S Eight specimens from Chiapas and Guatemala.
653008°— 46 - 5
54
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
1938, 143 (Cerro del Aquila, El Salvador, spec., seen on Cerro de Los Naranjo
and main cone of Volcan de Santa Ana; possibly also on Volcan de San
Miguel).' — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 183 (syn. ;
distr.).
PENELOPINA NIGRA DICKETI van Rossem
Salvadorean Black Chachalaca
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the bare
area around the eye dull brownish red instead of purplish, the lower
eyelid paler and more orange, “iris dark, maroon-red ; bill, gular patch
with wattle, tarsi, and feet, between orange-red and coral-red; ocular
space, dull brownish red, lower eyelid paler; claws reddish-brown.”09
Adult female— Similar to that of the nominate race, but area about
eye “dusky” and lower eyelid dull pink in life. “Iris, reddish-brown;
tarsi and feet dull, brownish red ; bill dull brown ; ocular space, dusky ;
lower eyelid dusky pink ; gular skin, salmon pink ; claws dull, brownish
red, slightly darker than toes.”59
Juvenal male. — Like that of the nominate race.
Adult male. — Wing 230-260 (245.8) ; tail 273-292 (282.6) ; exposed
culmen 24.2-26.5 (24.8) ; tarsus 72-82 (77.6) ; middle toe without claw
49-53.5 (50.9 mm.).60
Adult female. — Wing 241-245 (242.7) ; tail 260-310 (280) ; exposed
culmen 19.5-25 (23.1) ; tarsus 71.5-80 (75.7) ; middle toe without claw
49-51 (50 mm.).61
Range. — Inhabits the cloud forest of the humid Upper Tropical Zone
in the interior cordillera of El Salvador (Los Esesmiles) and the adjacent
part of Honduras (Cantoral and Montana El Chorro).
Type locality. — Los Esesmiles, Chalatenango, El Salvador.
Penelopina nigra dickeyi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, 1934,
364-365 (orig. descr. ; Los Esesmiles, El Salvador) —Dickey and van Rossem,
Birds of El Salvador, 1938, 144 (habits; nest; El Salvador) .—Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 184 (syn.; distr.).
PENELOPINA NIGRA RUFESCENS van Rossem
Nicaraguan Black Chachalaca
Adult male— Similar to that of the nominate race.
Adult female — Like that of P. n. nigra but paler and less sandy, more
rufescent, especially on the upperparts, wings, and tail, the dark bars
narrower and the pale interspaces relatively wider.
Juvenal.— None seen.
89 Ex Dickey and van Rossem, Birds El Salvador, 1938, 146.
80 Eight specimens including the type from El Salvador and Honduras.
81 Three specimens from Honduras,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
55
Adult male. — Wing 235-245 (239.5) ; tail 281-289 (286.2) ; exposed
culmen 23-25 (24.1); tarsus 75-79 (77.0); middle toe without claw
49.2-54 (52.1 mm.).62
Range. — Occurs in the humid forests of the Upper Tropical Zone in
Nicaragua (Ocotal and San Rafael del Norte).
Type locality. — Ocotal, Nicaragua.
Penelopina nigra Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, 328 (Matagalpa, Nicaragua) ;
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 277, part (Matagalpa, n. Nicaragua). —
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 100, part (northern Nica¬
ragua). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 21, part (Nicaragua).
Penelopina nigra rufescens van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vii,
No. 31, 1934, 365 (Ocotal, Nicaragua; descr. ; meas.). — Hellmayr and Con¬
over, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 184 (syn. ; distr.).
Genus CHAMAEPETES Wagler
Chamaepetes Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1227. (Type, by monotypy, Ortalida goudotii
Lesson.)
Chamapetes (emendation) Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 59.
Penelopsis (not of Bonaparte, 1856) Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 147.
(Type, Penelope rufiventris Tschudi.)
Medium-sized Cracidae (length about 520-638 mm.) with gular region
completely feathered and three outer primaries with terminal portion
abruptly attenuated.
Bill relatively small but rather elongated (more than half as long
as head, the culmen decidedly longer than the mesorhinium), rather de¬
pressed, its width at base of culmen equal to or greater than its depth
at same point; culmen broadly rounded (not ridged); nostril relatively
rather large, longitudinal, elliptical or fusiform, anteriorly nearly in con¬
tact with the rhinotheca, a cartilaginous lobe or tubercle distinctly visible
within the posterior half (more or less). Entire loral and orbital regions,
sides of forehead, and anterior half of malar region nude, but with scant,
minute bristles, at least on malar region and sides of frontal region, but
entire throat completely feathered. Wing moderately large, relatively
very broad, the longest primaries extending but slightly beyond tips of
longest secondaries; sixth to eighth primaries longest, the first (outer¬
most) nearly three-fourths as long as the longest, the three outer primaries
strongly bowed or incurved, and with terminal portion abruptly and
conspicuously attenuated. Tail decidedly shorter than wing (about five-
sixths as long), decidedly to rather strongly rounded, the rectrices (12)
broad, with broadly rounded tips. Tarsus moderately long (about one-
fourth to nearly one-third as long as wing), relatively rather slender, the
acrotarsium with a single series of large, transverse scutella, the planta
tarsi with a more or less continuous series of transverse or hexagonal
“ Four specimens from Nicaragua. This race is only doubtfully distinct.
56
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
scutella on outer side (then sometimes large and regularly obliquely
transverse and bending around posterior side, almost meeting those of
acrotarsium) ; middle toe two-thirds (C. g. rufiventns ) to three-fourths
(C. unicolor ) as long as tarsus, the lateral toes reaching to about pen¬
ultimate articulation of middle toe (on the outer somewhat beyond), the
hallux as long as or slightly longer than combined length of first two
phalanges of outer toe; claws moderate in size, rather strongly curved
(that of hallux especially), compressed.
Plumage and coloration. — Gular region completely feathered except
anterior point and narrow lateral margins of chin; entire loral and
orbital regions nude, the sides of forehead and anterior half of malar
region also nude but with sparse short bristles; feathers of pileum but
slightly if at all elongated; plumage in general with feathers moderately
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
57
broad, rounded, distinctly outlined, except on rump and anal region,
where soft, downy, and blended. Coloration plain blackish or sooty above,
more or less glossed with greenish, dusky or sooty below, in one species
with under parts of body cinnamon-rufous; sexes alike.
Range. — Costa Rica to Peru. (Two species, only one in the area
covered by this work.)
CHAMAEPETES UNICOLOR Salrin
Black Guan
Adult (sexes alike). — Entire feathered areas of head, neck, upper-
parts, wings, and tail black with a strong, dark greenish blue sheen, the
primaries with little if any sheen, and washed with fuscous ; upper breast,
thighs, and flanks like the upperparts but less glossy, mixed with grayish ;
lower breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts chaetura drab to fuscous
washed to a varying degree with dark grayish olive to olivaceous-black,
the olivaceous feathers with a slight oily gloss ; the feathers of the lower
midabdomen more downy in texture and without any olivaceous wash —
fuscous to clove brown ; under wing coverts like the upperparts ; “bare
skin of nasal (cere) and frontal areas azure blue shading to ultramarine
near the eyes ; skin of basal region of lower mandible azure blue shading
to ultramarine farther back ; iris wine purple ; tarsus burnt carmine
“(W. W. Brown on label of M.C.Z. No. 118923).”
Immature. — No specimen or description seen, but Carriker (Ann.
Carnegie Mus., iv, 1908, 385) writes that several young birds taken on
Volcan Turrialba, Costa Rica, and not saved, had the feathers of the lower
parts edged with rufous, which “even persists after the upperparts have
assumed the adult plumage.” Apparently no one has published anything
on any but the adult plumage.
Adult male. — Wing 285-298 (290); tail 295-303 (293.6); culrnen
from base of cere 30.5-33 (31.9) ; tarsus 63.7-76.5 (71.7) ; middle toe
without claw 5156.5 (54.4 mm.).63
Adult female. — Wing 264; tail 287; culrnen from base of cere 33.2;
tarsus 69.6; middle toe without claw 52.1 mm. (1 specimen, Costa Rica).
Range. — Resident in the subtropical zone in the mountains of Costa
Rica (La Palma de San Jose, Rancho Redondo, Volcan de Irazu, Volcan
de Turrialba, Varra Blanca de Sarapiqui, and Ujurras de Terraba) and
western Panama (Calovevora, Veraguas; Cordillera de Tole; and
Boquete, Chiriqui, 5,600-5,800 feet).
Type locality. — Veraguas, Panama.
ChamcEpetcs unicolor Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 159, 160 (Calovevora,
Veraguas, w. Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman, now in coll. Brit. Mus.) ; 1870,
217 (Calovevora, Veraguas). — Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ix,
“ Five specimens from Panama and Costa Rica.
58
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
1868, 139 (La Palma de San Jose and Rancho Redondo, Costa Rica). Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 531 (monogr.) Boucard, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1878, 42 (Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica).— Zeledon, Cat.
Aves Costa Rica, 1882, 28; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 128 (Rancho
Redondo, Costa Rica).— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxn, 1893, 522
(San Jose and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; Calovevora and Cordillera de Tole,
w. Panama) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 257 (monogr.) .-Bangs, Proc. New
England Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 22 (Boquete, 5,600-5,800 feet, Chiriqui, w. Pan¬
ama) — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 278, pi. 71
(Volcan de Irazu, San Jose, La Palma de San Jose, and Rancho Redondo,
Costa Rica; Calovevora and Cordillera de Tole, w. Panama). Ferry, Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 146, 1910, 260 (Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica;
habits). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 384 (Varra Blanca de Sara-
piqui, Volcan de Turrialba at 8,000-9,000 feet, and Ujurras de Terraba, Costa
Rica, crit. ; habits).
Ch[amaepetes] unicolor Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 277.
[Chamm petes] unicolor Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 543,
Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 136.— Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 18.
Chamaepetes unicolor Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 372 (Costa Rica).— Ken-
nard and Peters, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxviii, 1928, 446 (Boquete
Trail, Panama; spec.; common; plum.) .—Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii 1934, 22. — Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii, 1935, 303 (subtropical,
zone, mountains of Costa Rica and w. Panama) .— Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat Birds Amer, i, No. 1, 1942, 184 (syn. ; distr.).
[Ortalida] unicolor Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 253, No. 9521 (Veraguas).
Genus OREOPHASIS Gray
Oreophasis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1844, 485. (Type, by monotypy, O. derbianus
Gray.)
Oreophasianus (emendation) Schlegel, Handl. Dierk., i, 1857, 387.
Rather large Cracidae (length about 812-915 mm.) with an upright,
nearly cylindrical, nude bony tubercle or casque springing from center
of the nude vertex; cere, mesorhinium, forehead, chin, and malar
region densely covered with velvety or plushlike feathers, those on
mesorhinium longer and erect, especially anteriorly ; orbital region
and posterior portion of lores more or less covered by short feathers ;
vertex nude, with a conspicuous erect bony, nearly cylindrical, nude
tubercle or casque, inclined backward at a decided angle; feathers
of occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck distinctly outlined, sublanceolate,
but with obtuse or rounded tips. Wing rather large, very broad, the
longest primaries extending slightly but decidedly beyond tips of longest
secondaries; fifth primary longest, the first (outermost) a little less
than two-thirds as long and distinctly bowed or bent inward. Tail a
little shorter than wing, strongly rounded, the rectnces (12) broad and
firm, with subrounded tips. Tarsus about one-fourth as long as wing,
stout; acrotarsium with a single series of about 12 large, transverse
scutella, the three uppermost covered by the rather elongated feathers
of thigh ; planta tarsi covered on both sides by rather small, irregular,
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
59
mostly roundish or hexagonal scales; middle toe about three-fourths as
long as tarsus, the lateral toes reaching to or very slightly beyond its
penultimate articulation; hallux shorter than combined length of first
three phalanges of outer toe ; claws rather long, rather strongly curved,
compressed.
60
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Plumage and coloration.— Feathers of upperparts distinctly outlined,
rather broad, with rounded tips; those of underpaits more blended
(except anteriorly, where narrower) and with thickened and rigid shafts,
except on thighs, where soft but broad and rounded, and on abdomen
and under tail coverts very soft and downy. Adults with neck, back,
scapulars, and wing coverts and upper tail coverts glossy blue-black, rump
dull sooty black, abdomen, under tail coverts plain sooty, foreneck, chest,
and breast dull white with blackish shaft streaks. Sexes alike in color.
Range. — High mountains of Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Cerio
Zunil, etc., mostly above 7,000 feet) and adjacent parts of Chiapas.
(Monotypic.)
OREOPHASIS DERBIANUS Gray
Horned Guan
Adult male. — Culmen as far as the nostril, forehead, and crown ante¬
rior to the cylindrical coronal casque, lores, cheeks, auriculars, chin, and
upper throat glossy velvety black ; crown posterior to the casque, occiput,
hindneck, and sides of neck black with a dark ivy-greenish sheen ; scapu¬
lars, interscapulars, upper wing coverts, and upper tail coverts black with
a pronounced dark blue to dark greenish-blue sheen ; remiges black w ith a
faint bluish sheen on the outer and a faint purplish one on the inner webs ;
lower back and rump like the interscapulars but with so much of the dark
sepia to clove-brown .buses of the feathers showing (or the bluish-black
areas so restricted to the terminal parts of the feathers) as to give these
areas a much-mottled appearance; rectrices black with a bluish to dark
purplish-bluish sheen, and crossed by a broad band of white (40 mm.
wide) a little less than halfway out from their bases (the distal border
of the white band being almost at the middle of the length of the tail) ;
middle of throat almost entirely nude, with a very few small blackish
feathers, extreme lower throat, breast, and anterior abdomen white,
each feather with a dusky shaft stripe of chaetura drab, the postero¬
lateral feathers of this area washed with pale Saccardo’s umber to pale
Dresden brown, the shaft streaks broadest on the lateral feathers; rest
of abdomen, sides, flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts mummy brown
to fuscous, some of the abdominal feathers with desiccated whitish tips
and washed and edged with buffy brown around the vent, the sides and
flanks more or less glossy with greenish blue ; under wing coverts dark
mummy brown with some greenish-blue sheen ; the casque is straight,
slopes backward, and is fairly slender but tapering (18 mm. in diameter
at base and 5 mm. at tip), with occasional hairlike blackish feathers
very sparsely scattered over it, the casque 55 mm. high in front, 37 mm.
in back; casque, tarsi, and toes orange-red to deep vermilion; bare eye
ring purple; bill pale straw color; iris white.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
61
Adult female. — Similar to the male but smaller, with the lower back
and rump somewhat less mottled with greenish blue, more sepia ; casque
shorter (less than 45 mm. long in front).
Young (juvenal?). — Similar to the adult but with no or very little
casque on the crown, the area involved sprinkled with hairlike blackish
feathers ; the lower back and rump with practically no greenish-blue
sheen ; the outer primaries fuscous with very little bluish sheen externally.
Natal down. — Unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 394; tail 350; exposed oilmen 21; tarsus 83;
middle toe without claw 71 mm.64
Adult female. — Wing 332-378 (362) ; tail 300-368 (329.1) ; exposed
culmen 19-23 (21.1); tarsus 80-92 (85.1); middle toe without claw
63-71 (67.5 mm.).65
Range. — Resident in the temperate zone forests above 7,500 feet in
the high mountains of western Guatemala (above Huehuetenango, Chica-
man, Cerro Zunil, Volcan de Fuego, Volcan San Lucas, Volcan de Santa
Maria, near Quezaltenango, probably also the Guatemala slope of Tacana,
Tajumulco), and adjacent highlands of Chiapas (near Pinabete, and
Volcan de Tacana).
Type locality. — Guatemala.
Oreophasis derbianus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1844, 485, pi. 121 ; List Birds Brit. Mus.,
pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 14. — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 224 (Volcan de Fuego,
Guatemala; 7,000-11,000 feet; habits, etc.) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 541,
543 (monogr.). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 184 (Volcan de
Fuego). — Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 43, 248 (Volcan de Fuego; habits); 1873, 429;
1874, 188 (Chicaman, Guatemala). — Ogelvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxii, 1893, 489; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 218 (Volcan de Fuego). — Nelson,
Auk, xv, 1898, 156 (Volcan de Santa Maria, Guatemala; near Pinabete, Chiapas).
— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 274 (Volcan de
Fuego, Chicaman, and Cerro Zunil, Guatemala). — Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 99 (Volcan San Lucas, Guatemala spec.). — Peters, Check¬
list Birds World, ii, 1934, 24. — Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxvii, 1935, 413 (Guatemala; Chichoy, 10,000 feet). —
Hellmayk and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 196 (syn. ; distr.).
O [rcophasis] derbianus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 278.
[Oreophasis] derbianus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 253, No. 9522. — Sharpe, Hand-list,
i, 1899, 15.
Orephasis derbyanus Reichenbach, Synop. Av., Columb., ii, 1837, pi. 172, fig. 1508.
0[reophasis] derbyanus Reichenbach, Voll. Nat. Tauben, 1861, 155, pi. 270.
f Oreophasis] derbyanus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neolr., 1873, 137.
Penelope fronticornis Van der Hoeven, Handb. Zool., ii, 1852-56, 435 ; Handb.
Dierkunde, ii, 1855, 664.
04 One specimen, unsexed, but undoubtedly a male.
“ Six specimens from Guatemala.
62
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Superfamily PHASIANOIDEA: Grouse, Pheasants, Turkeys
>Gallinaceae Nitzsch, in Meckel, Deutsch. Arch. Phys., 1820, 258 (includes
Otididae !).
=Alectoropodes Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, xi, 33. Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Aves, iii, 1902, 283. — Knowlton, Birds of
the World, 1909, 267, in text.
Alectoromorphae Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 459 (includes Turni-
cidae, Pteroclidae, Megapodidae, Cracidae, and Phasianidae) .
=Gallinae Alectoropodes Sclateu and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, vii, 137.
Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 198, in text.
=Gallinae Cope, Amer. Nat., xxiii, 1889, 871, 873.
=Phasiani American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 167 ; ed. 3, 1910,
134. — Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 68 ; Hand-list, i, 1899, x, 18.
<Phasianidse Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 213, in text (excludes ietraonidae,
Odontophorinae, and Old World partridges and quails). — Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, xi, 33, 94 (excludes Tetraonidae).
<Phasianinae Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 95 (excludes
Tetraonidae, Odontophorinae, and Old World partridges and quails).
=Phasianidae Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49, 276.
=Gallidae Gadow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 34.
=Phasianides Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3.
=Phasianoida American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 193k, 78. —
Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., lxxxix, No. 13, 1934, 6; xcix, No. 7, 1940, 6.
Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 24.
Galliform birds with the hallux elevated and relatively small, with basal
phalanx shorter than that of third toe; inner notch of sternum very deep,
more than half as long as sternum ; outer division of the long and narrow
posterior lateral process of sternum slightly expanded on outer side only,
and costal process elongated, nearly parallel to long axis of sternum.
Palate schizognathous ; nares holorhinal ; basipterygoid processes articu¬
lating with pterygoids as far as possible from quadrate ; episternal process
perforated to receive feet of coracoids; oil gland tufted.
KEY TO THE AMERICAN (NATIVE AND NATURALIZED) FAMILIES AND
SUBFAMILIES OF PHASIANOIDEA
a. Head and at least upper neck naked, the former usually with a bony, erect,
vertical helmet or bristly or curly crest, or with an occipital feathered patch
or band; tail relatively small, drooping (decumbent), not erectile (?), mostly
hidden by coverts, the very full plumage of rump presenting a strongly arched
outline ; second metacarpal without backward process ; costal processes out¬
wardly inclined . Numididae (p. 430)
aa. Head and neck not naked (except in Meleagrididae), without a bony vertical
helmet or (except very rarely) a bristly or curly crest or occipital patch or
band; tail extremely variable but never (?) decumbent, always erectile, usu¬
ally very distinct from coverts, the plumage of rump not presenting a strongly
arched outline; second metacarpal with backward processes; costal processes
not outwardly inclined.
b. Head and upper neck naked and more or less wattled or wrinkled, forehead
with a fleshy tubercle or cylindrical appendage, capable of great enlargement
in males ; contour feathers truncate ; postacetabulum longer than preacetabu-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
G3
lum and longer than broad; furcula weak and (viewed laterally) straight,
with rodlike hypocleideum . Meleagrididae (p. 436)
bb. Head and upper neck feathered or mostly so; contour feathers not truncate;
postacetabulum shorter than (in Tetraonidae, part, equal to) preacetabulum,
and broader than long; furcula strong and (viewed laterally) curved, with
expanded hypocleideum.
c. Tarsus never feathered (except, very rarely, extreme upper portion) ; toes
never pectinated nor feathered; nasal fossae wholly unfeathered (except,
sometimes, a narrow strip along lower posterior portion) ; neck never
with inflatable air sacs; postacetabular region only moderately broad;
hypocleideum oval in contour ; tarsometatarsus more than half as long
as tibia . Phasianidae (p. 230)
d. Mandibular tomium without serrations; maxilla relatively broader and
more depressed, with tip more produced ; planta tarsi frequently
spurred . Phasianinae (p. 232)
dd. Mandibular tomium serrated subterminally ; maxilla relatively narrower
and higher, with tip less produced ; planta tarsi never spurred.
Odontophorinae (p. 234)
cc. Tarsus more or less (sometimes wholly) feathered; toes with lateral pec¬
tinations or else densely feathered; nasal fossae densely feathered; neck
usually with lateral inflatable air sacs ; postacetabular region very broad ;
hypocleideum triangular; tarsometatarsus less than as long as tibia.
Tetraonidae (p. 63)
Family TETRAONIDAE: Grouse; Ptarmigan; etc.
=Tetraonim'e Gkay, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 62. — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds,
1872, 232; ed. 2, 1884, 557. — Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 198, 207, in
text. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 170.— Knowlton,
Birds of the World, 1909, 280, in text.
=Tetraoninae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 321.
>Tetraoninae Gadow, in Bronn, Thier-Reich, Vbg., ii, 1891, 172 (includes Odon¬
tophorinae and genera Perdix, Caccabis, Francolimts, and C olurnix !) .
>Tctraonidae Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 232; ed. 2, 1884, 576 (includes
Odontophorinae). — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, vii, 137 (in¬
cludes Odontophorinae). — Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 321 (includes
Odontophorinae and Old World partridges). — Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv,
1885, 198, in text (includes Odontophorinae and Old World partridges). — Ameri¬
can Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 167 (includes Odontophorinae).
=Tetraonidae Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 619. — Wetmore, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Ixxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3; Smiths. Misc. Coll., lxxxix, No. 13, 1934, 6;
xeix, No. 7, 1940, 6. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, ed. 4,
1931, 78. — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 24.
=Tetraonidse Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874,
414. — Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 68; Hand-list, i, 1899, x, 18. —
Ogii.vie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, xi, 33, 34. — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 137.
>Perdicidae Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 207, in text (includes Odonto¬
phorinae and Old World partridges and quails).
Galliform birds with nasal fossae completely and densely feathered; at
least upper half of tarsus (usually whole tarsus) feathered, and toes with
lateral pectinations or else densely feathered ; neck usually with lateral
64
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
inflatable air sacs ; postacetabular region of pelvis very broad ; hypocleid-
eum triangular; tarsometatarsus less than half as long as tibia.
Bill relatively small, the culmen rounded (not ridged), the tomia
smooth; cere completely and densely feathered. Wing moderate, very
concave beneath, the longest primaries much longer than longest seconda¬
ries; third or fourth primaries longest (fifth and third sometimes equal),
the first (outermost) intermediate between sixth and seventh, seventh and
eighth, or equal to eighth; primaries rigid, the outer ones much bowed
or incurved distally. Tail variable in form, usually decidedly shorter
than wing, the rectrices 16-20. Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw
(except in Centrocercus) , with at least the upper half densely feathered
(wholly feathered except in Bonasa and Tetrastes, the toes also feathered
in winter specimens of Lagopus), never spurred; middle toe, without
claw, shorter than tarsus ; lateral toes about equal, reaching to or slightly
beyond penultimate articulation of middle toe; hallux shorter (sometimes
much shorter) than basal phalanx of middle toe; claws relatively small,
slightly curved, rather blunt; toes usually with more or less distinct
lateral horny pectinations or comblike or fringelike processes (deciduous,
however, in summer) ; anterior toes connected at base by a web between
first phalanges. Head completely feathered except, sometimes, a naked
superciliary space.
Of the characters that distinguish the Tetraonidae from other Galli-
formes some are variable in their development in different genera. The
naked superciliary space, for example, is inconspicuous in the campestrian
genera Tympanuchus , Pedioecetes, and Centrocercus but is conspicuously
developed in Lagopus, Dendragapus, and Canachites, especially the first,
and is brightly colored (red, orange, or yellow) during the breeding
season. Many genera possess, in the male, an inflatable air sac on the
side of the neck, this reaching its greatest development in Tympanuchus,
in which the sac when inflated is of nearly the size and color of a small
orange. The males of some genera also possess an ornamental erectile
tuft of feathers on each side of the neck, Tympanuchus having elongated,
rigid, narrow feathers inserted immediately above the air sacs, while
Bonasa has, in nearly the same position (the air sacs, however, being
absent) very broad, soft, nearly truncated feathers. The tail is extremely
variable in form and development. It is short and rounded in Lagopus
and Tympanuchus ; much longer and more or less fan-shaped in Bonasa,
Dendragapus, and Canachites; very short and graduated, with the middle
rectrices projecting considerably beyond the others, in Pedioecetes ; and
considerably elongated, excessively graduated, with narrowly acuminate
rectrices in Centrocercus ; while in the Palearctic genus Tetrao the tail
is forked, with the lateral rectrices curved or curled outward in the males.
The feathering of the tarsus extends nearly, if not quite, to the base of
the toes, except in Bonasa and Tetrastes, in which only about the upper
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
65
half is feathered. The extent and development of this feathering vary
greatly with the season, being denser and longer in winter, when, in
Lagopus, the toes themselves are densely clothed with long feathers, while
in the northern forms of Pedioecctes the feathers on the lower portion
of the tarsus are so long as to almost conceal the toes. The “purpose”
of this dense feathering of the feet seems to be to enable the birds to
walk more easily upon soft snow, the fringelike processes along the sides
of the toes in some genera possibly serving the same purpose, for in
summer, when there is no need of “snowshoes,” the toes of Lagopus be¬
come quite nude. At the same time the claws, which during winter are
large, broad, and concave beneath, like inverted spoons, are also shed.66
The geographic range of the Tetraonidae embraces practically the en¬
tire North Temperate Zone. North America possesses six peculiar
genera ( Bonasa , Canachites, Dendragapus, Tympanuchus, Pedioecetcs,
and Centrocercus) , while the Palearctic Region has only four genera
( Tctrao , Urogallus, Falcipennis, and Tetrastes) . One genus ( Lagopus )
is circumpolar. Two of the Old World species ( Tetrao lyrurus and
Urogallus urogallus ) have been introduced into North America but seem
not to have become established.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF TETRAONIDAE
a. Tail decidedly shorter than wing, not graduated (or else middle rectrices
abruptly longer than rest and with rounded tips), rectrices rounded (some¬
times nearly truncate) at tips ; tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw ;
feathers of neck without spiny shafts ; portion of culmen between feathered
nasal fossae less than half as long as apical portion ; stomach a muscular
gizzard.
b. Tarsus with lower half (approximately) naked, scutellate; tail more than
two-thirds as long as wing.
c. Rectrices 18-20; sides of neck with a conspicuous erectile tuft of broad,
soft, decumbent feathers, capable of being expended into a ruff ; sexes
alike in coloration . Bonasa (p. 153)
cc. Rectrices 16; sides of neck without tufts or with these rudimentary; sexes
different in coloration . Tetrastes (extralimital)61
bb. Tarsus densely feathered to or nearly to base of toes.
c. Tail more or less forked (deeply emarginate to lyre-shaped).
Lyrurus (extralimital)68
66 See Stejneger, On the shedding of the claws in ptarmigans and allied birds.
Amer. Nat., xviii, 1884, 774— 776.
67 Bonasia (not of Bonaparte, 1827) Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw.,
1829, 193 (type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Tetrao bonasia Linnaeus). — Tetrastes
Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., lxix, 1840, 109, 200 (type, by monotypy,
Tetrao bonasia Linnaeus). — Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1887. — Peters, Check¬
list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 37. Palearctic Region (Europe to Kamchatka, Japan,
etc.). Two species with 10 subspecies.
'“Tetrao Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 159 (type, by subsequent designation,
Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus) (type, by tautonymy, according to Opinion 16 Internatl.
Nomencl. Comm., 1910, is Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus, but this is not accepted). —
66
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
cc. Tail not at all forked (rounded, truncate, or even graduated).
d. Tail rounded or truncate, with middle pair of rectrices not projecting
beyond next pair.
e. Larger (wing 275 mm. or more) ; adult males with feathers of throat
elongated and plumage partly metallic . Tetrao (extralimital)00
ee. Smaller (wing less than 255 mm.) ; adult male with feathers of throat
not elongated and plumage without any metallic colors.
f. Tail more than half as long as wing; no elongated feathers on
sides of neck and air sac, if present (usually absent or not ob¬
vious), relatively small.
g. Tail more than three-fifths as long as wing with longer coverts fall¬
ing far short of its tip; toes never feathered and plumage never
wholly or mostly white.
h. Rectrices 20 ; males with a distinct cervical air sac ; larger (wing
more — usually much more — than 218 mm.).
Dendragapus (p. 67)
hh. Rectrices 16; males without a cervical air sac; smaller (wing
less than 190 mm.).
i. Outermost primaries of normal form . Canachites p. 136)
it. Outer primaries falcate . Falcipennis (extralimital)70
gg. Tail less than three-fifths as long as wing, with longer coverts
reaching to its tip ; toes densely feathered in winter ; plumage
entirely or for much the greater part white in winter.
Lagopus (p. 90)
Tetrao (emendation) Ledru, Vog. Teneriffe, i, 1810, 184.— Tetroa (lapsus or typog.
error) Richardson, Parry’s Journ. Second Voy., Appendix, 1825 (1827), 347 —
Lyrurus Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer, ii, 1831 (1832), 342. 497
(type by monotypy, Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus); Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, iii, 1921,
1872;’ Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 26.— Lyurus (lapsus?) Gould,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837 (1838), 132.— Lyura (emendation) Giebel, Thes.
Om., ii, 1875, 512. — Tetrix Morris, in W. Woods’ Naturalist, ii, No. 9, June 1837,
126 ’(type, by tautonymy, Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus) .—Lagopotetrix Malm, Vet-
Akad. Forh., 1880, No. 7, 7, 30 (type, by monotypy, L. dicksoni Malm=hybrid of
Tetrao tetrix and Lagopus scoticus). Palearctic Region (western Europe to west¬
ern Siberia). Two species.
The type species, the black cock or black game, of Europe (L. tetrix), has been
introduced into North America but seems not to have become established.
60 Tetrao Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 159 (type by subsequent designa¬
tion, Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 62) . Urogallus
Scopoli, Introd. Nat. Hist., 1777, 478 (type, by tautonymy, Tetrao urogallus Lin¬
naeus) .—Capricalea “Niles[son]” S.D.W., Analyst, iii, No. 14, Jan. 1836, 206
(type, by tautonymy, C. arborea S.D.W.=7Wrfl0 urogallus Linnaeus). Palearctic
Region. Two species.
The type species of this genus also, the capercaille, wood grouse, or cock-of-
the-woods ( Tetrao urogallus) , has been liberated in North America but seems
not to have become established. It is the largest of the grouse, the adult male
nearly if not quite equaling a hen turkey in bulk and weight.
70 Falcipennis Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, 23 (type, by mono¬
typy, F. hartlaubii Elliot= Tetrao falcipennis Hartlaub).
This monotypic genus of northeastern Asia is the Palearctic representative of
Canachites, from which it seems to differ chiefly in its falcate outer primaries.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
67
//. Tail less than half as long as wing; males with a conspicuous tuft
of elongated feathers and a large inflatable air sac on each side of
neck . Tympanuchus (p. 206)
dd. Tail strongly graduated, with middle pair of rectrices projecting con¬
spicuously beyond the next pair . Pedioecetes (p. 187)
aa. Tail nearly, to quite, as long as wing, strongly graduated, rectrices (20) nar¬
row, acuminate, and rigid; tarsus longer than middle toe with claw; feathers
of chest very rigid, with spiny shafts ; portion of culmen between nasal
fossae much longer than terminal portion ; stomach membranous.
Centrocercus (p. 223)
Genas DENDRAGAPUS Elliot
Dendragapus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, 23. (Type, as desig¬
nated by Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 1874, Tetrao obscurus Say.)
Dendrogapus (emendation) Giebel, Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1874, 33.
Tympanuchus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 320, part.
Medium-size or rather large wood grouse (length about 432-584 mm.)
with tarsi feathered to or beyond base of toes ; tail more than two-thirds
as long as wing, rounded to truncate, of 20 rectrices; side of neck with
an inflatable air sac but without tufts; the adult males with underparts
mostly plain grayish.
Bill relatively small, its length from nostril about one-fourth the length
of head, about as deep as wide at frontal antiae; the culmen rounded (not
distinctly ridged), the rhamphotheca completely smooth, the maxillary
68
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
tomium moderately concave, slightly indexed. Wing moderately large,
with longest primaries exceeding longest secondaries by nearly one-third
the length of wing ; fourth primary longest, but third and fifth nearly as
long, the first (outermost) intermediate between seventh and eighth. Tail
about two-thirds as long as wing or slightly more, moderately rounded
to truncate, the rectrices (20) broad, with broadly rounded to truncate
tips. Tarsus about one-fifth as long as wing, completely clothed (except
on heel) with dense, soft, hairlike feathers, these extending over greater
part of basal phalanx of middle toe on each side; middle toe decidedly
shorter than tarsus, the inner toe reaching to penultimate articulation of
middle toe, the outer toe very slightly longer ; hallux slightly shorter
than basal phalanx of inner toe ; upper surface of toes with a continuous
single series of very distinct transverse scutella, on each side of which
is a single series of rather small, subquadrate scutella, edged with short,
more or less indistinct, marginal pectinations (these sometimes obsolete) ;
claws relatively short, slightly curved, and blunt.
Plumage and coloration. — Plumage in general compact, the feathers
distinctly outlined, except on anal region, where soft, downy, and blended ;
feathers of crown but slightly elongated, forming, when erected, an in¬
conspicuous crest ; no elongated feathers on sides of neck, but a moderate
sized inflatable air sac present in males. Adult males with upperparts
grayish or dusky, more or less vermiculated, the tail plain dusky with
or without a lighter gray terminal band, the underparts mostly plain sooty
grayish, variegated on sides and, especially, flanks with white ; adult
females more barred and more brownish in general coloration.
Range. — Coniferous forests of western North America, from high
mountains of California and Arizona to upper Yukon and Mackenzie
River Valleys. (One species.)71
71 There is wide diversity of opinion as to whether the forms of this genus are
all conspecific or are more properly to be treated as two species, one containing
the forms fuliginosus, sierrae, howardi, and sitkensis, and the second, ob scums and
richardsonii. The birds when studied in the museum certainly give a picture of
conspecificity throughout, but against this must be weighed the fact that the
people most conversant with these birds in life are convinced of the reality of two
specific groups. The characters by which they separate the two are as follows:
(1) The downy young are yellow below in the fuliginosus group, white in the
obscurus group; (2) the hooting sacs of the male in the breeding season are thick,
large, tuberculate, and deep yellow in color in fuliginosus ; not thick or tuberculate
and are purplish in obscurus; (3) the hooting noise of the courting male is uttered
from the ground and is audible for less than a hundred yards in obscurus , while
in fuliginosus it is given from high up in trees and carries audibly for several
miles; (4) in fuliginosus the tail of the adult male is rounded, the feathers also
rounded at the tip; while in obscurus the tail of the adult male is nearly square,
the feathers terminally truncate.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
69
KEY TO THE FORMS (ADULTS) OF DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS (SAY)
a. Top of head, nape, and interscapulars uniform, unbarred (males).
b. Rectrices usually with no grayish terminal band (or terminal band very
dark, not conspicuously different from rest of rectrices).
c. Under tail coverts blackish tipped with white (s. Yukon to Idaho and nw.
Wyoming) . Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii (p. 82)
cc. Under tail coverts grayish chaetura drab tipped with white (mountains of
e. Washington, ne. Oregon, se. to c. Nevada).
Dendragapus obscurus pallidus (p. 88)
bb. Rectrices with a distinct grayish terminal band.
c. Terminal gray band on tail broader (20-35 mm. broad).
d. lail longer (average 189 mm.) (coniferous forests Kern to Calaveras
Counties, Calif.) . Dendragapus obscurus howardi (P. 80)
dd. Tail shorter (average 170 mm.).
e. Terminal band much speckled with black (sc. Washington to ne. Cali¬
fornia and w. Nevada) . Dendragapus obscurus sierrae (p. 77)
ee. Terminal band not or only slightly speckled with black (Rocky Mountains
from s. Montana to n. Arizona and wc. New Mexico).
Dendragapus obscurus obscurus (p. 85)
cc. Terminal gray band on tail averaging narrower (15-22 mm. broad) (moun¬
tains of extreme w. North America from sw. Yukon to nw. California).
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus (p. 74)
(islands and coast of se. Alaska to Queen Charlotte Islands).
Dendragapus obscurus sitkensis (p. 70)
act. Top of head, nape, and interscapulars barred (females).
b. Rectrices with no distinct grayish terminal band.
c. Under tail coverts dark fuscous tipped with white (s. Yukon to Idaho and
nw. Wyoming) . Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii (p. 82)
cc. Under tail coverts grayish banded with chaetura drab and tipped with white,
(mountains of e. Washington, ne. Oregon, se. to c. Nevada).
Dendragapus obscurus pallidus (p. 88)
bb. Rectrices with a distinct grayish terminal band,
c. Terminal gray band on tail broader (20-35 mm.).
d. Tail longer (average 153 mm.) (coniferous forests Kern to Calaveras
Counties, Calif.) . Dendragapus obscurus howardi (p. 80)
dd. Tail shorter (average 144 mm. or less).
e. Sides and flanks with conspicuous white marks (Rocky Mountains from
s. Montana to n. Arizona and wc. New Mexico).
Dendragapus obscurus obscurus (p. 85)
ee. Sides and flanks with no or little white (sc. Washington to ne. California
and w. Nevada) . Dendragapus obscurus sierrae (p. 77)
cc. Terminal gray band on tail narrower (10-20 mm. broad).
d. Upperparts with a distinct rufescent tone (islands and coast of se. Alaska
to Queen Charlotte Islands).
Dendragapus obscurus sitkensis (p. 70)
dd. Upperparts not distinctly rufescent, but grayish (mountains of extreme
w. North America from sw. Yukon to nw. California).
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus (p. 74)
fftw C
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fr-{y & UaVu
633008°— 4G-
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70
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS SITKENSIS Swarth
Sitka n Dusky Grouse
Adult wuxle. — F orehead and anterior part of crown very dark, rich
chestnut-brown merging gradually into fuscous or grayish fuscous on the
posterior crown, occiput, nape, and anterior interscapulars mterscapu
Sirs and upper back dark bister to dark clove brown, the feathers vermicu-
lated to a varying degree with Saccardo’s umber to sepia (sometimes
entirely without vermiculations but usually with vermiculations on the
more posterior feathers at least) ; lesser upper wing coverts very vanable
sometimes Dresden brown to Prout’s brown abundantly vermiculated
with blackish, in other birds much more grayish except at their extreme
bases— hair brown, likewise vermiculated with blackish; median upper
wing coverts sepia to very dark clove brown, greater upper wing coverts
and remiges similarly dark clove brown, but the greater coverts
narrowly edged and tipped with dusky mouse gray to dark drab, and tie
innermost secondaries with their inner webs terminally broadly gray or
drab vermiculated with dark bister or clove brown ; some of the remiges
with flecks of drab on their outer webs; feathers of the rump and upper
tail coverts sepia to clove brown becoming deep mouse gray terminally
vermiculated with blackish, and proximally to the grayish areas they are
much washed with snuff brown to Saccardo’s umber, also vermiculated
with blackish; rectrices fuscous to clove brown, tipped with mouse gray
to light quaker drab, this terminal band 15-22 mm. broad on median pair
of rectrices ; the tail only slightly rounded ; all the rectrices broad and fan y
blunt at their tips; lores, cheeks, and auriculars fuscous to dark clove
brown paling on the chin and throat to clove brown in some birds and
to very dusky wood brown with clove-brown edges to the feathers m
other specimens ; upper throat with a varying amount of the white bases
of the feathers showing ; lower throat often slightly darker than upper
throat ; breast and abdomen dusty drab gray to deep quaker drab, with
a general tinge of drab to wood brown, due largely to the amount of the
basal and median portions of the feathers exposed, as the more grayish
color is largely a matter of broad edges and tips; side and flanks like
the abdomen but the feathers with white tips and the more lateral of the
side feathers (i.e., more up away from the under surface of the body)
are sepia to clove brown vermiculated with blackish and with white shafts
terminally broadening into wedge-shaped white marks ; thighs like abdo¬
men but some of the feathers tipped with white lower abdomen and
vent like abdomen but feathers broadly tipped with white ; under tail
coverts similar but darker and broadly tipped with white, subtermmally
crossed by two narrow grayish bands margined with blackish; under
winu coverts like the lesser upper coverts; axillars largely white with
some of the feathers with grayish centers. In the breeding season, the
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
71
males have a distensible sac on either side of the neck, the feathers sur¬
rounding which are largely white broadly tipped with dark sepia; the
sacs deep yellow, carunculated, iris Vandyke brown; orbital skin dull
yellow, supraorbital “comb” deep orange-yellow; bill blackish, feet light
brownish gray ; claws blackish brown.72
Adult female. — Very different from the male: Forehead and crown
fuscous-black tipped and basally banded with tawny to amber brown, the
brown color more noticeable than the black, occiput and nape similar
but with the brown tips paler and lighter — pale tawny-olive and with the
black areas reduced to narrow bands, each feather having three brown
bands, giving somewhat the appearance of dusky vermiculations on the
pale brown ground ; interscapulars and upper back barred black and cin¬
namon, each feather with four cinnamon bands (including the terminal
one) ; the feathers of the lower back with the bands reduced in number
and restricted to the terminal third or less, only two black bands and
these doubly concave distally and the terminal area much washed with
grayish, especially posteriorly (in the feathers of the posterior part of
the lower back these gray areas are almost pure gray with a fine sub¬
terminal wavy black line) ; lesser and median upper wing coverts cin¬
namon to tawny mottled and subbasally broadly marked with black, and
with the tips of the shafts white broadening into whitish wedges, which
spread laterally to form in some cases a narrow terminal band on either
side; greater upper coverts clove brown narrowly edged and distally
mottled with cinnamon; remiges (except inner secondaries) clove brown
tipped with pale tawny, the outer webs of the primaries mottled with pale
cinnamon ; the inner secondaries tipped with white, this area proximally
narrowly edged with black, the rest of the feathers black both broadly
and narrowly crossed by tawny areas, upper tail coverts like the lower
back; median rectrices cinnamon to tawny crossed by broad blackish
blotches and by irregular fine black lines, the tips grayer, banded irregu¬
larly with fine black lines ; the rest of the rectrices deep clove brown to
fuscous tipped with dusky neutral gray, this area on the pair next to the
brown median rectrices breaking up proximally into a series of irregular
flecks which become brownish basally; tail slightly rounded as in the
male ; lores white flecked with blackish ; feathers of malar area, cheeks,
auriculars, and gular area white basally, tawny to amber brown distally,
edged and tipped with black ; chin lightly washed with tawny and the
feathers edged with black ; upper throat white, each feather with a V-
shaped terminal blackish band, these edgings becoming broader postero-
laterally, where the white centers tend to disappear; breast and upper
abdomen clove brown to fuscous, banded with pale cinnamon, tipped with
grayish pale cinnamon, and with the white shafts enlarging terminally to
” Colors of soft parts from manuscript note by Allan Brooks.
72
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
form white wedges ; center of abdomen as in the male ; sides, flanks, vent,
thighs and under tail coverts as in the male but with the white tips
far more developed and (on the sides and flanks) with the brown and black
markings much coarser, less like vermiculations, and the brown pale
tawny not sepia ; under wing coverts like the lesser upper ones but wit
much more white; supraorbital “comb” dull orange-yellow; iris brown,
bill blackish ; feet varying from pale brownish gray to pale greenish gray,
soles and back of tarsi yellowish ; claws pale horn gray.
Immature male. — Similar to the adult but with the rectrices narrowei
and more pointed at the tip; body plumage often retaining some of the
juvenal plumage, especially the innermost secondaries and in the head
and neck regions which are the last to molt, except for the innermost
secondaries (tertials).
Immature female.— Similar to the adult but differing from it m the
same way that the immature and adult males diffei .
luvenal (sexes alike) . — Similar to that of the adult female but with
the feathers of the upperparts, wing, and tail with conspicuous shaft
streaks of white (more or less tinged with tawny) ; the recti ices bi own
to the tips (no terminal gray band) ; the chin and upper throat moie
extensively whitish; the breast and abdomen paler— huffy whitish to
pale tawny whitish, the dark sepia to clove brown markings broken so
as to appear more like spots than bars ; no median abdominal gray area
as in adult; iris pale sepia; bill grayish brown; feet light olive-green,
claws pale brown to horn color.
Downy young (sexes alike) .—Above between buckthorn brown and
ochraceous-tawny, paler and more yellowish on the forehead and mter-
scapular area; the forehead, crown, and sides of head with fuscous to
dark sepia elongated blotches, and with smaller, less conspicuous dark
marks on the lower back; lores, chin, throat, and abdomen amber yellow,
the breast, sides, and flanks similar but with an ochraceous wash , it is
pale gray-brown; bill brownish, tipped flesh color; feet yellow, claws
horn color.
Adult male.— Wing 208-224 (217.1) ; tail 131-160 (151.7) ; exposed
culmen 19.2-22 (20.1) ; tarsus 43.1-47 (45.1) ; middle toe without claw
42.3^49.5 (45.9 mm.).73
Adult female.— Wing 178-205 (194.7) ; tail 116-131 (121.1) ; exposed
culmen 16.6-22.8 (19.4); tarsus 39.8-42.9 (41.1); middle toe without
claw 37.2-42.8 (39.8 mm.).74
Range. — Resident in the islands of southeastern Alaska except Prince of
Wales Island (Admiralty, Baranof, Chichagof, Coronation, Douglas,
Etolin, Kupreanof, Mitkof, Wrangell Islands) and immediately adjacent
73 Six specimens from Queen Charlotte Islands and Alaska.
14 Nine specimens from Alaska.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
73
mainland (Glacier Bay, Juneau) ; south to Porcher Island and the Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.
Type locality. — Kupreanof Island, southeastern Alaska.
Tetrao obscurus (not of Say) Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci.,
i, 1869, 28 7 (Sitka, Alaska).— Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 61
(Sitka, Alaska).— Coues, Check List North American Birds, 1873, No. 381,
part. — Schalow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 258 (Kittlitz specimen from Alaska).
[ Tetrao ] obscurus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233, part.
Canace obscura, var. fuliginosa Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 199, part (Sitka).
Ccmace obscura fuliginosa Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part;
Nom. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 471a, part.— Coues, Check List North
Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 559, part.
Canace obscurus, var. fuliginosus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 425, part (Sitka).
C[anace] o[bscura ] fuliginosa Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 580, part.
Tetrao obscurus . . . var. fuliginosa Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874,
App., 133, No. 381b (Sitka only).
Tetrao obscurus fuliginosus Hartlaub, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 275 (Portage Bay,
Alaska) .— Schalow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 258 in text.
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355,
part.— American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 297a, part;
ed. 2, 1895, No. 297a, part; ed. 3, 1910, 138, part. — Bendire, Auk, vi, 1889,
32, part (Sitka); Life Hist. North Ather. Birds, i, 1892, 43, part (Sitka).—
Bishop, North Amer. Fauna, No. 19, 1900, 71, part (above Glacier, Alaska).—
Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 198, part (Sitka). — Osgood, North Amer.
Fauna, No. 21, 1901, 42 (Cumshewa Inlet and adjacent mountains up to 3,000
feet; Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia) .—Bailey, Handb. Birds
Western United States, 1902, 125, part.— Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can.
Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 216, part (Sitka). — Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zook,
v, 1909, 203 (Admiralty, Baranof, and Chichagof Islands and Glacier Bay, se.
Alaska; crit. ; habits; descr. nest and eggs). — Swarth, Univ. California Publ.
Zook, vii, 1911, 56 (Kuiu, Kupreanof, Mitkof, Coronation, and Etolin Islands,
Boca de Quadra, and Thomas Bay, se. Alaska; absent from island s. south
of Sumner Strait and west of Clarence Strait; habits).— Brooks, Bulk Mus.
Comp. Zook, lix, 1915, 366 (Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, se. Alaska).
D[endragapus] obscurus fuliginosus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887,
196, part (Sitka).
D[endragapus] o[bscurus ] fuliginosus Chapman, Bulk Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xx, 1904, 160, part (Sitka, Alaska).
Dendragapus fuliginosus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 75,
part (Sitka).
[Dendragapus] fuliginosus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 20, part (Sitka).
[• Dendragapus obscurus] subsp. a. Dendragapus fuliginosus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 75, part (Sitka).
Dendragapus obscurus sitkensis Swarth, Condor, xxiii, 1921, 59 (Kupreanof Island,
25 miles south of Kaka Village, se. Alaska; coll. Mus. Vert. Zook); Univ.
California Publ. Zook, xxiv, 1922, 205 (Mitkof Island, se. Alaska). — Ober-
holser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 246 (se. Alaska). — Brooks, Auk, xl, 1923, 220
(Porcha Island, British Columbia; crit.).— Bailey, Auk, xliv, 1927, 197 (se.
Alaska — Kupreanof Island; Douglas Island; near Juneau; Oliver Inlet;
Wrangell; Point Couverton; Berg Bay; Mount Robert; McGinnis Creek;
Salmon Creek; Seymour Canal; Point Retreat; habits). — Cumming, Murrelet,
74
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
xii, 1931, 16 (British Columbia; Queen Charlotte Islands).— Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 28 (range).
Dendragapus fuliginosus sitkensis Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx,
1926, 81, in text (fig. of tail feathers), 84 in text.— Brooks, Auk, xlvi, 1929,
113 (rev., crit.). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931,
79 (distr.).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 119 (habits; plumage;
etc.).— Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 153 in text (Queen Charlotte Islands
and islands of south Alaska) .— Moffitt, Auk, lv, 1938, 589, pi. 19, fig. 5
(downy young; col. fig.; descr.).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 199 (syn.; distr.).
D[endragapus ] fuliginosus sitkensis Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx,
1926, 74 in text (map; distr.).
Dendragapus obscurus munroi Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 71, 1923, 1 (Queen
Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; coll. L. L. Sanford) —Oberholser, Auk,
xli, 1924, 593, 594 (syn.).
DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS FULIGINOSUS (Ridgway)
Sooty Grouse
Adult male. — Not distinguishable from that of Dendragapus obscurus
sitkensis.
Adult female. — Similar to that of Dendragapus obscurus sitkensis but
less reddish in general coloration, the upperparts being duller brown with
a great deal of black showing through and with the brownish areas every¬
where speckled with blackish or grayish. This grayish color is predomi¬
nant on the hindneck, upper tail coverts, rectrices, breast, and sides, and
to a lesser extent the flanks. The brown on the forehead varies from
Saccardo’s umber to sepia (tawny to amber brown in sitkensis), and the
brownish bars and markings on the occiput, interscapulars, and back,
besides being much more reduced than in sitkensis, are paler avellaneous
to light pinkish cinnamon ; in the tail feathers only the central pair has
any appreciable cinnamon-buff mottling, the other rectrices having theii
mottlings grayish to light drab ; the feathers of the flanks, lower abdomen,
and under tail coverts have the white tips smaller than in sitkensis, and
have the upper and central abdomen slightly darker and very slightly
more brownish than in sitkensis.
Immature male.— Similar to the adult but with the rectrices narrower
and more pointed terminally and with the body plumage often retaining
some of the juvenal tertials and some of the coronal and occipital feathers.
Practically indistinguishable from the corresponding stage of Dendraga¬
pus obscurus sitkensis, except by such juvenal feathers as may be present.
Immature female.— Similar to the adult female but differing from it
in the narrower rectrices and the retention (in some cases) of juvenal
tertials and head feathers.
Juvenal (sexes alike).— Similar to the corresponding plumage of
Dendragapus obscurus sitkensis but less rufescent generally (sepia to
Saccardo’s umber) ; similar to the adult female of the present subspecies
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
75
but with the feathers of the interscapulars, scapulars, upper back, lower
throat, breast, upper abdomen, and sides with white shaft streaks ; chin
and upper throat more whitish, less heavily marked with brown and the
brown feather tips paler; breast and abdomen paler — buffy whitish to
pale tawny white, the breast, sides of abdomen, and flanks spotted with
dusky and pale buff; rectrices narrower and more pointed, mottled like
the feathers of the back and with no gray terminal band ; remiges barred,
and with no gray terminal band ; remiges barred, mottled, or flecked with
pale grayish buff on the outer webs.75
Downy young (sexes presumably alike). — Forehead, cheeks, chin,
throat, and the underpart of body vary from ivory yellow to straw
yellow, the crown mottled with fuscous-black and strongly washed with
pale ochraceous-tawny ; auriculars sparsely blotched with fuscous-black;
the back is pale ochraceous-tawny mottled with fuscous and ochraceous-
buff ; iris brown ; bill flesh color with duskier culmen ; feet yellow with
dusky claws.
Adult male. — Wing 214-238 (221.1); tail 131-171 (149.1); exposed
culmen 18.1-21.3 (19.1); tarsus 42.6-46.3 (44.1); middle toe without
claw 40.8-45.4 (43.2 mm.).76
Adult female.— Wing 188-226 (204.4); tail 111-140 (127.4); ex¬
posed culmen 16.4-21.8 (19.4) ; tarsus 38.7-42.7 (40.2) ; middle toe with¬
out claw 36.2-42 (38.9 mm.).77
Range. — Resident in the coastal mountains of the North American
mainland from the border between southwestern Yukon, Canada, and
Alaska (Skagway; White Pass), south through southeastern Alaska,
through coastal British Columbia and Vancouver Island (Alta Lake
Region ; Beecher Bay, Chilliwak, Coldstream, Klippan River Valley,
Lund), western Washington (Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sount, Mount
Rainier, Mount Stewart, Tacoma, Flannegan Pass, Cat Creek, Beaver
'““The juvenal remiges are molted during July and August; the molt begins as
soon as the last of these feathers are fully grown, or even before that ; and the body
molt into the first winter plumage (= immature plumage in this book) is continuous
from August to October. The postjuvenal molt is complete, except that the outer
pairs of primaries are retained for a full year” (ex Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162,
1932, 108). This accounts for the paucity of true juvenal specimens in collections,
as this plumage is begun to be shed before it is hardly complete.
Van Rossem has demonstrated that the juvenal rectrices are shed at a very early
age beginning with the outermost pair and progressing medially. These feathers are
shed when the chicks are scarcely more than two or three weeks old, and then the
slow-growing immature tail feathers begin to appear beyond the tips of the coverts.
The immature tail is more rounded (owing to the lesser relative length of the lateral
rectrices) than the adult tail. Most of these rectrices are replaced during the follow¬
ing winter, spring, and summer in a gradual molt, but often the outermost pair are
retained until the following autumn.
Eleven specimens from British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.
" Twenty-one specimens from Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.
76
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Creek, etc.) ; western Oregon (Coast Ranges, Willamette Valley, Cas¬
cade Mountains, and intervening ranges to Siskiyou) ; south to the semi-
humid northwestern corner of California (Hayfork and Kuntz, Trinity
County, and Seaview, Sonoma County).
Type locality. — Cascade Mountains at foot of Mount Hood, Oreg., and
Chiloweyuck Depot, Wash. (—Mount Hood).
Tetrao obscurus (not of Say) Newberry, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., vi, pt. 4, 1857,
90, part (Cascade Moutains).— Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1858, 620,
part (Cascade Moutains; Fort Dalles; Clikatet; Fort Steilacoom, St. Marys
Pass ?) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 459, part in Cooper, Orn. California,
Land Birds, 1870, 526, part (Oregon; Coast Range south nearly to San Fran¬
cisco Bay) . — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 236 (Vancouver Island;
crit.). — Heermann, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., x, pt. 4, No. 2, 1859, 61, part
(“pine regions” of Oregon) .—Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv.,
xii book 2, pt. 3, 1860, 219, part (Cascade Mountains, Oreg., and Washington).—
Lord, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 122 (British Columbia).—
Brown, Ibis, 1868, 423 (Vancouver Island) .—Coues, Check List North Amer.
Birds, 1873, No. 381, part.
[Tetrao] obscurus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233, part.
Canace obscura Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 266, part (Coast
Range, n. California).
Dendragapus obscurus Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 198, part (sw. Brit. Colom¬
bia).— Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 124 part.— Macoun
and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 216 (British Columbia).
Canace obscura , var. fuliginosa Ridgway, Bull. Essex. Inst., v, 1873, 199 (Cascade
Mountains, Oreg.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Canace obscurus, var. fuliginosus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 425, part (Cascade Mountains, Oreg.; Chiloweyuck Depot,
Wash.).
Canace obscura fuliginosa Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., m, 1880, 196, part; Norn.
North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 471c, part.— Coues, Check List North Amer.
Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 559, part.
C[anace] o[bscura] fuliginosa Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 580, part.
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355,
part.— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 297a, part; ed. 2,
1895, No. 297a, part; ed. 3, 1910, 138, part.— Bendire, Auk, vi, 1889, 32, part
(Cascade Range; habits, etc.) ; Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 43, part.—
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, 1890, 133 (Vancouver Island;
habits).— Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, 38 (British Co¬
lumbia w. of Cascade Range) .—Dawson, Wils. Bull., iii, 1896, 1 (Okanogan,
Wash • habits) ; Auk, xiv, 1897, 172 (Okanogan, Wash.; up to 7,000 feet) ; Birds
California (stud, ed.), iii, 1923, 1589 (genl.; California). -Bishop, North Amer.
Fauna, No. 19, 1900, 71 (heights above Skagway, se. Alaska). Macoun, Cat.
Can Birds. 1900, 198, part (Brit. Columbia, west of coast range) .— Grinnell,
Pacific Coast Avif., No. 3, 1902, 30 (California; common east of humid coast
belt) ; No. 8, 1912, 10 (California) ; No. 11, 1915, 60 (Hayfork and Kuntz,
Trinity County, in semihumid nw. corner of California). Woodcock, Oregon
Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 68, 1902, 26 (Oregon; range).— Bowles, Auk, xxiu, 1906,
142 (Tacoma, Wash.). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909,
216, part (Vancouver; coastal British Columbia) .—Dawson and Bowles, Birds
Washington, ii, 1909, 571 (Washington; habits; distr.) .— Swarth, Rep. Birds
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
77
and Mammals Vancouver Island, 1912, 19 (Vancouver Island; habits, etc.);
Condor, xxiii, 1921, 59 in text (syn.; crit.) —Brooks, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 37
(Chilliwack, British Columbia). — Shelton, Univ. Oregon Bull., new ser., xiv,
No. 4, 1917, 20, 26 (west-central Oregon; breeds). — Grinnell, Bryant, and
Storer, Game Birds California, 1918, 552 (distr. in California; descr.; habits).—
Kacey, Auk, xliii, 1926, 321 (Alta Lake region, British Columbia). — Alford,
Ibis, 1928, 197 (Vancouver Island, British Columbia) .—Burleigh, Auk, xlvi,
1929, 509 (Kirkland, Tacoma, Wash.; breed.).— Jewett, Condor, xxxiv, 1932,
191 (hybrid between this form and ring-necked pheasant). — Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 28 (range).— Harthill, Murrelet, xvi, 1935, 40 (Wash¬
ington; Clallam County; habits).
D[endragapus] obscurus juliginosus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887,
196, part.
D[endragapus] o[bscurus ] juliginosus Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 125, part.
Dendragopus obscurus juliginosus Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 164 (Washington
County, Oreg. ; habits) —Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 164 in text
(w. of Cascade and Coast Range Divide; descr.)
[Dendragapus obscurus] subsp. a Dendragapus juliginosus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 75, part (Vancouver Island; Deschutes River,
Oreg.; Round Valley, Mendocino County, Calif.).
[Dendragapus] juliginosus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 20, part.
Dendragapus juliginosus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 75,
part (coastal British Columbia). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 239 in text
(number of eggs) ; 241 in text (eggs in mixed sets).
Dendragopus juliginosus Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 153 in text (distr.) ; Can.
Water Birds, 1939, 165.
Dendragapus juliginosus juliginosus Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zook, xxx,
1926, 83 in text (fig. of tail feathers), 84 in text. — Brooks, Auk, xlvi, 1929,
112 in text (crit.; rev.) .—American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed.
4, 1931, 79 (distr.).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 103 (habits;
distr.).— Cumming, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 7 (Vancouver, British Columbia).—
Alcorn, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 94, in text (Mount Rainier). — Hall, Murrelet,
xiv, 1933, 33, 35 in text (Puget Sound) ; 64, 69 (hist.) ; xv, 1934, 10 in text
(Washington; dist. ) . — Miller, Murrelet, xvi, 1935, 57 (Washington, San Juan
Islands). — Griffee and Rapraeger, Murrelet, xviii, 1937, 16 (Portland, Oreg.;
nesting habits) .— Moffitt, Auk, lv, 1938, 589, pi. 19, fig. 6 (downy young; col.
fig.). — Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940, 208 (Oregon; descr.;
distr.; habits; photo). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 199 (syn.; distr.).
Dendragopus jxdiginosus juliginosus Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 153 in text.
Dendragapus j[idiginosus] juliginosus Johnson, Auk, xlvi, 1929, 291 in text (habits ;
photos; Mount Rainier). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166 (data on breeding
biology). — Kitchin, Murrelet, xx, 1939, 29 (Mount Rainier; common).
D[endragapus] j[uliginosus] juliginosus Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zook,
xxx, 1926, 74 in text (map; distr.).
DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS SIERRAE Chapman
Sierra Dusky Grouse
Adult male. — Similar to that of Dendragapus obscurus juliginosus but
averaging paler above, the feathers being more noticeably vermiculated
(owing to the slightly paler ground color), with the terminal gray tail
78
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
band usually broader (20—30 mm.) and speckled with blackish, undei-
parts averaging' slightly paler than in juliginosus, chin and upper throat
averaging slightly more whitish than in the latter ; naked skin above and
below eye light orange ; iris hazel brown ; bill dusky . . . feet light
gray or olive drab . . . nails dusky” ( ex Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer) ;
hooting sacs said to be orange, large, and carunculated during the breed¬
ing season.
Adult female. — Similar to the corresponding state of Dendragapus
obscurus juliginosus but more grayish, less brownish above and below,
much paler on the abdomen, the gray terminal tail band averaging broader.
Immature male. — Similar to the adult male but differs in having nar¬
rower rectrices, and often some juvenal inner secondaiies and head
feathers.
Immature female. — Differs from the adult of its sex in the same way
as the immature male differs from the adult.
Juvenal (sexes alike).— Very similar to that of Dendragapus obscurus
juliginosus, but the feathers of the upperparts more tipped with grayish,
and the light brown areas of these feathers paler and slightly grayer
grayish avellaneous to grayish light buffy brown.
Downy young. — Similar to that of D. o. juliginosus but paler, especially
on the sides of the head, chin, throat, and underparts of the body, which
are between ivory yellow and Marguerite yellow.78
Adult male. — Wing 196-248 (226.5); tail 136-181 (160.5); exposed
culmen 18.8-23 (20.7) ; tarsus 40.2M5 (42.5) ; middle toe without claw
39.7-46.6 (43.3 mm.).79
Adult female. — Wing 199-234 (209.4) ; tail 118-143 (127.5) ; exposed
culmen 17.4-22.9 (19.8); tarsus 36.6-41.4 (38.9); middle toe without
claw 34.5-41.8 (38.2 mm.).80
Range. — Resident in Canadian and Upper Transition Zone evergreen
forests from central-southern Washington (Husum), and the southern
Cascade Mountains and the Warner Mountains, Lake and Klamath
Counties, Oreg., to northern California from Modoc County, Lassen
County, Shasta County, and Trinity County to Eldorado County, Cala¬
veras County, and Madera County, and to adjacent western Nevada
(Washoe County, Ormsby County, Esmeralda County; Sierra Nevada
and White Mountains).
Type locality — Echo, El Dorado County, Calif.
Tetrao obscurus (not of Say) Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 90,
part (Sierra Nevada). — Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, 1 (Sierra
Nevada 4,000-6,000 feet; Trinity Mountains; Yosemite Valley, near headwaters
of Merced River). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, 1 (Trinity Moun-
,sNone seen in the present study; this description based on Moffitt’s excellent col¬
ored plate (Auk, lv, 1938, pi. 19, opp. p. 589).
7S Three specimens from Oregon and California.
80 Fourteen specimens from southern Washington, Oregon, and California.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
79
tains, n. California).— Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, pt. vi, 1859, 61,
part (“pine regions of California”) .—Baird, in Cooper, Orn. California, Land
Birds, 1870, 526, part (Sierra Nevada south to about lat. 38°). — Coues, Check
List North Amer. Birds, 1873, No. 381, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 522, part (Cisco, 6,000 feet, Emigrant Gap,
5,800 feet, etc., and up to 9,000 feet, Sierra Nevada).
[Tetrao] obscurus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 283, part.
Canace obscura Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, 174 (e. slope Sierra Nevada,
near Carson, Nev.) ; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 598, part (e. slope Sierra Nevada,
near Carson, Nev.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part; Norn. North
Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 471, part. — Mearns, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
197 (Fort Klamath, se. Oregon). — Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i 1879, 438
(summit of Sierra Nevada, lat. 39° ; Big Trees of Calaveras County, Calif., etc. ;
habits).- — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 557, part.
C[anace ] obscura Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, No. 579, part.
Canace obscurus Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1877, 137, part (Camp
Harney, se. Oregon; habits, etc. ; descr. nest and eggs).
Canace fuliginosus Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1875, 163 (Camp
Harney, Oreg.).
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus (not Canace obscura, var. fuliginosa Ridgway)
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 297a, part; ed. 2,
1895, No. 297a, part. — Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 200 (Mount
Shasta; Mount Lassen). — Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 145 (Fort Klamath, se.
Oregon). — Bendire, Auk, vi, 1889, 32, part (range, breeding habits, etc.) ; Life
Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 43, part, pi. 1, figs. 16-19).— Ray, Auk,
xx, 1903, 182 (Lake Valley, centr. Sierra Nevada, 6,500 feet). — Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1904, 580 (Mount Sanhedrin, Mendocino Count}',
Calif .) .—Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, 40 (Yolla-Bolly Mountains, n. California). —
Kellogg, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xii, 1916, 380 (Hay Ford, n. California).
D[endragapus] obscurus fuliginosus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887,
196, part.
[Dendragapus obscurus ] subsp. a. Dendragapus fuliginosus Ogilvie- Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 75, part (Fort Klamath, Oreg. ; North Honey
Lake, Calif.).
Dendragapus fuliginosus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 75,
part.
[Dendragapus] fuliginosus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 20, part.
Dendragapus obscurus sierra Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xx, 1904,
159 (Echo, El Dorado County, Calif.; coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xxi, 1904, 412; Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 138. —
Ray, Auk, xxii, 1905, 365 in text, 366 (centr. Sierra Nevada at 7,500 feet). —
Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 7, 1912, 43, part (Sierra Nevada, Calif.). —
Wyman and Burnell, Field Book Birds Southwestern United States, 1925,
88 (descr.). — Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxxviii, 1932, 268 (type
loc. ; crit. ).
Dendragapus obscurus sierrae Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 7, 1912, 43 (sw.
California). — Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 8, 1912, 10 (California) ; No.
11, 1915, 60, part (Coast Range from Mount Shasta to Mount Sanhedrin, and
Sierra Nevada; Warner Moutains, Modoc County, Calif.). — Kellogg, Univ.
California Publ. Zool., xii, 1916, 380 (Callahan, North Fork Coffee Creek, Sum¬
merville, head of Rush Creek, head of Bear Creek, etc., n. California; crit.). —
Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Birds California, 1918, 544, part (descr.;
habits, distr. in California; col. plate). — Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, xxv,
1923, 168 (crit.). — Dawson, Birds California (stud, ed.), iii, 1923, 1590 (genl.;
80
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
California) .—Grinnell and Storer, Animal Life in Yosemite, 1924, 272 (descr.;
distr.; habits; Yosemite).— Richards, Condor, xxvi, 1924, 99 (Grass Valley
district, Calif omia) —Michael, Condor, xxvii, 1925, 110 (Yosemite).— Mail-
liard, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xvi, No. 10, 1927, 295 (Modoc County,
Calif.). — Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale, Univ. of California Publ. Zool.,
xxxv, 1930, 200 (distr.; Lassen Peak region, n. California). Gabrielson, Con¬
dor, xxxiii, 1931, 112 (Grants Pass, Winona, Evans Creek, and Gold Hill,
Oreg.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 29 (range).
Dendragapus fuliginosus sierrae Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx, 1926,
82 in text (figs, of tail feathers), 84 in text.— Brooks, Auk, xlvi, 1929, 113
(rev.; crit.) .—American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 79
(range).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 114 (habits, etc.).— DeGroot,
Condor, xxxvi, 1934, 6 (abundant at Echo Lake, Calif.).— Linsdale, Pacific
Coast Avif No 23, 1936, 47 (w. Nevada; resident in Sierra Nevada and White
Mountains). -Moffitt, Auk, lv, 1938, 589, pi. 19, fig. 4 (downy young; col.
fig.; descr.).— Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940, 212 (Oregon;
descr.; distr.; habits). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 200 (syn. ; distr.). — Dixon, Condor, xlv, 1943, 208 (Kings Canyon Na¬
tional Park, Calif.). .
D[endragapus ] f[uliginosus ] sierrae Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx,
1926, 74 in text (map; distr.).
Canace richardsoni Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1875, 163 (Camp
Harney, Oreg.). „
Tetrao California (not Shaw and Nodder) May, California Game ‘Marked Down
(Southern Pacific Co.), 1896, 41, fig. (Lake Tahoe region on the Sierra Nevada,
El Dorado County, Calif.).— Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxxvui,
1932, 268 (type loc.; crit.).
DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS HOWARDI Dickey and Van Rossem
Mount Pinos Dusky Grouse
Adult male.— Very similar to that of Dendragapus dbscurns sierrae but
with the vermiculations on the feathers of the upperparts heavier and
more conspicuous, the ground color of these feathers very slightly paler,
more grayish, than in sierrae; tail decidedly longer and much more gradu¬
ated, with the gray terminal band averaging broader.
Adult female. — Similar to that of D. o. sierrae but with the tail longer
and more graduated and with the gray terminal band averaging broader.
Immature. — None seen, but undoubtedly the immature birds of either
sex differ from their respective adult plumages in having narrower rec-
trices and usually some juvenal feathers on the head and inner part of
the wing. _ .
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Very close to that of sierrae from which it
cannot be separated with certainty but apparently averaging slightly more
sandy in general color above.
Downy young (sexes alike). — Like that of D. o. sierrae but slightly
paler, sandier above and on the wings.81
81 None seen; description based on Moffitt’s plate, Auk, lv, 1938, pi. 18, fig. 3.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
81
Adult male.— Wing 230-240 (234.7) ; tail 172-201 (187.7) ; exposed
culmen 21.1-24.5 (22.8) ; tarsus 42.7-45.9 (43.7) ; middle toe without
claw 44.5-46.8 ( 45.6 mm.).82
Adult female.— Wing 209-222 (216); tail 147-159 (153); tarsus
38-41.3 (39.9) ; middle toe without claw 37. 3 — 41 .4 (39.4 mm.).83
Range. — Resident in the coniferous forests84 from Mount Pinos, Kern
County, Calif., east through the Tehachapi Range north in the main
Sierra Nevada to about 36° N., and to Bloods, Calaveras County, Calif.
Type locality. — Mount Pinos, Kern County, Calif. ; altitude 7,500 feet.
Tetrao obscurus (not of Say) Baird, in Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870,
526, part (s. Sierra Nevada).
Canace obscura Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, No. 10, 1874, 174 (e. slopes Sierra
Nevada, California).— Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 276,
part (s. Sierra Nevada, including Mount Whitney).
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus (not Canace obscura, var. fuliginosa Ridgway)
Fisher, North Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, 30 (White Mountains, Nev. ;
Menache Meadows, Independence Creed, and Bishop Creek, e. slope s. Sierra
Nevada; head of Owens Valley, Sequoia National Park, Kings River Canyon,
etc., w. slope s. Sierra Nevada). — Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 21, 1933,
48 (in syn.) .
Dendragapus obscurus sierrce (not of Chapman) Grinnell, Auk, xxii, 1905, 382
(Mount Pinos, Ventura County, Calif.; habits). — Willett, Pacific Coast
Avif., No. 7, 1912, 43, part (Mount Pinos, Ventura County).
Dendragapus obscurus sierrae Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 11, 1915, 10,
part (Puite Mountains, and Mount Pinos, Kern County; White Mountains,
Mono County, Calif.).— Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Birds California,
1918, 544, part (descr. ; distr. ; and habits, California). — Willett, Pacific Coast
Avif., No. 21, 1933, 48 (in syn.).
Dendragapus obscurus hoivardi Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, No. 5, 1923, 168
(Mount Pinos, Kern County, Calif., 7,500 feet; coll. D. M. Dickey) ; xxvi,
1924, 36 (range; corr.).— Oberholser, Auk, xli, 1924, 592 (add. A.O.U. Check¬
list). — Grinnell, Condor, xxvii, 1925, 76 (added to California list); Univ.
California Publ. Zool., xxxviii, 1932, 268 (type loc. ; crit.).— Brooks, Auk,
xlvi, 1929, 113 (rev. crit.). — Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 21, 1933, 48
(in syn.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 29 (range). — Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 201 (syn.; distr.).
Dendragapus obscurus . . . howardi Pemberton, Condor, xxx, 1928, 347 in text
(nesting, Kern County, Calif.).
Dendragapus o[bscurus] howardi Palmer, Condor, xxx, 1928, 283 in text
(patronymics) .
Dendragapus fuliginosus howardi Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx,
1926, 84 in text. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931,
79 (distr.).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 117 (habits, etc.).—
“Four specimens from Mount Whitney, Tehachapi Peak, Sierra Nevada, and
Bloods, Calaveras County, Calif.
83 All measurements for females ex Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, xxv, 1923,
168, as no fully adult material of this sex was available to me in the present connec¬
tion. These authors give the following data on culmen length for this series, mea¬
sured, however, from the base, and therefore not comparable: 27-30.8 (28.8 mm).
84 Silver-fir association, according to Dickey and van Rossem.
82
BULLETIN’ 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No, 21, 1933, 48 (sw. California; nest and egg;,
Mount Pinos J . — Moffitt, Auk, lv, 1938, 589, pi, 19, fig. 3 (oowny, young,
descr. ; col. fig.).
D[endragapus] f[uliginosus ] howardi Swart h, Urriv. California Publ. Zoo!., xxr,
1926, 74 in text (map, distr.), 82 in text (fig. of tail feathers).
OENDRAGAPU3 0BSCUBU8 EICHAEDSONII (Dongl**)
Richardson’s Grouse
Adult male. — Similar to that of Dendragapus obscunis sitkensis but
lacking the gray terminal band on the tail feathers for, at mod, v, -th
this band so dark as to be hardly distinct from the rest of the feathers),
the rectrices more truncate terminally, the tail outline squarer, and v. itn
more whitish on the chin and throat; the cervical air sacs, or hooting
sacs, are smaller and deep purplish, instead of yellow as in the coastal
forms, and its skin is not thickened and carunculated in the present form ;
iris bister; “coinb” deep yellow; eyelid dull greenish yellow , bill blacki~h ,
feet brownish gray.
Adult female. — Similar to that of D. o. sierrae but much darker above,
the broad dark bars and bands being dark fuscous to fuscous-black (as
against dark sepia to clove brown in sierrae), with no gray terminal
band on the tail, and the breast and abdomen slightly duskier ; iris hazel
brown; “comb” deep dull yellow; bill grayish black; the lower mandible
yellowish flesh color basally; feet horn gray, claws brown.
Immature male. — Like the adult but with narrower rectrices, tne ta.l
less squarish, more graduated; and with occasional ju\enal featnets on
the head and nape and inner edge of wing.
Immature female. — Differs from its adult in tr.e same way that the
immature male does from its corresponding adult state.
Juvenal (sexes alike) —Similar to that of D. o. sierrae but much darker,
less tawny ; the general dorsal coloration Saccardo s umber to cinnamon-
brown (instead of och raceous -tawny as in sierrae) and the dusky vermicu-
lations and black bars more conspicuous.
Downy young. — Similar to that of D. o. sierrae, but with the forehead,
superciliaries, and breast and abdomen whitish instead of buffy ; chin and
upper throat washed with pale buffy.
Adult male. — Wing 201-241 (224.5) ; tail 134-176 (158.2) ; exposed
culmen 18.3-22.6 (20.9) ; tarsus 41-47.8 (44.7) ; middle toe without claw'
39.1-45.1 (41.8 mm.).85
Adult female. — Wing 193-224 (207.9) ; tail 121-147 (133.7) ; exposed
culmen 17.4-21.9 (19.4) ; tarsus 38.2-44 (40.9) ; middle toe without claw
36-43.3 (38.4 mm.).86
85 Twenty-seven specimens from Mackenzie, British Columbia, Alberta, Idaho,
Montana, and Wyoming.
“Thirty-five specimens from Idackenzie, British Columbia, Alberta, Idaho, Mon¬
tana, and Wyoming.
EIP.D3 OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
83
Range. — Resident in coniferous forests from southern Yukon (Lake
Tesiin), the Stikine region of Alaska, southwestern Mackenzie, south
through British Columbia feast of the range of D. o. fuliginosus, south
to the Okanagan Valley) and Alberta feast as far as Liard River, Fort
Simpson, Henry House, Jasper House, Moose Pass, etc.) to all of
Idaho,47 the western half or so of Montana fBelt Mountains; Judith
Mountains ; west side of Rocky Mountains ; Gallatin County) ; and to
northwestern Wyoming (Yellowstone Park, Teton Pass, Jackson, Big
Horn Mountains, Salt River Mountains, Kendall, etc.).
Type locality. — “ . . . subalpine regions of the Rocky Mountains,
in lat. 523 X., long. 115° W. . . . the mountainous districts of the
Columbia in lat. 4 8C X., long. 118° W.”; restricted to vicinity of Ket¬
tle Falls, Stevens County, Washington, by Hall, Murrelet, xv, Jan¬
uary 1934, 9.
T[etrao] richardsonii Douglas, Trans. Linr. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 141 (“subalpine
regions of the rocky Mountains in lat. £2'' N., long. 115'' W.” . . . “mountainous
districts of the river Columbia in lat. 48° N., long. 118° W.”; ex Sabine, manu¬
script; crit).
Tetrao richardsonii Wilson, IHustr. ZooL 1831, pis 30, 31. — Loan, Proc Roy. Artil.
Inst. Woolwich, i, 1863, 122. — Gba y, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae,
1867, 86 (For*. Halketc ; Fort Simpson). — Ea;p,o, in Cooper, Orn California,
La.-.d Bi'ds. 1870, £28 (crit.), part. — Merriam, 6th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur/.,
1873, 711 (Teton Canyon, Idaho; breeding).
[ Tetrao ] richardsonii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, Xo. 9824.
Tetrao richardsoni Lesson, Traite d’Om., 1831, £02.
[Tetrao] richardsoni Baird, Ibis, 1867, 271.
Dendragapus richardsoni Elliot, Proc. Acad. Mat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18 64, 23;
Mcmogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 8, and text. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii, 1893, 76 (Fort Halkett; Fort Simpson; Fort Dufferin; Teton Canyon,
and Chief Mountain Lake, Mont.). — Ebooks (A.), Auk, xxix, 1912, 252
(Selkirk Range and Rocky Mountains, British Columbia; crit,), — Palmer,
Condor, xxx, 1928, 227, in text.
[Dendragapus] richardsoni Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 29, part.
Dendragapus richardsonii Jewett, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 5 (Baker County, Oreg. ;
abundant; nests in April and May).
Dendragapus obscurus richardsoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., via, 1885,
355. — Preble, North Arr.er. Fauna, No. 27, 1908, 336 Ofount Thu-on-thu,
near mouth of Nahami River; foothills west of Fort Simpson; mountains
along Liard River; Fort Halkett; Fort Simpson; Jasper House, A.lberta; Henry
House; Fort Providence). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Che^k-list,
ed. 3, 1910, 138, part; ed. 4, 1931, 79, part (distr.). — Dice, Auk, xxvii, 1910,
217 (Snake River, Wash.; not uncommon). — Rile*/', Can. Alpine Journ., 1912,
55 (Moose Pa;s, British Columbia; plum.; food). — Grave and Walker Birds
Wyoming, 1913, 89 (Wyoming). — Munbo, Auk, xxxvi, 1919, 65 Okanagan
Valley, British Columbia; abundant resident; habits, etc.). — Burleigh, Auk,
xxxviii, 1921, 553 (Warland, Mont.; scarce). — Saunders, Pacific Coast Avif.,
No. 14, 1921, 55 (Montana; in the mountains). — Brooks, Auk, xliii, 1926, 281
in text, pis. x-xi (courtship habits) ; Auk, xlvi, 1929, 112 in text (tax , crit.). —
"In western Idaho the bird are jor.-.ewhat intermediate between this form and
pallidus, the females tending toward pallidus and the males being closer to richardsoni
84
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Kelso, Ibis, 1926, 701 (Arrow Lakes, British Columbia; resident).— Skinner,
Wils. Bull, xxxix, 1927, 208 in text (Yellowstone Park) ICemsies, Wils.
Bull., xlii, 1930, 203 (Yellowstone Park, Wyo.).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
162, 1932, 96 (habits, distr., etc.).— Ransom, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 51, in text
(Idaho; Harrison; flight). — Hall, Murrelet, xv, 1934, 9, 14 (Washington;
Kettle Falls, Stevens County; spec.).— Ulke, Can. Alpine Journ., 1934-35
(1936), 79 (Yoho Park, Canada; summer, fairly common) .—Moffett, Auk,
lv, 1938, 589, pi. 19, fig. 2 (downy young; descr.; col. fig.).— Cowan, Occ.
Papers British Columbia Prov. Mus., No. 1, 1939, 26 (Peace River district,
British Columbia) .
Dendragopus obscurus richardsoni Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 164 in
text (distr. in Canada; habits) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 152 in text.
Dendragapus o\bscurus] richardsoni Stenhouse, Scottish Nat., 1930, 81 (spec, ex
Franklin’s Exped.).
Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii American Ornithologists Union, Check-list,
No. 297b, part, 1886; ed. 2, 1895, No. 297b, part.— Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., iii, 1890, 133 (interior British Columbia; habits) —Merriam, North
Amer. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, 93 (Sawtooth, Pashimeroi, and Salmon River Moun¬
tains and upper part of Henry’s Fork of Snake River, Idaho). Bendike, Life
Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 50, part.— Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1893, 38 (British Columbia, east of Cascade Range) .—Merrill,
Auk, xiv, 1897, 352 (Fort Sherman, Idaho) .— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900,
199 (range). — Brooks, Auk, xx, 1903, 281 (Cariboo district, Brit. Columbia).
Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 217 (range; nest and eggs
at Revelstoke, Brit. Col.). — Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx, 1926,
77 in text (fig. of tail feathers), 84 in text.— Skinner, Condor, xxx, 1928, 237
(Yellowstone Park, winter). — Fuller and Bole, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat.
Hist., i, 1930, 51' (observ. ; Wyo.) .—Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934,
29 (distr.).— Hellm ayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 198
(syn. ; distr.).
Dendragapus o[bscurus] richardsonii Brooks, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 167, in text (hybrid
chick; Osoyoos, British Columbia).
D[endragapus] obscurus richardsonii Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887,
196, part.
D[cndragapus] o[bscurus] richardsonii Bailey, Handb. Birds Western U. S., 1902,
126. — Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx, 1926, 74 in text (map: distr.).
[Tetrao obscurus ] Var. richardsonii Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233, part.
Tetrao obscurus . . . var. richardsonii Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874,
No. 381a, part.
Tetrao obscurus, var. richardsonii Merriam, 6th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1873,
698 (Teton Canyon at North Fork, Idaho).
Tetrao obscurus richardsoni Coues, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Bull. 4, 1878, 639
(Rocky Mountains of Montana, lat. 48°).— Williams, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 63 (Belt Mountains, Mont.; habits).
Tetrao obscurus var. richardsoni Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 400 (west side of
Rocky Moutains [in Montana]; Yellowstone River; Teton Canyon and North
Fork of Snake River, Idaho; crit.).
[Canace obscura] var. richardsoni Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 199 in text.
Canace obscurus, var. richardsoni Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 427, part.
Canace obscura richardsonii Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part.
Canace obscura richardsoni Ridgway, Nom. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 47lb,
part. — Coues, Check-list North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 558, part.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
85
C[anace ] o[bscura ] richardsoni Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 579,
part.
Canace richardsoni Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii,
1874, pi. 59, fig. 4, part. — Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1875,
163 (Camp Harney, Oreg.).
Tetrao obscurus (not of Say) Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer.,
ii, 1831 (1832), 344, pis. 59, 60. — Audubon, Orn. Biogr., iv, 1838, 446, pi. 361,
part; Synopsis, 1839, 203, part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 89, pi. 295,
part. — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 620, part (spec. No. 2859) ;
Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 459, part. — Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 8 (east
base Rocky Mountains near Belly River) ; 1863, 121 (Rocky Mountains, mv.
Canada). — Grinnell, in Ludlow, Rep. Recon., 1876, 84 (Judith Mountains to
Yellowstone Park, Mont.; habits).
(?) Canace obscurus Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877, 137, part?
(Camp Harney, south-central Oregon; crit.).
Dendragapus obscurus Hand, Condor, xliii, 1941, 225 (St. Joe National Forest,
Idaho).
Dendragapus obscurus obscurus Saunders, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 35, part? (Gallatin
County, Mont.; crit.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 198 (syn. ; distr., part).
Dendragapus obscurus fidiginosus Bendire, Auk, vi, 1889, 32, part (Bitterroot
Mountains, Mont.; near Fort Lapwai, Idaho). — Saunders, Pacific Coast Avif.,
No. 14, 1921, 55 (Montana).
Dendragapus o[bscurus] fuliginosus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, No. 5, 1891,
93 in text (Idaho — Boise Mountains, foothills of Wiser Valley Mountains,
and mountains near Fort Lapwai).
Canace fuliginosus Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1875, 163 (Camp
Blarney, Oreg.).
Dendragapus obscurus flemingi Taverner, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 385, (near Teslin
Lake, s. Yukon; coll. Mus. Geol. Surv., Dept. Mines, Canada); Can. Dept.
Mines Mus. Bull. 7 (biol. ser.), 1914, 2. — Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool.,
xxiv, 1922, 203 (Doch-da-on Creek and Kirk’s Mountain, Stikine region, south
Alaska; crit.); xxx, 1926, 73 (crit.; rev.; plum.; distr.), 84 in text; Condor,
xxix, 1927, 169 in text (corr.). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xi,
1923, 517 (east Yukon and southwest Mackenzie to north British Columbia;
Check-list, No. 297d) ; Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 79 (distr.). — Brooks, Condor,
xxix, 1927, 113 (crit.); Auk, xlvi, 1929, 112 in text (crit.; tax.). — Bent,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 102 (habits, plumage; etc.). — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 197 (syn.; distr.).
D[endragapus] obscurus flemingi Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx,
1926, 74 in text (map; distr.), 75 in text (fig. of tail feathers).
Dendragopus obscurus flemingi Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 165 in
text (north interior of Canada) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 152 in text.
T[ympanuchus] richardsoni Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 320.
DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS OBSCURUS (Say)
Dusky Grouse
Adult male. — Similar to that of Dendragapus obscurus sierrae but with
a much broader and clearer, unmarked, gray terminal band on the tail ;
somewhat paler above and clearer gray, less brownish, below ; more white
on the chin and throat, and with the under tail coverts gray banded with
653008°— 46 - 1
86
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
chaetura drab and tipped with white (sometimes the dark bands are
wanting) ; cervical sac in breeding season purplish and only slig t y
carunculated. , a .
Adult female. — Similar to that of D. o. sierrae, but the sides and flanks
are very much more marked with white (tips, bars, and shafts of the
feathers) and with a much broader and clearer gray terminal band on
the rectrices.
Immature male.— Like the adult but with narrower retrices, more
graduated tail, and often with some juvenal feathers running on the
head, nape, and wings.
Immature female.— Like the adult but with narrower rectrices, more
graduated tail, and often with some juvenal feathers remaining on the
head, nape, and wings. _ .
luvenal (sexes alike). — Similar to that of D. o. palhdus, from which it
is not certainly distinguishable.
Downy young (sexes alike).— Like that of D. o. richardsonn but
slightly more ochraceous-tawny above.88
Adult male. — Wing 221-243 (232.5) ; tail 148-192 (1687) ; exposed
oilmen 18.3-23.1 (21.2) ; tarsus 41.1-46.8 (43.1) ; middle toe without
claw 38.4-46.5 (44.8 mm.).89
Adult female.- Wing 197-229 (212.1) ; tail 123-153 (142.3) ; exposed
culmen 16-23.8 (18.9) ; tarsus 36.6^1.5 (39.9) ; middle toe without claw
36-41 (38.8 mm.).90
Range. — Resident in the Rocky Mountan region from southern Mon¬
tana, central Wyoming, western South Dakota and northern Colorado
south through northeastern Nevada, and Utah to northern Arizona and
west-central New Mexico.
Type locality.— “Debit Creek,” about 20 miles north of Colorado
Springs, Colo.
Tetrao obscurus Say, in Long’s Exped. Rocky Mountains, ii, 1823, 14 (near
“Defile Creek” about 20 miles north of Colorado Springs, Colo.). Bonaparte,
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ii, pt. 1, 1826, 127; ii, 1828, 442; Contr
Maclurian Lyc., i, 1827, 23; Amer. Orn., iii, 1828, 27, pi. 18; Geogr. and
Comp List 1838, 43. — Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 503. Nuttall, Man. Orn.
United States and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 666; ed. 2, 1840, 809,-Wood-
house, Rep. Sitgreaves Expl. Zuni and Colorado R., 1853, 96 (mountain near
Santa Fe N. Mex.). — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 6_0, part
(Black Hills and Laramie Peak, Wyo.) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No.
459 part— Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 86, part.— Allen,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 164 (Mount Lincoln, Colo.), 170 (Wahsatch
Mountains, Utah, near Ogden), 181, part (mountains of Colorado and Utah).—
88 See col. fig., Moffitt, Auk, lv, 1938, pi. 19, fig. 1. .
80 Sixteen specimens from Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, New Mexico,
and Arizona. , . .
“’Ten specimens from Montana, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
87
Coues, Check-list North Amer. Birds, 1873, No. 381, part) ; Birds Northwest,
1874, 395, part (Deer Creek, Bitter Cottonwood Creek, and Laramie Peak,
Wyo.). — Henshaw, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, xi, 1874, 10 (Utah).—
Nelson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 347 (Salt Lake City,
Utah). — Drew, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 142 (San Juan County, Colo.).
[Tetrao] obscurus Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 215, figs.
1887-1889. — Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, No. 9823, part. — Coues, Key North
Amer. Birds, 1872, 233, part.
Canace obscura Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlv, 1857, 428. — Ridgway, Bull. Essex
Inst., v, 1873, 186 (Colorado; pine region); vii, 1875, 22 (e. slope E. Humboldt
Mountains), 34 (Parleys Peak, Wahsatch Mountains), 39 (Nevada) ; Orn. 40th
Paral., 1877, 598, part (Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains, Utah) ; Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part; Nom. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 471, part. —
Coues, Check-list North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 557, part. — Henshaw,
Auk, iii, 1886, 80 (upper Pecos River, N. Mex.).
C[anace] obscura Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 579, part.
Canace obscurus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874,
pi. 59, figs. 1, 2. — Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877, 137 (se.
Oregon; common; habits; eggs).
Canace obscurus, var. obscurus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 422, part (except from Sierra Nevada).
Canace obscura obscura Goode, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 20, 1883, 310.
Dendragapus obscurus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, 23; Monogr.
Tetraon., 1865, pi. 7 and text. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
No. 29 7, part, 1886; ed. 2, 1895, No. 297, part. — Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi
Valley, 1888, 103 (Black Hills) ; Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 37,
1897, 70 (Colorado); Bull. 56, 1900, 202 (Colorado; breeds; Breckenridge). —
Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 52 (White Mountains, east-central Arizona). — Ben-
dire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 41, part. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 74, part (excl. synonym}', part, and specimens, part). — -
Mitchell, Auk, xv, 1898, 307 (San Miguel County, N. Mex., breeding at 10,000
feet). — Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 198 (Montana and Idaho). — Cary,
Auk, xviii, 1901, 232 (Black Hills, Wyo.). — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western
United States, 1902, 124, part; Auk, xxi, 1904, 351 (upper Pecos River, N. Mex.;
food, etc.). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905, 41—44, part. — Gilman,
Condor, ix, 1907, 153 (n. slope La Plata Mountains, sw. Colo.). — Henderson,
Univ. Colorado Stud. Zool., vi, 1909, 228 (Boulder County, Colo., in moun¬
tains). — Visher, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 145 (hills, w. South Dakota; fairly com¬
mon). — Sclater, Hist. Birds of Colorado, 1912, 145 (Colorado; resident).—
Tanner, Condor, xxix, 1927, 197 (Pine Valley Mountains, Utah). — Palmer,
Condor, xxx, 1928, 295 in text. — Lee, Condor, xxxviii, 1936, 122 in text
(female with 5 chicks, near Paradise, Utah; July). — Monson, Condor, xli,
1939, 117 (Lukachukai Mountains, N. Mex., Oct. 26, 1937; pair seen; rare).
Dendragopus obscurus Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 164, pi. 21 B (fig.;
descr. ; distr. w. Can.) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 152 in text (distr.) ; Can. Water
Birds, 1939, 164. — Petrides, Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942,
313 in text (age indicators in plumage).
D[endragapus) obscurus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 195, part.
[Dendragapus] obscurus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 20, part.
Dendragapus obscurus obscurus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 3, 1910, 138, ed. 4, 1931, 78 (distr.). — (?) Saunders, Auk, xxviii, 1911,
35 (Gallatin County, Mont.; crit.). — Betts, Univ. Colorado Stud. Zool., x,
1913, 191 (Boulder County, Colo.). — Grave and Walker, Birds Wyoming,
88
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
1913 39 (Wyoming; common in south). -Rock well and Wetmore, Auk, xxxi,
1914 314 (Lookout Mountain, Colo.).— Swarth, Pacific Coast Avi ., o. ,
1914 22 (Arizona; White Mountains, San Francisco Mountains) .-Over and
Thoms, Birds South Dakota, 1921, 75 (Black Hills). -Jensen, Auk, xi, 1923
454 (n. Santa Fe County, N. Mex., 9,000 feet to timberlme . -Wyman ami
Burnell, Field Book Birds Southwestern United States, _ 1925, 88 (desci.)
Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx, 1926, 79 in text (fig- °f 1
feathers) 84 in text.— Neilson, Condor, xxviii, 1926, 99 (Wheatland, Wyo.).
Bailey Birds New Mexico, 1928, 196 (genl., New Mexico). -Brooks, Auk,
xlvi, 1929, 111 (crit, tax., syn.). -Hayward, Proc. Utah Acad Sci., vm,
1931, 151 (Uintah Mountains, Utah). -Bent, U. S Nat Mus. Bull. 1 62, 193
91 (habits, distr., etc.).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, u, >
(distr.).— McCreary and Mickey, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935 129 m tex (se.
Wyoming, res.) .— Linsdale, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 23, 1936, 23, 4 ( eva a,
res. on several mountain ranges in ne. part of State). -Huey, Wils. Bull., xlviu,
1936 122 (White Mountains, Ariz. ; nest. ; not uncommon).— Alexander, Uni .
Colorado Studies, Zool., xxiv, 1937, 91 (Boulder County Colo. ; spec.) l-Phil-
lIPs Auk liv 1937, 203 in text (8 miles se. Lukachukai, Apache Country, Ar . ,
8,800 feet’; pair seen).-MoEETTr, Auk, Iv, 1938, 589, pi 17 fig. 1 (downy young ;
col. fig.).— Niedrach and Rockwell, Birds Denver and Mountain Park, 1939, 59
(Denver area, Colo.).— Bond, Condor, xlii, 1940, 220 (Lincoln County, ev. ,
Wilson Peak, 8,000-8,500 feet; also Geyser Ranch, 8,000-9,000 feet). Hell-
mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 198 (syn.; distr. ).-Behle,
Bull. Univ. Utah, xxxiv, No. 2, 1943, 24, 37 (Pine Valley Mountain Region,
Washington County, Utah) ; Condor, xlvi, 1944, 71 (Utah).
Dendragapus o[bscurus] obscurus Lincoln, Auk, xxxvu, 1920, 65 (Clear UreeK
district, Colorado; late summer and full). -Stanford, Proc U ah Acad_ Sci
ix, 1932, 73 (n. Utah; Mill Hollow) .— Groebbels, Der Vogel, u, 1957, too
(data on breeding biology). . .
D[endragapus ] o[bscurus] obscurus Swarth, Univ. California Bubl. Zool., xxx,
1926, 74 in text (map; distr.). _ ^ ^
T[ympanuchus] obscurus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 320.
DENDRAGAPUS OBSCURUS PALLIDUS Swarth
Swarth’s Dusky Grouse
Adult male.— Very similar to that of Dendragapus obscurus richard-
sonii but averaging slightly paler above and below and with the under
tail coverts averaging paler— chaetura drab (instead of fuscous-black)
and with broader white tips. .
Adult female.- Very similar to that of D. o. richardsonn but with paler
under tail coverts— grayish banded with chaetura drab (instead of so i
fuscous-black) — and with broader white tips.
Immature male.-Ukt the adult male but with narrower rectnces
more graduated tail, and often some juvenal feathers remaining on iea
and wings.
Immature female. -Like the adult female but with narrower rectnces
more graduated tail, and often some juvenile feathers remaining on head
and wings.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
89
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Like that of D. o. richardsonii ; possibly
averaging paler but not certainly distinguishable from it.
Downy young. — None seen; probably like that of D. o. richardsonii.
Adult male. — Wing 212-244 (233.8) ; tail 142-180 (166.4) ; exposed
culrnen 18.6-23.8 (20.7) ; tarsus 41.2-48.3 (44.5) ; middle toe without
claw 40-47.5 (42.9 mm.).91
Adult female. — Wing 196-221 (208.7) ; tail 125-139 (131.8) ; exposed
culrnen 18-20.5 (19.5) ; tarsus 38.6-43.8 (40.9) ; middle toe without claw
35.6-42 (39.1 mm.).92
Range.- — Resident in the mountains of eastern Washington (Mazama,
Winthrop, Twisp, Bly, Loomis, Walla Walla, Fort Benton, Tunk Moun¬
tain, etc.), and south to the northeastern quarter of Oregon (Wallowa,
Baker, Union Counties; northern Malheur and Blarney Counties; eastern
Crook, Grant, and Wheeler Counties ; southern Morrow County, and
southern and eastern Unatilla County),93 southeast to central Nevada
(Toyabe, Toquima, and Monitor Mountains).
Type locality. — Cornucopia, Baker County, Oreg.
Tetrao richardsonii (not Douglas) Baird, in Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds,
1870, 528 (crit.), part.
Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list,
1886, No. 297b; ed. 2, 1895, No. 297b, part. — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer.
Birds, i, 1892, 50, part. — Woodcock, Oregon Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 68, 1902, 26
(Camp Harney and Sparta, Oreg.).
D[endragapus] obscurus richardsonii Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 196,
part.
[ Dendragapus ] richardsoni Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 20, part.
Dendragapus obscurus richardsoni American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list,
ed. 3, 1910, 138, part; ed. 4, 1931, 79, part. — Dice, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 44 (Blue
Mountains, Butte Creek, and near Twin Buttes Ranger Station, se. Washing¬
ton). — Gabrielson, Auk, xli, 1924, 555 (near Memaloose Ranger Station, Wal¬
lowa County, Oreg.). — Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940, 207 (Ore¬
gon; descr. ; distr. ; habits).
[Tetrao obscurus] var. richardsonii Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233, part.
Tetrao obscurus . . . var. richardsonii Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds,
1874, No. 381a, part.
Canace obscurus, var. richardsoni Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 427, part.
Canace obscura richardsonii Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part.
Canace obscura richardsoni Ridgway., Nom. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 471b,
part. — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 558, part.
C[anace] o[bscura] richardsoni Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 579,
part.
Canace richardsoni Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874,
pi. 59, fig. 4, part.
01 Sixteen specimens from Washington and Oregon.
02 Thirteen specimens from Washington and Oregon.
02 Birds from northeastern Washington are intermediate between D. o. richardsonii
and D. o. pallidus.
90
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Tetrao obscurus (not of Say) Audubon, Orn. Biogr., iv, 1838, 446, pi. 361, part;
Synopsis, 1839, 203, part; Birds Amer., 8vo. ed., v, 1842, 89, pi. 295, part.— Baird,
Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1858, 620, part (e. Oregon and Washington) ; Cat.
North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 459, part.
Dendragapus obscurus pallidus Swarth, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xx,
1931, 4 (descr. ; crit. ; range).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 29
(range). — Linsdale, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 23, 1936, 23, 47 (Nevada; res.;
Toyabe, Toquima, and Monitor Mountains) ; Amer. Midi. Nat., xix, 1938, 51
(Toyabe Mountains, Nev. ; res.; habits; weight; color of soft parts). Hell-
mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 199 (syn. ; distr.).
Dendragopus obscurus pallidus Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 152 in text.
[Dendragapus obscurus ] pallidus Moffitt, Auk, lv, 1938, 590 in text (mountains
of eastern Oregon and possibly Washington; not in British Columbia).
Genus LAGOPUS Brisson
Lagopus Brisson, Orn., i, 1760, 26, 181. (Type, by tautonymy, Lagopus Brisson=
Tetrao lagopus Linnaeus.)
Lagophus (emendation) Bonaparte, Atti Congr. Scienz. Ital. [Napoli], i, 1844,
Zool., 8.
Oreicts Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 177, 193. (Type, by mono-
typy, Tetrao scoticus Latham.)
Oreas (emendation) Agassiz, Index Zool., 1846, 263.
Attagen Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 170, 193. (Type, by original
designation, “Tetrao montanus and islandicus.”)
Acetinornis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, May, 1856, 8S0. (Type, by monotypy,
Lagopus persicus Gray =Tetrao persicus Latham.)
Keron “Montin” Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 278. (Type, as designated by Ogilvie-
Grant, Tetrao mutus Montin [ Keron Montin, Physiogr. Salsk. Handl., i, 1776,
155, is not a systematic but a vernacular name.] )
Medium-sized to small Tetraonidae (length about 305-430 mm.) with
toes, as well as tarsi, densely feathered in winter (more sparsely in sum¬
mer) ; tail more than half but less than three-fifths as long as wing, very
slightly rounded or nearly truncate, the rectrices (16) moderately broad,
rounded at tips; neck without air sacs or elongated feathers; all the
American and most of the Palearctic species white in winter, the remiges
white in summer.
Bill varying from stout to rather slender but always much shorter (from
frontal antiae) than distance from base to anterior angle of eye, its depth
at frontal antiae sometimes slightly less, sometimes much greater than
its width at same, point; culmen rounded or very indistinctly ridged;
maxillary tomium more or less strongly concave or arched, slightly in¬
flected ; rhamphotheca smooth. Wing moderate, strongly concave beneath,
the longest primaries exceeding longest secondaries by between one-
fourth and one-third the length of wing; third and fourth primaries
longest, the first (outermost) equal to seventh or intermediate between
sixth and seventh; outer primaries only moderately bowed or incurved,
four or five outer ones with inner webs distinctly sinuated. Tail be¬
tween one-half and three-fifths as long as wing, very slightly rounded
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
91
to nearly truncate, the rectrices (16) not wider distally than tips, more
or less rounded. Tarsus slightly less than one-sixth to a little more than
one-fifth as long as wing, completely and densely clothed with long, hair¬
like feathers, in winter plumage, with much shorter feathers, the planta
tarsi nude, in summer ; middle toe decidedly shorter than tarsus, com¬
pletely feathered (the feathering even sometimes concealing claws) in
winter, in summer nude except basally, their upper surface without
distinct transverse scutella except on terminal phalanx, being elsewhere
covered with small, rounded, rather indistinct scales ; claws relatively
broad, very concave beneath, long in winter, much shorter in summer.
Plumage and coloration. — A more or less extensive nude superciliary
space, brightly colored (red) and fringed in summer; neck with neither
air sacs nor elongated feathers; plumage in general rather soft (except
remiges and rectrices), the feathers relatively broad, rounded, and dis¬
tinctly outlined, except on lower abdomen, anal region, and legs, where
soft, hairlike, and blended. In winter plumage entirely white except tail
(in part) and, sometimes, a black stripe on side of head — the tail also
entirely white in one species.94 In summer the plumage, more or less
extensively mottled or .barred or spotted with black, brown, dusky, gray,
or ochraceous; the remiges, however, always remaining white (except
in L. scoticus).
•* In L. scoticus the plumage is entirely blackish and brown or rarely mottled,
even in winter, even the primaries being wholly dusky.
92
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Range. — Arctic and cold-temperate portions of Northern Hemisphere;
in North America south to northern border of United States and along
higher part of western mountain ranges to Colorado and to northern New
Mexico. (Four species with many races).
KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN FORMS (ADULTS) OF THE GENUS LAGOPUS
a. Tail feathers white ( Lag opus leucurus).
b. Bill longer and more decurved, the exposed oilmen over 16 mm. in length
(chord) (Vancouver Island) . Lagopus leucurus saxatilis (p. 132)
bb. Bill shorter and less decurved, the exposed culmen under 15 mm. in length
(chord).
c. Wing longer, averaging, in males, over 185 mm. ; in females, over 180 mm.
(Rocky Mountains from Montana to New Mexico).
Lagopus leucurus altipetens (p. 134)
cc. Wing shorter, averaging, in male, not over 181 mm.; in female, not over
170 mm.
d. Entire plumage white (winter plumage) :
(northern Rocky Mountains) ...Lagopus leucurus leucurus (p. 127)
(Mount Rainier) . Lagopus leucurus rainierensis (p. 133)
(south-central Alaska) . Lagopus leucurus peninsularis (p. 131)
dd. Entire plumage not white.
e. Plumage of upperparts finely vermiculated brown and gray (autumn
plumage) .
f. General tone of upperparts browner— usually tawny-olive mottled
with gray (northern Rocky Mountains from northern Washington
to northern Alaska) . Lagopus leucurus leucurus (p. 127)
ff. General tone of plumage usually grayer— the tawny-buff being defi¬
nitely less noticeable than the gray :
(Mount Rainier) . Lagopus leucurus rainierensis (p. 133)
(south-central Alaska) . .Lagopus leucurus peninsularis (p. 131)
ee. Plumage of upperparts coarsely barred black, buff, and whitish (sum¬
mer plumage).
/. Pale markings darker— pinkish buff to light pinkish cinnamon (north¬
ern Rocky Mountains from northern Washington to Alaska).
Lagopus leucurus leucurus (p. 127)
ff. Pale markings paler — whitish to pale pinkish buff; only the broader
ones slightly darker — pinkish buff.
g. The dark areas deep pure black (Mount Rainier district).
Lagopus leucurus rainierensis (p. 133)
gg. The dark areas black with a slight brownish tinge (south-central
Alaska) . Lagopus leucurus peninsularis (p. 131)
aa. Tail feathers black.
b. Bill heavier, broader, and higher, its height at angle of gonys usually over
9.5 mm.; in winter (white) plumage with no black loreal mark ( Lagopus
lagopus) .
c. Shafts of primaries broadly dusky, often widening terminally; basal half
of shafts of secondaries usually dusky (Newfoundland).
Lagopus lagopus alleni (p. 108)
cc. Shafts of primaries whitish or narrowly dusky, dark color becoming nar¬
rower terminally ; basal half of shafts of secondaries usually white.
d. Shafts of primaries usually white or nearly so (Arctic islands from
" Baffin Island northward) . Lagopus lagopus leucopterus (p. 107)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
93
dd. Shafts of primaries usually dusky.
e. Bill slenderer, width at gape averaging about 12 mm. (nw. Mackenzie
to Quebec) . Lagopus lagopus albus (p. 100)
ee. Bill broader, width at gape averaging 13 mm. or more.
f. Bill very broad, the width at gape averaging 14.3 mm. in males, 13.6
mm. in females.
g. Wings longer, averaging 199.2 mm. in males, 194 mm. in females.
Lagopus lagopus koreni (extralimital)'*
gg. Wings shorter, averaging 193 mm. in males, 184 mm. in females.
h. Bill longer, from nostril to tip averaging 11.8 mm. in males, 10.7
mm. in females (northern Quebec and Labrador).
Lagopus lagopus ungavus (p. 106)
hh. Bill shorter, from nostril to tip averaging 10.9 mm. in males,
10.1 mm. in females (northern Alaska to the Kenai Peninsula).
Lagopus lagopus alascensis (p. 97)
//. Bill not so broad.
g. Plumage entirely white except for tail.
Lagopus lagopus lagopus, winter (extralimital)1"1
Lagopus lagopus alexandrae, winter (southeastern Alaska) (p. 104)
05 Lagopus lagopus koreni. — Tetrao lagopus (not of Linnaeus) Pallas, Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 56, part. — Lagopus lagopus Stejneger, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
29, 1885, 194 (Kamchatka; e. Asiatic references); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii, 1893, 40, part (Tobolsk and Omsk, Siberia) ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., xxi, 1905, 242 (Gichiga, etc., ne. Siberia; habits). — Lagopus lagopus
lagopus Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 30, part. — Lagopus albus Mid-
dendorff, Sibir. Reise, ii, 1883, 190 ; Schrenck, Reise Amurland, i, 1860, 395 ; Radde,
Reisen Siid. Ost. Sibir., 1863, 294; (not Tetrao albus Gmelin) Taczanowski, Journ.
fur Orn., 1873, 98 (e. Siberia) ; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 242; Orn. Fauna
Vost. Sibir., 1877, 47; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, 148 (Siberia; habits; crit.) ; Bogdanow,
Consp. Av. Ross., i, 1884, 32. — Tetrao albus Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, 347 (Great Liakoff
Island, Siberia; descr. eggs and young). — Lagopus lagojrus albus Riley, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, xxiv, 191b, 233, part (e. Siberia). — Lagopus alpinus (not Tetrao
alpinus Nilsson) Nelson, Cruise Corwin in 1881 (1883), 82 (n. coast Siberia). —
Lagopus lagopus koreni Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, v,
1914, 4 (Nijni Kalymsk, Kolyma, e. Siberia; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Riley, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., liv, 1918, 606 (Little Annuj River, Nijni Kolymsk, Kolyma Delta,
ne. Siberia; measurements).— ( ?) Lagopus lagopus okadai Momiyama, Annot. Orn.
Orient, i, 1928, 236 (Nairo, Nairo-mura, Sisuka-gun, Sisuka Prefect.-district, s.
Sakhalin). — Lagopus lagopus kamtschatkensis Momiyama, Annot. Orn. Orient., i,
1928, 238 (Koshegofschenski, w. coast of Kamchatka) ; Bergman, Kenntn. Nordo-
stasiat. Vdg., 1935, 153 (Kamchatka; habits).
t"1 Lagopus lagopus lagopus.— [Tetrao] lagopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i,
1758, 159 (Lapland; cites Fauna Suecica, 169; etc.); ed. 12, 1766, 274; Briinnich,
Orn. Bor., 1764, 59; Latham, Synopsis Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 290; Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 639, part (Europe; Siberia); Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 749 —
Tetrao lagopus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 154; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii,
1826, 63, part; Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 501; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843,
322— Lagopus lagopus Hartert, Ibis, 1892, 511 (Dingken, Germany) ; Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 40, part.— [Lagopus] lagopus Sharpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 18, part (n. Europe). — Lagopus lagopus lagopus Clark, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 52, in text (Norway; crit.); American Ornitholo¬
gists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 140, part; Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
94
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
gg. Plumage not white.
h. Upperparts dark reddish brown narrowly marked with whitish
and buff.
i. Lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts more reddish— Prout’s
brown to argus brown (southeastern Alaska).
Lagopus lagopus alexandrae, male, summer (p. 104)
ii, Lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts less reddish Dres¬
den brown abundantly cross-barred with blackish.
Lagopus lagopus lagopus, male, summer (extralimital)
hh. Upperparts not dark reddish brown, but narrowly barred buffy
brown and black, many of the feathers with white tips (south¬
eastern Alaska).
Lagopus lagopus alexandrae, female, summer (p. 104)
Lagopus lagopus lagopus, female, summer (extralimital)
xxiv, 1911, 233, in text (Europe) ; Hartert, Vdg. pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1859
(monogr.) ; Ramsay, Guide to Birds Europe and N. Africa, 1923, 323 (descr. ,
distr.) ; Bianchi, Journ. fur Orn., 1926, 456 (n. Russia) ; Groebbels, Der Vogel,
i, 1932, 618, 619 (data on body weight) ; Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii,
1934, 30, part. — Lagopus l[agopus] lagopus Hortling and Baker, Ibis, 1932, 127
(Lapland) ; Kratzig, Journ. fur Orn., 1940, 139 (young). — [Tetrao] albus (not of
Gmelin) Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 639, part (Lapland). Tetrao albus Naumann,
Nat. Vdg. Deutschl, vi, 1833, 381, pi. 159 ,—L[agopus] albus Keyserling and Blasius,
Wirbelth. Eur., 1840, lxiii, 199.— [Lagopus] albus Reichenbach, Synop. Av., Gal-
linaceae, iii, 1848, pi. 213b, figs. 1858-1862.— Lagopus albus Brandt, in Hofmann,
N. Ural Exped., ii, App. 1856, 68; Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, text & pis.
17, 18, part; Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 37; Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Eur.,
1870, 278, pi. 20, figs. 1, 4; Collett, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868, 159; 1872, 237
(n. Norway) ; Pearson and Bidwell, Ibis, 1872, 233 (n. Norway, breeding) , Alston
and Brown, Ibis, 1873, 66 (Archangel, n. Russia) ; Dresser, Birds Eur., v, 1874,
183, pis. 483, 484, part; Palmen, Journ. fur Orn., 1876, 42 (Finland) ; Seebohm and
Brown, Ibis, 1876, 220 (lower Petchova River, Russia; habits) ; Taczanowski, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 153 (Poland) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, 148 (Yenesei River,
Siberia) ; 1882, 379 (Archangel, n. Russia) ; Brandt, Journ. fur Orn., 1880, 240
(St. Petersburg; Helsingfors) ; Bogdanow, Consp. Av. Ross., i, 1884, 32; Pearson,
Ibis, 1896, 216 (Kolguez, Russia; descr. egg). — [Tetrao] lappomcus Gmelin, Syst.
Nat’., i, pt. 2, 1788, 751 (Lapland); Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 640.— Tetrao lap-
ponicus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., xxxiii, 1819, ASS.— Lagopus lapponicus
Stephens, in Shaw Gen. Zool., xi, pt. 2, 1819, 2%.— Tetrao rehusak Bonnaterre, Tabl.
Encycl. Meth, i, 1791, 204 (ex Montin and Pennant) —Tetrao cacliinnans Retzius,
Fauna Suecica, 1800, 210 (Sweden, Lappland ).— Tetrao saliceti Temminck, Pig. et
Gallin., iii, 1815, 207, 709, part; Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 471; Schinz, Nat. Abbild.
Vog., 1833, pi. 105; Godman, Ibis, 1861, 85 (Bodo) ; Bree, Birds Eur, iii, 1867, 212,
pi. —Lagopus saliceti Gould, Birds Eur, iv, 1837, pi. 255 and text; Cabanis, Journ.
fur Orn, 1886, 348 (Germany).— Tetrao sub-alpinus Nilsson, Orn. Suec, i, 1817,
307 (n. Scandinavia and Finland) —Lagopus subalpinus Brehm, Handb. Vdg.
Deutschl, 1831, 517; Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, Fogl, ii, 1858, 93; Olphe-Galliard,
Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ, fasc. 37^ 10, 1886, 55 .—Lagopus subalpina Nilsson, Ill. Skand.
Faun, i, 1832, pis. 6, 7; Sundevall, Ofv. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Fugl, 1856, pi. 35,
figs. 5, 6; Collin, Skand. Fugle, 1877, 421, Suppl. pi. 5 .—Lagopus brachydactylus
Gould! Birds Eur, iv, 1837, pi. 256 and text ; Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ,
fasc. 37-40, 1886, 61. — Tetrao brachydactylus Temminck, Man. d’Om, 1840 ed, iv,
328.— (?) Lagopus lagopus kapustini Sserebrowsky, Journ. fur Orn, 1926, 512
(Lapland).
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
95
bb. Bill smaller, shorter, and narrower, its height at angle of gonys usually under
8.5 mm. ; in winter (white) plumage with a black loreal band in males,
none in famales {Lagopus mutus) .
c. Plumage entirely white except for black tail and black loreal stripe.
Lagopus mutus, all races”
cc. Plumage not entirely white.
d. Upperparts and throat and breast coarsely banded with blackish (sum¬
mer females).
c. General color of paler areas decidedly more grayish than brownish.
/. Lower back and rump barred with pale bars about as noticeable as
dark ones (Newfoundland).
Lagopus mutus welchi, summer, female (p. 126)
ff. Lower back and rump with the paler bars much reduced, much less
noticeable than the dark areas (northern Canada).
Lagopus mutus rupestris, summer, female (p. 122)
ec. General color of paler areas decidedly more brownish than grayish.
f. Blackish bars on breast heavier, usually 4-5 mm. in width :
(Attu Island) Lagopus mutus evermanni, summer, female (p. 109)
(Alaska) . Lagopus mutus nelsoni, summer, female (p. 117)
(se. Alaska) . Lagopus mutus dixoni, summer, female (p. 120)
(Amchitka) Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni, summer, female (p. 116)
ff. Blackish bars on breast narrower, usually under 3 mm. in width :
(Tanaga) . Lagopus mutus sanfordi, summer, female (p. 113)
(Kiska) . Lagopus mutus townsendi, summer, female (p. Ill)
(Atka Island) Lagopus mutus atkhensis, summer, female (p. 115)
(A dak Island)
Lagopus mutus chamberlaini, summer, female (p. 114)
dd. Upperparts and throat and breast finely barred or vermiculated, some¬
times almost solidly colored (males).
e. General tone of upperparts dark, sepia or darker, and not noticeably
rufescent.
/. Upperparts very dark, the upper back largely black.
g. Feathers of the back abundantly mottled or barred with dark fer¬
ruginous.
Lagopus mutus ridgwayi, summer, male (extralimital)98
07 The subspecies are not distinguishable in this plumage (no winter specimens of
L. m. evermanni appear to have been collected or described).
*" Lagopus mutus ridgwayi. — Tetrao lagopus (not of Linnaeus) Pallas, Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 63, part. — Lagopus albus (not Tetrao albus Gmelin) Stejneger,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 72 (Bering Island). — Lagopus alpinus (not of Midden-
dorff) Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 368. — Lagopus ridgwayi Stejneger,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, i, 1884, 98 (Bering Island, Commander Group, Kam¬
chatka; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Zeitschr. ges. Om., i, 1884, 89, pi. 5; Amer. Nat.,
xviii, 1884, 774; Ibis, 1885, 50; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 29, 1885, 194; Palmen, Vega-
Exped., 1887, 301 (Bering Island); Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 56
(Commander Islands) ; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 365 (Copper
Island). — [Lagopus] ridgwayi Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 18. — Lagopus rupestris
subsp. insularis Bogdanow, Consp. Av. Ross., 1884, 34 (Bering Island).— Lagopus
mutus ridgwayi Hartert, Vogel pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1871 (Bering and Copper
Island) ; Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 33 (Commander Islands).—
L[agopus] m[utus] ridgwayi Steinbacher, Erganzungsband to Hartert, Vogel pal.
Fauna, Heft 6-7, 1938, 516 in text.
96
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
gg. Feathers of the back not abundantly mottled or barred with dark
ferruginous, but more solidly blackish (Attu Island).
Lagopus mutus evermanni, summer, female (p. 109)
//. Upperparts not so dark, upper back not largely blackish. Upperparts
fairly dark — general color sepia or darker, with or without a gray¬
ish tone.
g. Brownish markings bright ochraceous-tawny (mainland of Alaska).
Lagopus mutus nelsoni, summer, male (p. 117)
gg. Brownish markings pale and much reduced in size and number (se.
Alaska) . Lagopus mutus dixoni, summer, male (p. 120)
ee. General tone of upperparts paler — not darker than bright sayal brown
or tawny-olive, often with a pronounced mixture of pale ashy gray.
f. Upperparts very pale and ashy.
g. General ground color of upperparts browner — lower back and rump
pale tawny-olive (Atka Island).
Lagopus mutus atkhensis, summer, male (p. US)
gg. General ground color of upperparts more grayish — lower back and
rump isabella color.
h. Lower throat and breast slightly paler— brownish feathers cin¬
namon-buff to pale tawny-olive (Tanaga Island).
Lagopus mutus sanfordi, summer, male (p. 113)
hh. Lower throat and breast slightly darker— brownish feathers cin¬
namon-buff to very pale tawny-olive (Adak Island).
Lagopus mutus chamberlaini, summer, male (p. 114) 90
ff. Upperparts not so pale and not noticeably ashy.
g. General tone of upperparts grayish — no bright tawny markings,
brownish markings dull and mixed with grayish.
h. Upperparts with many blackish blotches and with heavy blackish
vermiculations.
i. With considerable brownish in the upperparts (northern
Canada) . .Lagopus mutus rupestris, summer, male (p. 122)
ii. With little or almost no brownish in the upperparts (Newfound¬
land) . Lagopus mutus welchi, summer, male (p. 126)
hh. Upperparts with very few blackish blotches and finely vermicu-
lated with blackish (northern Canada).
Lagopus mutus rupestris, autumn, male (p. 122)
gg. General tone of upperparts brownish — with bright tawny markings.
h. General tone of upperparts bright rufescent.
i. Throat and breast with few blackish bars or vermiculations
(Tanaga Island).
Lagopus mutus sanfordi, autumn, male (p. 113)
ii. Throat and breast with many blackish bars or vermiculations.
/• Upper back with many broad black bars (Amchitka).
Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni, autumn, male (p. 116)
jj. Upper back with few broad black bars (Kiska and Little
Kiska Islands).
Lagopus mutus townsendi, autumn, male (p. Ill)
hh. General tone of upperparts not bright rufescent.
i. Broadly barred with blackish above and on breast and upper
tail coverts (Amchitka).
Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni, summer, male (p. 116)
90 The differences between chamberlaini and sanfordi, being very small, are almost
impossible to express in a key.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
97
ii. Narrowly barred with blackish above and on breast, upper tail
coverts merely vermiculated (Kiska and Little Kiska
Islands) . .Lagopus rnutus townsendi, summer, male (p. Ill)
LAGOPUS LAGOPUS ALASCENSIS Swarth
Alaska Willow Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — Feathers around nostrils to base of
maxilla and of mandible and chin white or black ( !) with more or less
chestnut ; eye ring white ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape bright hazel
to chestnut, each feather with an incomplete subterminal broad black
cross bar ; nape, interscapulars, scapulars, and upper back slightly darker,
dark chestnut narrowly banded with fuscous-black to blackish and nar¬
rowly tipped with huffy white ; back, rump, and inner upper wing coverts
similar but with a white feather here and there ; upper tail coverts similar
but. brown areas paler — hazel to pale hazel; a line of anterior scapulars,
the outer upper wing coverts and the remiges white, the shafts of the
primaries dusky becoming white terminally ; rectrices dark fuscous tipped
with white (the white tips broadest on the inner feathers), except the
median pair which are like the upper coverts but with finer bars and
vermiculations ; sides of head, throat, and upper breast bright hazel to
chestnut becoming darker on the lower breast where the feathers are
barred with fuscous-black ; rest of underparts white with an occasional
chestnut feather on the sides ; “comb” scarlet ; bill bluish black ; claws
brownish basally becoming white on the distal half or so.
Adult male, autumn plumage. — Forehead, crown, and occiput russet
to hazel, each feather subterminally blackish and with a terminal median
spot of pale hazel ; nape, scapulars, interscapulars, back, rump, and upper
tail coverts russet to hazel, each feather crossed by several wavy blackish
to fuscous-blackish bars, the next to the subterminal one usually the
heaviest, followed by a paler, much huffier pale area which is distally
narrowly edged with fuscous to fuscous-brown; tips of feathers white,
the tips wearing off quickly, however ; outer upper wing coverts and
remiges white, the primaries with partly dusky brownish shafts (some
with white shafts) innermost upper wing coverts like the back; rectrices
dark fuscous except the median pair which are hazel to russet mottled
and irregularly barred with dark fuscous to fuscous-black; lores and
sides of head, chin, and upper throat hazel, eye ring white ; lower throat
and breast slightly darker hazel ; upper abdomen, sides, flanks, and under
tail coverts hazel irregularly and incompletely barred with fuscous to
fuscous-black and tipped with white; center of abdomen to vent, thighs,
and feathers of feet white; under wing coverts white; “comb” less promi¬
nent, more shriveled than in summer plumage.
Adult male, winter plumage. — Entire plumage pure white except for
all but the median pair of rectrices, which are dark fuscous to fuscous-
black, and for the shafts of the primaries, which are dusky except at the
98
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
tip ; the crown feathers are blackish in their concealed basal portions ,
feathers of toes longer and denser than in summer.
Adult female , summer plumage. — Forehead, crown, occiput, nape, inter
scapulars, scapulars, inner upper wing coverts, back, rump, and upper
tail coverts ochraceous-tawny to tawny-olive, each feather barred (and
in the case of the interscapulars, scapulars, and upper back often broadly
blotched) with fuscous-black, and tipped with pale tawny to pale olive-
buff, and occasionally to almost white ; rest of upper wing coverts and
the remiges white, the primaries with dusky brown shafts, which are
white terminally ; rectrices dark fuscous tipped with white ; lores and
sides of head cinnamon-buff to light ochraceous-buff, the feathers with
small fuscous transverse spots ; chin and upper throat similar but often
with no or almost no dusky markings ; lower throat, breast, upper ab¬
domen, sides, flanks, and under tail coverts ochraceous-buff to light
ochraceous-tawny heavily barred with wavy bands of clove brown to
fuscous ; middle of abdomen to vent, and thighs slightly paler and without
dark bands; under wing coverts white; “comb” pale vermilion; bill dull
blackish, dull flesh color below at extreme base of lower mandible ; claws
dark brown, whitish on terminal third.
Adult female, autumn plumage. — Similar to that of the male but slightly
more grayish on the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, the tips of the
feathers being more ashy and the other brownish bars slightly less ru-
fescent; the throat and breast paler — bright tawny, and the extent of
this color on the sides much reduced compared with the male ; the white
of the abdomen correspondingly more extensive. In this plumage there
usually is a sprinkling of feathers left over from the summer plumage,
especially on the lower breast and sides.
Adult female, winter plumage. — Like the corresponding plumage of the
male, but the bases of the feathers of the crown are more grayish.
First winter plumage (sexes alike). — Indistinguishable from the adult
female winter plumage. (Females are therefore not separable, but first-
winter males have the bases of the crown feathers more grayish, less
blackish than in adults.)
First autumn plumage (sexes alike). — Similar to the summer plumage
of the adult female but with the brownish bars, edges, and tips of the
feathers of the upperparts paler and yellower — cinnamon-buff to honey
yellow, the dark marks on the throat and breast and upper abdomen
smaller, usually some of the rectrices retained from the juvenal plumage
— narrow, pointed, tipped with white, otherwise fuscous-black barred and
edged with cinnamon-buff to honey yellow, and with the outermost two
remiges also retained from the juvenal plumage; lower abdomen and
thighs grayish white.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Similar to the first autumn plumage but with
all but the outermost two remiges chaetura drab to clove brown, bordered
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
99
narrowly and barred incompletely on the outer web with pale pinkish
buff ; all the upper wing coverts like the back ; the general tone of the
dorsal feather bars and edges richer, more orange — raw sienna to antique
brown, and the abdomen more buffy ; thighs buffy also.
Downy young (sexes alike). — Forehead, sides of crown and occiput,
sides of head chamois to cream buff; with a black loreal spot and a
median frontal line, and a postauricular wavy line of chaetura black ; the
median frontal line bifurcating to enclose most of the crown and occiput
which are deep auburn to deep chestnut bordered by blackish, the lateral
borders uniting again posteriorly to form a broad but much interrupted
spinal stripe, which bifurcates on the lower back and the branches of
which meet again at the base of the tail; wings and middle of back
cinnamon-buff to clay color; sides of back (lateral to the blackish lines)
and underparts straw yellow, washed on the breast with pale orange-
yellow.
Adult male. — Wing 18^205 (195.6); tail 114-135 (122.9); bill
from anterior end of nostril to tip 9.7-11.7 (10-9) ; width of bill at gape
13-14.3 (13.7) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 10.2-11.5 (10.8 mm).1
Adult female. — Wing 174—192 (185) ; tail 103-125 (112.6) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 8.8-10.8 (10.1) ; width of bill at gape 11.7—
14.4 (13.1) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 9.4—11.1 (10.2 mm.).2
Range. — Breeds from northern Alaska (Point Barrow, Cape Lisbourne,
Wainwright, Smith Bay, Demarcation Point, Humphrey Point, Camden
Bay, etc.) south throughout most of Alaska to Nushagak on the west
coast and to the Kenai Peninsula and Mount McKinley, farther to the east.
Winters throughout its breeding range north as far as Nunivak Island,
Nulato, Kutuk River, Miller Creek, Kotzebue Sound.
Type locality.— Kowak River Delta, Alaska.
Lagopus lagopus Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 20, part. — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, No. 301, part, 1886; ed. 2, 1895, No. 301,
part. — Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 152 (St. Michael, etc., Alaska;
habits). — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 131, pi. 5, fig. 3 (habits). —
Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 69, part. — Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 40, part (Point Barrow, Kotzebue Sound,
St. Michael, Kegiktouik, and Nushagak, Alaska) ; Handb. Game Birds, i, 1896,
36, part. — Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 1, 1900, 32, 75 (Kowak River,
Kotzebue Sound area; common; habits; plum.; nests and eggs). — Macoun, Cat.
Can. Birds, 1900, 205, part (Alaska) .—Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., xvi, 1902, 235, part (Homer and Kenai Mountains, Alaska; habits). —
Osgood, North Amer. Fauna, No. 24, 1904, 65 (Alaska Peninsula; habits).—
Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905, 44-46, part (range, food, etc.). — Macoun
and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 223, part (Alaska).— Anderson, Rep.
Dept. Mines Canada for 1914 (1915), 165 (Alaska, Collinson Point and Endicott
Mountains; spec.).— Hill, Condor, xxiv, 1922, 105, in text (habits; breeding,
1 Twenty-one specimens from northern and north-central Alaska.
* Twenty specimens from northern Alaska.
100
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
etc., near Nome, Alaska). — Laing and Taverner, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada
for 1927 (1929), 75 (Chitina River region, Alaska). — Shortt, Contr. Roy.
Ontario Mus. Zook, No. 17, 1939, 12 (Yakutat Bay, Alaska; spec.; downy
young).
L[agopus] lagopus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 199, part.
[. Lagopus ] lagopus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 18, part.
Lagopus lagopus lagopus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3,
1910, 140, part. — Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., lxvi, No. 2, 1916, 26 (n. to Cape
Espenberg, Alaska). — Dice, Condor, xxii, 1920, 179 (Tanana, Cosna River, and
North Fork Kuskokwim River, Alaska; habits; food). — Conover, Auk, xliii,
1926, 316 (Hooper Bay, Alaska; habits). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 30, part. — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
201, part.
Lagopus albus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pis. 17, 18, text part. — Dall and
Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 287, part (Fort Yukon, Alaska,
to Bering Sea; habits; molts). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 457, part (habits; distr. ; descr.). — McLenegan, Cruise
Corwin, 1884, 119 (Kowak River, Hotham Inlet, and Kotzebue Sound, nw.
Alaska) ; Cruise Corwin, 1885 (1887), 78 (Noatak River, Alaska). — Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 201, part (syn. ; distr.).
L[agop:us] albus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 586, part.
[Lagopus] albus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 235, part.
Lagopus lagopus albus Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 53 in text,
part (n. Alaska, Point Barrow, Kotzebue Sound, Cape Lisbourne, Kowak River ;
crit.). — Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiv, 1911, 233, part (n. Alaska). —
Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, lix, 1915, 363 (Camden Bay, Humphrey Point,
and Demarcation Point, n. Alaska; habits). — Oberholser, Auk, xxxiv, 1917,
200, part (Alaska). — Bailey, Condor, xxviii, 1926, 121 (nw. Alaska; distr.;
habits) .
Lagopus lagopus alascensis Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zook, xxx, No. 4,
1926, 87 (Kowak River Delta, Alaska; descr.; crit.) ; Pacific Coast Avif., No.
22, 1934, 25 (Nunivak Island, Alaska; spec.; crit.). — Dixon, Condor, xxix,
1927, 213 (life hist.; photos). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 4, 1931, 82 (distr.).- — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bulk 162, 1932, 200 (habits). — -
Hurley, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 38 (Bristol Bay, Alaska; eggs). — Bailey, Brower,
and Bishop, Progr. Activ. Chicago Acad. Sci., iv, No. 2, 1933, 24 (Point
Barrow, Alaska). — Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxiv, 1934, 237
(Cape Denbeigh, Norton Sound) ; xxxi, 1941, 407 (Cape Prince of Wales,
Alaska). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166 (data on breed, biol.). — Dixon,
Condor, xlv, 1943, 54 (Arctic Alaska; Humphrey Point; abundant; nests).
L[agopus ] l[agopus] alascensis Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 74,
in text (crit.).
Tetrao saliceti (not of Temminck) Adams, Ibis, 1878, 436 (St. Michael, Alaska;
habits, etc.).
LAGOPUS LAGOPUS ALBUS (Gnielin)
Keewatin Willow Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — Similar to that of Lagopus lagopus
alascensis but generally slightly darker above and on the throat and
breast, less brightly rufescent, and the bill slenderer, the width at the
gape averaging about 12 mm.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 101
Adult male, autumn plumage. — Similar to that of L. 1. alascensis but
slightly grayer above, the terminal band of the feathers being ashy to
wood brown and the bill slenderer.
Adult male, winter plumage. — Similar to that of L. 1. alascensis but the
bill slenderer.
Adult female, summer plumage. — Similar to that of L. 1. alascensis
but with less rufescent tone, the black areas larger and the brown mark¬
ings somewhat duller, the feather edgings more grayish and the bill
slenderer.
Adult female, autumn plumage. — Similar to that of L. 1. alascensis but
darker, more grayish above, and the bill slenderer.
Adult female, winter plumage.- — Similar to the corresponding plumage
of L. 1. alascensis but the bill slenderer.
First zvinter plumage (sexes alike). — Similar to that of L. 1. alascensis
but the bill slenderer.
Juvenal plumage (sexes alike). — Like that of L. 1. alascensis but
very slightly less brightly orange-brown, slightly more grayish, and with
the dark markings on the underside more broken into spots, not forming
fairly complete bars.
Downy young.— Indistinguishable from that of L. 1. alascensis.
Adult male. — Wing 178-201 (190.9); tail 112-126 (120); bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 9-11.5 (10.4) ; width of bill at gape 10.5-13
(12.2) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 9-11.2 (9.8 mm.).3
Adult female. — Wing 168-203 (180) ; tail 94-121 (106.8) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 8.5-11.2 (9.7) ; width of bill at gape 10.6-13.5
(12) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 8.3-10.1 (9.5 mm.).4
Range. — Breeds from northwestern and central Mackenzie (Franklin,
Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes, Fort Resolution, Fort Simpson, Fort
Anderson) and Yukon (head of Coal Creek) to northeastern Manitoba
(Churchill), northern Ontario and south-central Quebec to Anticosti
Island, south through northern and central British Columbia (inter¬
grading in northwestern British Columbia with Lagopus lagopus alcx-
andrae ), central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, and central Ontario.
Winters throughout most of its breeding range and south to Cumber¬
land House and Fort Carleton, Saskatchewan; Norway House and Grand
Rapids, central Manitoba; Cochrane and Martin Falls, central Ontario;
Lake St. John, Maniwaki, and Bonne Esperance, Quebec.
Casual in Montana (Midvale, Glacier National Park) ; North Dakota
(Killdeer Mountains, Dunn County) ; Minnesota (Sandy Island, Lake of
the Woods) ; Wisconsin (Racine) ; ? Michigan (Keweenaw Point) ; New
3 Twenty-two specimens from Yukon, Mackenzie, British Columbia, Alberta, and
Hudson Bay.
4 Twenty-three specimens from Mackenzie, British Columbia, Alberta, and Hud¬
son Bay.
663008°— 46 - 8
102
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
York (Watson, Lewis County) ; Nova Scotia; and Maine (Kenduskeag)
Type locality.— Western side of Hudson Bay.
Tetrao ... lag opus (not of Linnaeus) Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772 390
Tetra° lagopus Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds 1832
671; ed. 2, 1840, 813 (Melville Island; Churchill River) ’ ’
7 [ etrao] lagopus Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 3, 1829, 146 (Rocky
Mountains, lat. 54° and northward ; “on the northwest coast . . . as low as
45 7 , the position of Mount Hood”).
Logopus lagopus Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 20, part.-AMERicAN
Ornithologists Union, Check-list, No. 301, part, 1886; ed. 2, 1895 No. 301
part.— Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 153 (e. shore Lake Winnipeg; Norway House).—
Macfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 430 (Fort Anderson, lower Ander-
son River etc., Mackenzie; habits; descr. nest and eggs).— Thompson, Proc.
1SO?'iA9 ^^U/S'’ Xm’ 1891, 514 ( Manit°ba) . Hatch, Notes Birds Minnesota,
S in2’ 457 Te; dlStr': s^ec'^ * Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i,
1892, 69 part.-MERRiLL, Auk, ix, 1892, 300 (Kenduskeag, Maine, 1892) —
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 40, part (North American
iroa1^5’ except Alaska ^ Fort Chimo, Ungava) ; Handb. Game Birds, i,
1896 36, Part.— Clark, Auk, xi, 1894, 177 (spec, from Nova Scotia with rose-
tinted plumage). -Ames, Auk, xiv, 1897, 411 (Whitby, Ontario, May IS 1897)
-Nash, Check List Birds Ontario, 1900, 26 (winter visitor in Ontario) .-
acoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 205, part (Hudson Bay westward).— Preble
North Amer Fauna, No. 22, 1902, 103 (50 miles n. of York Factory northward ;’
localities in keewatm).— Kumlien and Hollister, Bull. Wisconsin Nat Hist
r,°C” \9?3’57 (rare straggler to Wisconsin ).-Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull.
u’i fT (diStr'i f°°d; ete')-[NASH], Check List Vert. Ontario:
irds, 1905, 35 (Ontario; winter; spec.) .—Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club
No 3, 1905, 202, 203 in text (Essex County, Massachusetts; accid.).— Fleming
fons on;1VVu07; (Whltby' °ntari0’ May 15’ 1397). -Knight, Birds Maine,’
1908, 205 (Kenduskeag, Maine, April 23, 1892).-Macoun and Macoun, Cat.
an. Birds, 1909, 223, part (Hudson Bay westward) .—Cory, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist. No. 131, 1909, 438 (Racine, Wis., 2 spec., Dec. 1840; formerly
winter vishant to extreme ne. Illinois ?). -Eaton, Birds New York, i, 1910
75 (Watson, Lewis County, N. Y., 1 spec.).— Dexter, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 269
Green Lake, Saskatchewan, 4 spec., Dec. 1920) .-Taverner, Birds Western Can¬
ada, 1926, 168 (fig.; descr.; habits; distr. ; w. Canada).— Taverner and Sutton
Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxiii, 1934, 30 (Churchill, Manitoba; breeds abundantly’
habits).— Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 8, pt. 1,
1936, 29 (Ontario, only along extreme northern edge; prob. fairly common in
summer; two breeding records). — Ulke, Can. Alpine Journ., 1934-35 (1936),
79 (Yoho Park, Canada; summer; very rare).— ? Brassard and Bernard, Auk,
bv, 1937, 514 in text (n. Quebec; food; captivity studies). -Shortt and Waller’
Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 10, 1937, 18 (Lake St. Martin region’
Manitoba; common; winter; spec.) .—Ricker and Clarke, Contr. Roy. Ontario
Mus. Zool., No. 16, 1939, 8 (Lake Nipissing, Ontario) .—Clarke, Nat. Mus.
Canada Bull. 96, 1940, 48 (Thelon Game Sanctuary, nw. Canada) .— Hawksley
Auk, lix, 1942, 436 (Churchill, Manitoba).
Llagopus] lagopus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 199, part.— Reichenow
Die Vogel, i, 1913, 323, part. — Taverner, Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 50 1928 92
(near Belvedere, Alberta).
[Lagopus] lagopus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 18, part.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
103
Lagop-us lagopus lagopus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2,
1895, 113; ed. 3, 1910, 140, part. — Barrows, Michigan Bird Life, 1912, 228 —
Stanford, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 399 (near Midvale, Mont., in New Glacier Park).—
Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 5, 1920, 97 (Essex County, Mass.). —
Saunders, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 14, 1921, 58 (Montana; Glacier National
Park; spec.).— Wood, Misc. Publ. Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., No. 10, 1923, 35
(Killdeer Mountains, Dunn County, N. Dak., Oct., 1909) .—Mitchell, Can.
Field Nat., xxxviii, 1924, 108 (Saskatchewan; not common winter visitant;
spec.). — Racey, Auk, xliii, 1926, 321 (near Red Mountains, Alta Lake region,
British Columbia) .—Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 167, in text
(distr.).— Forbush, Birds Massachusetts and Other New England States, ii,
1927, 37 (descr., habits, New England). — ? Lewis, Auk, xliv, 1927, 64 (nesting;
8 miles e. of Romaine, Labrador Peninsula).— Sutton, Condor, xxxiii, 1931, 157
(w. coast Hudson Bay). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 30, part. —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 201, part (syn. ; distr.).
[Tetrao] albus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 750 (Hudson Bay; based on
Lagopede de la Baye Hudson BufTon, Ois., ii, 276, pi. 9; White Partridge Ellis,
Huds., i, pi. 1 ; Edwards, Av. pi. 72 ; White Grous Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii,
308). — Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 639, part (Hudson Straits).
Tetrao albus Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 501. — Vigors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, 1839, 26
nomencl.). — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds,
ed. 2, 1840, 816.
Lagopus albus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., xvii, 1817, 203. — Stephens, in
Shaw, Gen. Zool., xi, pt. 2, 1819, 292, pi. 20.— Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp.
List, 1838, 44, part. — Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 207; Birds America, 8vo ed.,
v, 1842, 114, pi. 299. — Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1858, 633, part (Red
River; Nelson River; Hudson Bay); Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 467,
part.- — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, 227 (Labrador) ; Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1868, 41 (Maine — rare in winter; Essex County, Mass.; spec,
(supposed to have been brought from Labrador?)) ; Check List North Amer.
Birds, 1874, No. 386, part; ed. 2, 1882, No. 568, part; Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club,
iii, 1878, 41 (Lewis County, N. Y., 1 spec., May 22, 1876). — Verrill, Proc.
Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (n. Maine in winter). — Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae,
1865, pis. 17, 18, and text, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 457, part, pi. 61, fig. 8, pi. 62, figs. 1-3. — Brewer, Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 12 (New England; accid.). — Gibbs, U. S.
Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr. Bull. 5, 1879, 491 (Upper Peninsula, Mich.). —
Merrtam, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 233 (Lewis County, N. Y. ; in
winter); vii, 1882, 238 (Point de Monts, Quebec). — Brewster, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., xxii, 1883, 383 (Anticosti Island, breeding). — Groebbels, Der
Vogel, ii, 1937, 240, in text (eggs in mixed sets), 383, in text (runt eggs).
L[agopus] albus Ridgway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, x, 1874, 382 (Cook
County, ne. Illinois, formerly in winter). — Hatch, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat.
Sci., 1874, 62 (Minnesota; rare). — Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 122
(no longer occurring in ne. Illinois). — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2,
1884, 586, part.
[Lagopus] albus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 235, part.
Lagopus lagopus albus Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 53 in text,
part. — Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiv, 1911, 233, part (w. side
Hudson Bay) ; Can. Alpine Journ., 1912, 58 (Moose Pass branch of Smoky
River, Alberta; crit. ; habits). — Oberholser, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 200, part. —
Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1862 (monogr.). — Swartii, Univ. California
Publ. Zool., xxx, No. 4, 1926, 86 (Atlin region, British Columbia; crit.). —
104
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 82 (distr.) . — Bent,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 178 (habits; distr.) .—Roberts, Birds Minne¬
sota, i, 1932, 384 (distr.; habits, Minn.). — Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 158,
in text. — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166 (data on breeding biology) ; 318,
in text (egg color — postmortem changes). — MacLulich, Contr. Roy. Ontario
Mus. ZooL, No. 13, 1938, 2 (Algonquin Prov. Park, Ontario; rare in winter).
L[agopus\ lagopus albus Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. ZooL,
No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 29 in text (Ontario).
L[agopus] l[agopus] albus Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 74, in
text (crit.).
Tetroa saliceti (not Tetrao saliceti Temminck) Richardson, in Appendix to Parry’s
Journ. Second Voy., 1825 (1827), 347.
T[etrao ] saliceti Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 147 (“Rocky Mts.”).
Tetrao saliceti Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds, 1832,
674, part. — Audubon, Orn. Biogr., ii, 1834, 528, pi. 191.
Tetrao (Lagopus) saliceti Swainson in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 351.
LAGOPUS LAGOPUS ALEXANDRAS J. Grinnell
Alexander’s Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — Like that of Lagopus lagopus alascensis
but with slenderer bill and the brown areas, especially on the upperparts,
averaging darker.* * * 5
Admit male, autumn plumage. — Similar to that of L. I, alascensis but
with slenderer bill and more uniformly dark brown dorsally, less ru-
fescent; the throat and breast dark cinnamon to dark cinnamon-tawny.
Adults in winter plumage. — Similar to the corresponding sex in the
same plumage of L. 1. alascensis but with slenderer bill.
Adult female, summer plumage. — Similar to that of L. 1. alascensis
but slenderer bill.
Adult female, autumn plumage. —Similar to that of L. 1. alascensis but
with slenderer bill.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Like that of L. 1. alascensis.
Downy young (sexes alike). — Like that of L. 1. alascensis.
Adult male.— Wing 185-205 (192.8) ; tail 112-127 (117.7) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 9.4—12.2 (10.5) ; width of bill at gape 12.4—
14.5 (13.8) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 9.7-10.8 (10.1 mm.).6
Adult female. — Wing 171-191 (181) ; tail 96-112 (106.1) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 9.2-10.4 (9.9) ; width of bill at gape 12.6-13.6
(13.1); height of bill at angle of gonys 9.3-10.3 (9.8 mm.).7
“In some specimens of both sexes the shafts of the primaries, secondaries, and
greater upper coverts are almost as dusky as in the Newfoundland race, L. 1. allcni,
but not in the majority.
“ Twenty-two specimens from Shumagin Islands, Kodiak Island, and south to
Prince William Sound, Alaska.
7 Twenty specimens from southeast Alaska from the Shumagin Islands and the
base of the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
105
Range. — Inhabits the islands off the coasts and the adjacent mainland
of southern and southeastern Alaska from the Shumagin Islands,
Unalaska, Unimak, Atka and adjacent islands of the Aleutian Chain,
Kodiak, and the base of the Aleutian Peninsula, south to the Prince of
Wales Archipelago, and to Porcher Island, British Columbia; intergrading
with Lagopus lagopus albus in the Skeena River area of northwestern
British Columbia and with Lagopus lagopus alascensis just north of the
base of the Aleutian Chain (Nushagak, etc.).
Type locality. — Mountain at Bear Bay, Baranof Island, Alaska.
Lagopus albus (not Tetrao albus Gmelin) Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pis.
17, 18, and text, part. — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i,
1869, 287, part (Sitka and Kodiak, Alaska; habits; molts). — Dall, Proc.
California Acad. Sci., advance reprint 1873, 4, part; v, pt. 1, 1873, 38, part; v,
1874, 273 (Shumagin Islands to Unalaska, Alaska). — Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., v, 1882, 163 (Unga Island, Shumagin group; crit.). — Hartlaub, Journ.
fur Orn., 1883, 276 (Chilcoot, Alaska).
L[agopus ] albus Coues, Key North Amcr. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 586, part.
[Lagopus] albus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 235, part.
Tetrao lagopus (not of Linnaeus) Schalow, Journ. fur Orn., 1891, 258 (Aleutian
Islands) .
Lagopus lagopus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1902, 235, part (Popof
Island, Alaska; habits).
Lagopus alexandrae Grinnell (J.), Univ. California Publ. Zool., v, No. 2, 1909,
204 (mountain at Bear Bay, Baranof Island, se. Alaska; coll. Univ. California,
Mus. Vert. Zool.). — Bailey, Auk, xliv, 1927, 198 (Glacier Bay; Beardslee
Islands; Sandy Cove; etc.; se. Alaska; habits).
Lagopus lagopus alexandrce American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xxvi, No. 3,
1909, 275 (Check-list No. 301b) ; Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 141.— Clark, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 51-54, part (mountains of se. Alaska to Kodiak;
crit.). — Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiv, 1911, 233 (sw. coast
Alaska). — Brooks (W.S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 364 (Portage
Bay, Alaska Peninsula). — Brooks (A.), Auk, xl, 1923, 221 (Porcher Island,
British Columbia).
Lagopus lagopus alexandrae Willett, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 128 (Kalu, Prince of
Wales, Decatur, Selemez, San Juan, Dall, and Long Islands, se. Alaska). —
Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1863 (crit.). — Taverner, Birds Western
Canada, 1926, 169 in text; Birds Canada 1934, 158, in text. — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 83 (distr.). — Bent, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 194 (habits). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii,
1934, 31 (distr.). — Friedmann, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., v, No. 3, 1935, 31
(Kodiak Island; spec.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 203 (syn. ; distr.). — Clark, Smiths. War Background Stud. No. 21, 1945,
78 (list birds Aleutians).
Lagopus l[agopus ] alexandrae Palmer, Condor, xxx, 1928, 264, in text (patro¬
nymics). — Swarth, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 22, 1934, 25, in text (Unalaska;
Atka; spec.).
L[agopus ] l[agopus] alexandrae Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 74,
in text (crit.).
106
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
LAGOPUS LAGOPUS UNGAVUS Riley
Uncava Ptarmigan
Adults, all plumages. — Similar to the corresponding plumage of Lagopus
lagopus alascensis but with the bill heavier — its outline, when viewed from
above, more swollen.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Similar to that of L. 1. alascensis but bill wider
at gape.
Downy young (sexes alike).- — Similar to that of L. 1. alascensis but
with the blackish markings reduced in width and the general body color
slightly tinged with pale orange-buff.
Adult male.— Wing 182-203 (193); tail 110-130 (121.4); bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 10.9-13 (11.8) ; width of bill at gape 13-15.8
(14.3) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 10.8-12.2 (11.6 mm.).8
Adult female.— Wing 176-191 (184) ; tail 101-119 (106.7) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 10.1-11.6 (10.7) ; width of bill at gape 12.2 —
14. 1 (13.3); height of .bill at angle of gonys 10.1—11.1 (10.6 mm.).9
Range. — Inhabits northern Quebec (Fort Chimo) and Labrador
(Okkak) ; southern limits not known.
Type locality. — Fort Chimo, Ungava.
Lagopus albus (not Tetrao albus Gmelin) Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1868,
633, part (Labrador) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 467, part. — Coues,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, 227 (Labrador) Check List North
Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 386, part; ed. 2, 1882, No. 568, part. — Elliot, Monogr.
Tetraonidae, 1865, pis. 17, 18, and text, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 457, part (habits; descr. ; distr.). — Turner,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 245 (Fort Chimo, Ungava; breeding). —
Stearns, Bird Life in Labrador, n. d. ca. 1890, 48 (Labrador; habits). —
Hantszch, Can. Field Nat., xlii, 1928, 12, 13 (Cumberland Sound, Labrador).
L[agopus] albus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 586, part.
\Lagopus] albus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 235, part.
Lagopus lagopus (not Tetrao lagopus Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii, 1893, 40, part (Fort Chimo) ; Handb. Game Birds, i, 1896, 36, part. —
Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 205, part (Labrador). — Macoun and Macoun,
Cat. Can. Birds, 1909, 223, part (Labrador).
Lagopus lagopus lagopus Hantzsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 365 (ne. Labrador). —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 140, part. — Clark,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 53 in text, part (n. Labrador). — ? Lewis,
Auk, xlv, 1928, 228 (breeding near Bluff Harbor, Labrador). — ? Austin,
Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 74 (habits, descr.; Newfoundland, Labra¬
dor). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 30, part. — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 201, part.
Lagopus lagopus ungavus Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiv, 1911, 233 (Fort
Chimo, Ungava; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).— American Ornithologists’ Union,
Auk, xxix, 1912, 381; Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 82 (distr.).— Bent, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 197 (habits).
8 Thirteen specimens from northern Ungava.
* Ten specimens from northern Ungava.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
107
? Lapogus lapogus ungavus Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1863 (crit.).
L[agopus] l [ago pus] ungavus Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 74,
in text (crit.) .
LAGOPUS LAGOPUS LEUCOPTERUS Taverner
Baffin Island Ptarmigan
Adults. — Similar to the corresponding sex and plumage of Lag opus
lagopus alascensis, but with the shafts of the primaries and secondaries
almost always white; only occasionally is one partly dusky.
Juvenal. — None seen; apparently unknown.
Downy young. — None seen; apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 197-216 (206.1) ; tail 116-125 (121.3) ; length of
bill from anterior end of nostril to tip 9.9-12.5 (11.5) ; width of
bill at gape 13.6-14.9 (14.3); height of bill at angle of gonys 9.6-
10.7 (10.4 mm.).10
Adult female. — Wing 188-214 (196.4) ; tail 107-139 (116.7) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 9-12.3 (10.9) ; width of bill at gape 12.1-12.8
(12.6) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 9.1-10 (9.6 mm.).* 11
Range. — Inhabits the Arctic islands of America from southern Banks
Island and the mainland adjacent to Dolphin and Union Straits to
Southampton and southern Baffin Islands ; indefinitely northward. One
record for Point Barrow, Alaska.
Type locality. — Camp Kungovik, western coast of Baffin Island,
lat. 65° 35' N.
Lagopus lagopus Taverner, Canada’s Eastern Arctic, 1934, 119, text (Lancaster
Sound; Melville Island) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 157, in text, part.
Lagopus lagopus lagopus Soper, Nat. Mus. Canada, Bull. 53, 1928, 104 (s. Baffin
Island).
Lagopus lagopus leucopterus Taverner, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1930
(1932), 87 (Camp Kungovik, w. coast of Baffin Island, lat. 65°35' n.). —
Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., xii, 1932, 88 (Southampton Island; spec.; meas. ;
habits). — Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 158 in text. — Peters, Check-list Birds
of World, ii, 1934, 31 (distr.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942,202 (syn. ; distr.). — Bray, Auk, lx, 1943, 516 (Southampton Island;
Baffin Island; Melville Peninsula).
L[agopus] l[agopus ] leucopterus Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 74
in text (crit.). — Taverner, Canada’s Eastern Arctic, 1934, 119, in text (distr.;
chars.). — Salomonsen, Moults and Sequence of Plumage in Rock Ptarmigan,
1939, 265, in text (molt).
10 Fourteen specimens from Baffin Island, Victoria Land, and Southampton Island.
11 Eleven specimens from Banks Island, Baffin Island, Southampton Island, and
Victoria Land.
108
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
LAGOPUS LAGOPUS ALLENI Stejneger
Allen’s Ptarmigan
All adult plumages. — Similar to the corresponding ones of Lagopus
tagopus albus but with the shafts of the primaries usually chaetura drab
to fuscous, broadening terminally, and the distal portion of the temiges
often mottled with the same; the shafts of the secondaries and of the
greater upper coverts also frequently similarly dark.1"
Juvenal and downy young. — Similar to those of L. I. albus.
Adult male. — Wing 187—205 (199.2) ; tail 108—127 (119.3) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 10.2—11 (10.7) ; width of bill at gape 13—13.3
(13.1) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 10-10.2 (10.1 mm.).13
Adult female.— Wing 183-193 (189); tail 98-119 (109); bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 10.2-11.8 (11); width of bill at gape 12-12.8
(12.4) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 10-10.2 (10.1 mm.).14
Range. — Resident in Newfoundland.
Type locality. — Newfoundland.
Lagopus albus (not Tetrao albus Gmelin) Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1858,
633, part (St. John’s, Newfoundland) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 467,
part. — Maynard, Birds North Amer., 1881, 348, part (Newfoundland).
[Sclater], Ibis, 1889, 261 (Newfoundland).
Lagopus alba alleni Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 369 (Newfoundland; coll. U. S. Nat.
Mus.).
Lagopus lagopus Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 223, part
(Newfoundland) .
Lagopus lagopus alleni Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 20. — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, No. 301a, 1886; ed. 2, 1895, No. 301a;
ed. 3, 1910, 141 ; ed. 4, 1931, 82.— Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892,
75.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 206 (Newfoundland) .—Macoun and
Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 225 (Newfoundland) .—Clark, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 52 in text (crit.) .— Henninger, Wils. Bull.,
xxii, 1910, 119 (descr. eggs) .— Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1863
(monogr.). — Griscom, Ibis, 1926, 672 (w. Newfoundland). Bent, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 191 (habits; distr. ; etc.).— Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934,
158, in text.— Rooke, Ibis, 1936, 865 (Newfoundland). — Brooks, Auk, liii, 1936,
343' (Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland) .— Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166
(data on breeding biology) —Aldrich and Nutt, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus.
Nat. Hist., iv, 1939, 19 (e. Newfoundland) .— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 203 (syn. ; distr.).
L[agopus] lagopus alleni Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 199.
L[agopus] l[agopus] alleni Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, ii, 1903, 745.
Townsend, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Club, No. 3, 1905, 203, in text.— Austin, Mem.
Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 74, in text (crit.).— Salomonsen, Moults and
u Freshly killed October and November birds are said to have a faint pinkish flush
on the white feathers, but this quickly fades and is not to be seen in the dried skins
in the National Museum.
13 Six specimens from Newfoundland.
14 Seven specimens from Newfoundland.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
109
Sequence of Plumage in Rock Ptarmigan, 1939, 263 in text (Newfoundland;
molts and plumages).
L[agopus ] l[agopus] alleni Taverner, Birds Eastern Canada, 1919, 110 in text
(Newfoundland) .
[Lagopus lagopus ] subsp. a. Lagopus alleni Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
xxii, 1893, 44, 557 (spec. Newfoundland).
Lagopus alleni Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game Birds, i, 1896, 38, in text (New¬
foundland; crit.).
[ Lagopus ] alleni Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 18.
LAGOPUS MUTUS EVERMANNI Elliot
Evermann’s Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer. — Anterior forehead white with a faint huffy wash ;
rest of forehead and the short supraorbital marks white ; crown, occiput,
nape, and upper interscapulars fuscous-black finely barred with tawny-
olive to Saccardo’s umber ; rest of interscapulars deep chaetura black
narrowly tipped with tawny-olive; the back, rump, upper tail coverts,
inner secondaries, and some of the inner lesser and median upper wing
coverts fuscous-black faintly vermiculated with tawny-olive to Saccardo’s
umber; some of these dorsal feathers darker — deep chaetura drab — and
without any tawny ; outer upper wing coverts and some of the inner ones
as well, the primaries and all but the innermost secondaries pure white,
the primaries (except the outermost one) with dusky shafts; rectrices
plain fuscous-black to chaetura black; loreal band blackish; auriculars
and cheeks fuscous-black, the feathers tipped with white and faintly banded
with tawny-olive ; chin, throat, and lower sides of head white ; upper breast
deep chaetura black narrowly tipped with white; sides similar but with
some white feathers mixed in lower breast, abdomen, flanks, thighs, under
tail coverts, under wing coverts, and feathering of feet white; bill and
claws black ; comb bright scarlet.
Adult female, summer. — Feathers covering nostrils white with a faint
huffy wash; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, scapulars, interscapulars,
back, rump, upper tail coverts, inner secondaries, and some of the inner
upper wing coverts deep chaetura black, each feather with wavy bars of
ochraceous-buff, and tipped with white or buffy white ; rest of upper wing
coverts, primaries, outer secondaries, and under wing coverts white, the
primaries, except the outermost one with pale brownish shafts; sides of
head, chin, and throat pale ochraceous-buff, each feather with a fuscous-
black to blackish median streak, these streaks widening terminally in
the feathers of the lower throat ; feathers of breast, sides, flanks, and under
tail coverts, chaetura black broadly tipped and banded with ochraceous-
buff ; abdomen similar but with a great many white feathers mixed in ;
thighs and feathering of feet white ; bill and claws black.
110
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult male, winter. — Pure white except for black tail and loreal stripe.15
Other plumages. — Unknown. It may however, be assumed that the
female also has a white winter plumage, because summer birds have an
irregular sprinkling of white feathers on the wings and underparts. In¬
complete and inconclusive evidence also seems to indicate that the male
in autumn is more vermiculated with tawny-olive above than in the sum¬
mer plumage. This is in keeping with the known tendency of the plumage
sequence in this group. Similarly, an undated, unsexed specimen exam¬
ined appears to be a female in autumn plumage. It differs from the
summer female in having the ochraceous marks on the scapulars, back,
rump, upper tail coverts, breast, and sides narrower and darker —
ochraceous-tawny instead of ochraceous-buff. However, at present it
cannot be proved that this is an autumn bird rather than an aberrant
summer specimen, although it has a scattering of new white feathers in
the colored areas suggesting the start of the molt into the winter plumage.
Adult male. — Wing 182-193 (187.8); tail 103-113 (108-1); oilmen
from anterior end of nostrils 9.5-10.8 (9.9) ; width of bill at gape 12-13.1
(12.5) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7. 1-8.6 (7.8 mm.).15
Adult female. — Wing 166-185 (176.3); tail 96-99 (97.3); culmen
from anterior tip of nostril 9. 5-9.7 (9.6) ; width of bill at gape 11.6-12
(11.7) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 6.7-7. 5 (7.1 mm.).16
Range. — Known only from Attu Island, the westernmost of the Aleu¬
tian Islands.
Type locality. — Attu Island.
Lagopus albus (not Tetrao albus Gmelin) Dall, Proc. California Acad. Sci., v, 1874,
274, part (Attu Island, Aleutian Chain).
Lagopus rupestris, var. Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Attu Island).
Lagopus rupestris atkhensis Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 155-156 (Attu
Island; plentiful). — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 139, part (Attu
Island, ex Dali). — Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 208, part (Attu Island). —
Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 227, part (Attu Island).
Lagopus evermatvni Elliot, Auk, xiii, 1896, 25, pi. 3 (Attu Island, Aleutian Chain,
Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xiv,
1897, 119 (Check-list No. 302.1) ; Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 142. — Macoun, Cat.
Can. Birds, 1900, 208 (Attu Island). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Canadian
Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 228 (Attu Island) .—Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii,
1910, 55 (Attu Island). — Laing, Victoria Mem. Mus. Bull. 40, 1925, 30 (Attu
Island; spec.; plum.).
L[agopus ] evermanni Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, 1903, ii, 749 (Attu
Island.; descr.).
[ Lagopus ] evermanni Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 19.
15 This plumage is worn until late in April, according to Laing, who collected two
specimens on April 21, just beginning the prenuptial molt (Victoria Mem. Mus.
Bull. 40, 1925, 30).
10 Seven specimens including the type.
19 Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
111
Lagopus mutus evermanni Oberholser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 247. — Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 33 (Attu Island) .— Salomonsen, Moults and Sequence
of Plumage in Rock Ptarmigan, 1939, 10 (spec.). — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 208 (syn. ; descr.) —Clark, Smiths. War Back¬
ground Stud. No. 21, 1945, 78 (list birds Aleutians).
Lagopus rupestris evermanni American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4,
1931, 84.— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 230 (habits, range).
LAGOPUS MUTUS TOWNSENDI Elliot
Townsend’s Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — Forehead huffy white speckled and
mottled with fuscous-black ; crown, occiput, nape, scapulars, and inter¬
scapulars between cinnamon-buff and clay color, each feather heavily
barred with wavy marks of .black and narrowly tipped with whitish ; the
feathers of the crown with the subterminal black area so wide it almost
hides the clay-colored parts ; back, rump, upper tail coverts, inner sec¬
ondaries, and inner upper wing coverts tawny-olive (brightest on the
rump) finely banded (sometimes some of the feathers blotched) and
vermiculated with black and narrowly tipped with white, many of the
feathers of the back with a light grayish-olive tone instead of the more
frequent tawny-olive, giving a somewhat ashy sprinkling to the upper-
parts ; outer upper wing coverts, all the primaries, and all but the inner
secondaries pure white, the primaries with dusky shafts ; rectrices dark
clove brown, narrowly white basally and narrowly tipped with huffy white ;
lores blackish spotted with white (the tips of the feathers being white) ;
auricles and upper cheeks cinnamon-buff to clay color narrowly banded
with black and tipped with white ; chin and upper throat white ; lower
throat cinnamon-buff to clay color banded with black, the huffy inter¬
spaces wider than the black marks; breast tawny-olive more narrowly
banded with black, the bands and the interspaces nearly equal in width ;
sides and flanks similar but with the dark marks finer becoming mere
vermiculations ; abdomen, thighs, feathering of tarsi and toes, and under
wing coverts white ; under tail coverts tawny-olive barred with black ;
bill and claws black ; comb scarlet.
Adult female, summer plumage. — Forehead and lores light ochraceous-
buff somewhat speckled with black ; crown, occiput, nape, scapulars, inter¬
scapulars, back, rump, upper tail coverts, and all but the outer upper
wing coverts bright ochraceous-buff barred with black and the feathers
narrowly tipped with white or huffy white, the black marks being very
broad on the interscapulars and back and on the crown, much narrower
on the occiput, nape, upper wing and tail coverts, and rump; the nape
is often somewhat tinged with pale ashy gray; outermost upper wing
coverts, primaries, and all but the innermost secondaries white, the pri¬
maries with dusky shafts; rectrices clove brown narrowly tipped with
whitish, and vermiculated with tawny-olive on the basal two-thirds or so
112
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
of the outer web, the very base itself white; cheeks and auriculars light
ochraceous-buff sparsely flecked with dusky fuscous ; chin whitish mixed
with light ochraceous-buff, which color without the white extends over
the throat as well, the throat feathers with narrow terminal dusky shaft
streaks ; breast, sides, flanks, thighs, under tail coverts, and all but
the median part of the abdomen .bright ochraceous-buff barred with clove
brown to fuscous, the dark bars narrower than the paler interspaces and
becoming more widely spaced posteriorly; middle of abdomen, some of
the under tail coverts, and the feathering of the tarsi and toes white ; bill
and claws black.
Adult male, autumn plumage. — Above like the summer plumage but
much more ochraceous, the back without any ashy feathers and with the
black markings deeper and broader especially on the rump and upper
tail coverts and also the upper wing coverts ; below quite different from
the summer plumage; chin, throat, and sides of head and of neck ochra¬
ceous-buff, the feathers crossed by narrow bars of fuscous, the dark bars
much narrower than the buffy interspaces ; lower throat, breast, upper
abdomen, sides, flanks, and under tail coverts somewhat darker, between
clay color and dark ochraceous-buff finely banded and vermiculated with
clove brown to fuscous, the dark bars .becoming broader on the sides,
flanks, and under tail coverts ; middle of abdomen and thighs white,
feathering of feet much sparser than in summer plumage.
Female, autumn plumage. — Like the corresponding plumage of the
male but paler and slightly buffier, less rufescent.
Adult male , winter plumage. — Completely white except for a black
loreal stripe which continues for a short distance behind the eye ; and
for the tail feathers, which are dark clove brown narrowly tipped with
white; feathering of the tarsi and toes much denser and longer than in
summer plumage.
Adult female, winter plumage.- — Like that of the male but without the
black loreal stripe.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 181-196 (188); tail 98-113 (104); culmen from
anterior end of nostril 9-10.5 (9.8) ; width of bill a,t gape 12.1-13.5
(12.7) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7.3-S.2 (7.7 mm.).17
Adult female. — Wing 169-180 (175.3) ; tail 93-98 (95.5) ; culmen from
anterior end of nostril 8.4-9.4 (8.9) ; width of bill at gape 11-12.4 (11.6) ;
height of bill at angle of gonys 7-7.6 (7.3 mm.).18
Range. — Inhabits Kiska and Little Kiska Islands in the Aleutians,
Alaska.
Type locality.— Kiska Island.
17 Sixteen specimens from Kiska and Little Kiska Islands.
18 Four specimens from Kiska and Little Kiska Islands.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
113
Lagopus alb us (not Tetrao albus Gmelin) Dall, Proc. California Acad. Sci., v,
1874, 274, part (Kiska Island, Aleutian Chain).
Lagopus rupestris townsendi Elliot, Auk, xiii, No. 4, 1896, 26, part (type from
Kiska Island, Aleutian Chain, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).— American
Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xiv, 1897, 119, part (Check-list North Amer.
Birds, No. 302d, part) ; Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 142; ed. 4, 1931, 84.— Macoun,
Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 208 (Kiska and Adak Islands).— Macoun and Macoun,
Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 227 (Kiska and Adak Islands) .—Bent, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 220 (distr. ; habits).
Lagopus rupestris townsendi ? Laing, Victoria Mem. Mus. Bull. 40, 1925, 30
Kiska Island).
[ Lagopus ] townsendi Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 19, part (Kiska Island).
Lagopus rupestris atkhensis Nelson, Birds Alaska, 1887, 139, part (Kiska Island).
Lagopus mutus townsendi Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 33 (distr.). —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 208 (syn. ; distr.). —
Clark, Smiths. War Background Stud., No. 21, 1945, 78 (list birds Aleutians).
LAGOPUS MUTUS SANFOUDI Bent
Sanford’s Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage.- — Like the corresponding plumage of
L. m. chamberlaini but paler, the brownish feathers cinnamon-buff to pale
tawny and with more ashy grayish feathers on the upperparts.
Adult female , summer plumage. — Like that of L. m. chamberlaini but
averaging very slightly paler ; not certainly distinguishable.
Adult male, autumn plumage. — -Like that of L. m. tozvnsendi but much
more rufescent, the general tone being bright ochraceous-tawny and the
dark bars greatly reduced ; the upper tail coverts buckthorn brown with
fine dusky vermiculations.
Adult female, autumn plumage. — Like that of the male but with the
dark bars much broader and blacker and with some of the feathers with
blackish blotches; the central pair of upper tail coverts pale ochraceous-
buff abundantly marked with broad fuscous oblique bars, the other upper
tail coverts more narrowly and more transversely (less obliquely) barred
with blackish.
Other plumages unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 190—199 (195.2) ; tail 101—121 (110.1) ; bill from
anterior end of nostrils 9.7— 11.7 (10.5) ; width of bill at gape 12.1-13.2
(12.8) ; height of .bill at angle of gonys 7.8-S.5 (8.1 mm.).19
Adult female.— Wing 181-195 (188.1); tail 101-111 (105.6); bill
from anterior end of nostril 8.5—10.8 (9.5) ; width of bill at gape 10.6—12.3
(11.6) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7.4-8 (7.8 mm.).20
Range. — Resident on Tanaga and Kanaga Islands, in the Aleutian
Islands, Alaska.
Type locality. — Tanaga Island.
18 Ten specimens from Tanaga Island.
” Ten specimens from Tanaga Island.
114
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Lagopus rupestris sanfordi Bent, Smiths. Misc. Coll., lvi, No. 30, 1912, 1 (Tanaga
Island, Aleutian Chain, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
162, 1932, 225 (habits). — [Editor] Rev. Fran?. d’Orn., ii, 1912, 346, in text; 409,
in text. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xl, 1923, 517 (Check-list,
No. 302g) ; Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 84.
Lagopus mutus sanfordi Oberholser, Auk. xxxix, No. 2, 1922, 247. — Peters, Check¬
list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 33 (Tanaga Island). — Salomonsen, Moults and
Sequence of Plumages in the Rock Ptarmigan, 1939, 10 (spec.). — Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 208 (syn. ; distr.). — Clark,
Smiths. War Background Stud. No. 21, 1945, 78 (list birds Aleutians).
LAGOPUS MUTUS CHAMBERLAINI A. H. Clark
Chamberlain’s Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — Similar to that of Lagopus mutus
townsendi but the brownish areas paler, more grayish, the lower back
and rump isabella color to ashy wood brown, the dark vermiculations
averaging slightly finer; the feathers of the lower throat and breast cin-
namon-bufif to very pale tawny-olive.
Adult female, summer plumage. — Not certainly separable from that of
Lagopus mutus townsendi, but usually with more pronounced grayish
edges to the dorsal feathers.
Adults in winter. — Like those of L. m. townsendi, judged by birds
partly in this plumage.
Other plumages unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 185-202 (193.5); tail 97-112 (104.6); bill from
anterior end of nostril 10.1-11.7 (10.9) ; width of bill at gape 12-13
(12.5) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7. 5-8. 6 (8 mm.).21
Adult female. — Wing 183-189 (185.4) ; tail 95-102 (98.3) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril 9.1-10.3 (9.8); width of bill at gape 11.1-11.8
(11.5) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7. 1-7.2 (7.1 mm.).22
Range. — Resident in Adak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
Type locality. — Adak Island.
Lagopus rupestris townsendi Elliot, Auk, xiii, 1896, 26, part (Attu Island).—
American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xiv, 1897, 119, part (Adak Island).
L[agopus ] r[upestris] townsendi Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, 1903, ii, 748
(Adak Island).
[ Lagopus ] townsendi Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 247, part (Adak Island).
Lagopus rupestris chamberlaini Clark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxii, 1907,
479 (Adak Island, Aleutian Chain, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 295 (Check-list No. 302e) ; Check¬
list, ed. 3, 1910, 142; ed. 4, 1931, 84.— Laing, Victoria Mem. Mus. Bull. 40, 1925,
29 (Adak Island; spec.; plum.). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 221
(distr., habits).
Lagopus mutus chamberlaini Oberholser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 247. — Peters, Check¬
list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 33 (Adak Island). — Salomonsen, Moults and
21 Twenty-three specimens from Adak Island.
22 Nine specimens from Adak Island.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
115
Sequence of Plumage in Rock Ptarmigan, 1939, 10 (spec.). — Heixmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 207 (syn., distr.) — Clark, Smiths.
War Background Stud. No. 21, 1945, 78 (list birds Aleutians).
LAGOPUS MUTUS ATKHENSIS Turner
Turner’s Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — There seem to be two fairly distinct
color phases of this plumage in this race, as follows :
1. Reddish phase: Similar to the summer male of L. m. sanfordi but
the brownish areas with less of the ashy tinge and with the general ground
color darker brown, the lower back and rump pale ochraceous tawny
olive; differs from L. m. townsendi in having more ashy and in being
somewhat paler and more tawny.
2. Olive-brown phase: Similar to the reddish phase but with the
ground color Saccardo’s umber to pale olive-brown extensively tinged
with ashy.
Adult female, summer plumage. — Like that of L. m. towns endi. This
is perhaps the most variable plumage of any of the island races of this
species. Probably some of the differences, especially in the longer upper
tail coverts, may eventually be found to be a matter of age ; but in our
present state of knowledge, this is mere conjecture.
Autumn adults. — Not yet known.
Adult male, winter plumage. — All white except for the black loreal
stripe which continues behind the eye for a short distance, and for the
dark clove brown rectrices narrowly tipped with white.
Adult female, winter plumage. — Like that of the male but without the
black loreal stripe.
Juvenal. — Unknown.
Doivny young, male. — Marguerite yellow, slightly washed with pale
ochraceous on the breast and abdomen, and marked above with blackish
and russet as follows : Narrow median line of black runs from the base
of the culmen to the crown where it divides to encircle a large russet
coronal patch, and meets again in a broader dorsal band on the nape and
upper back ; it divides on the lower back to form two parallel bands which
come almost together at the tail end, enclosing a spinal tract of Marguerite
yellow much suffused with pale russet ; in addition to these marks there
is a blackish femoral band on each side, as well as two wavy ones on each
wing and a very narrow line from the bill through the eyes to the hind
end of the auriculars.
Adult male. — Wing 185-197 (191.2) ; tail 98-112 (109.6) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 9.7-11.3 (9.3) ; width of bill at gape 12—13.1
(12.7) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7.3-8. 5 (8 mm.).23
” Twenty-six specimens.
116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Wing 175-188 (181.6) ; tail 91-101 (96.6) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 9.7-10.7 (10.2) ; width of bill at gape 11.1—
12.3 (11.6) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7. 3-8. 2 (7.8 mm.).24
Range. — Resident in Atka Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
Type locality. — Atka Island.
Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 230, 231 (Atka
Island, Aleutian Chain, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 258. — Reichenow and Schalow, Journ. fur Orn., 1883, 409
(reprint of orig. descr.). — Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1871. — Ober-
holser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 247. — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 34
(Atka Island). — Salomonsen, Moults and Sequence of Plumage in Rock
Ptarmigan, 1939, 10 (spec.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 207 (syn. ; distr.). — Clark, Smiths. War Background Stud. No. 21,
1945, 78 (list birds Aleutians).
[ Lagopus ] m[utus] atkhensis Salomonsen, Medd. GrjAiland, cxviii, No. 2, 1936,
31 in text (Atka Island).
Lagopus rupestris atkhensis Stejneger, Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., i, 1884, 92. — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, No. 302c, 1886; ed. 2, 1895, No. 302c; ed. 3,
1910, 141 ; ed. 4, 1931, 83. — Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 155, pis.
3, 4. — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 139. — Bendire, Life Hist.
North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 81. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 208, part (Atka
Island). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 227, part (Atka
Island). — Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 55 (habits). — Laing,
Victoria Mem. Mus. Bull. 40, 1925, 28 (Atka Island; spec.; habits; plum.).—
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 218 (Atka Island; habits). — Eyerdam,
Murrelet, xvii, 1936, 50 (Atka Island; abundant).
L[agopus] rupestris atkhensis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 201.
L[agopus ] r[upestris] atkhensis Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, ii, 1903,
747 (Atka Island) .
[Lagopus] atkensis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 19.
Lagopus rupestris occidentals (not Lagopus rupestris, var. occidentals Sundevall)
Nelson, Cruise of Corwin in 1881 (1883), 82 (Atka Island, Aleutian Chain,
Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Lagopus rupestris (not Tetrao rupestris Gmelin) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii, 1893, 527, part.
LAGOPUS MUTUS GABRIELSONI Murie
Amchitka Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — Like that of L. m. townsendi but the
upperparts with the blackish barring heavier and darker, and the brown¬
ish ground color slightly less tawny.
Adult female, summer plumage. — Like that of L. m. nelsoni.
Adult male, autumn plumage. — Similar to that of L. m. townsendi but
darker, the general tone of the brownish parts being dark buckthorn
brown with an ochraceous tinge, and with many more blackish bars.
’‘Fourteen specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
117
agreeing in its abundance of bars with the corresponding plumage of
L. m. sanfordi.
Juvenal, unsexed. — Similar above to the adult male in autumn plumage
but paler, more ochraceous-tawny, the blackish bars on the interscapulars,
scapulars, and upper back and on the upper wing and upper tail coverts
broader, below much paler, the chin and throat light pinkish cinnamon
darkening to pinkish cinnamon on the breast and upper abdomen and
sides; the breast, upper abdomen, and sides barred fairly broadly with
black ; rest of abdomen pale pinkish buff, flanks, thighs, and under tail
coverts light pinkish cinnamon irregularly barred with fuscous.
Other plumages unkown.
Adult male. — Wing 182-189 (186.3) ; tail 100-110 (105.3) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril 7.9-9. 8 (9) ; width of bill at gape 11.4—12.2
(11.7) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7. 2-8. 2 (7.7 mm.).25
Adult female. — Wing 171-179 (174.3); tail 85-93 (88.3); bill from
anterior end of nostril 9.4; width of bill at gape 9.8-11.4 (10.8) ; height
of bill at angle of gonys 6. 7-7.2 (7 mm.).26
Range. — Known only from the type locality, Amchitka Island, Aleutian
Islands, Alaska.
Lagopus rupestris atkhensis Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 155-156, part
(Amchitka, plentiful). — Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 208, part (Amchitka).
— Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 227, part (Amchitka).
Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni Murie, Condor, xlvi, 1944, 121 (Amchitka Island, Aleu-
tion Islands; descr. ; crit.). — Clark, Smiths. War Background Stud. No. 21,
1945, 78 (list birds Aleutians).
LAGOPUS MUTUS NELSONI Stejnegcr
Nelson’s Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage.- — Similar to that of L. m. toumsendi
but the brownish areas much darker and without any grayish-dark Sac-
cardo’s umber crossed by fine bars and venniculations of clove brown
to dark fuscous, the central elongated upper tail coverts almost as dark
as the rectrices.
Adult female, summer plumage.- — Indistinguishable from that of L. m.
evermanni.
Adult male, autumn plumage. — Similar to the summer plumage but
very slightly paler, the feathers of the upper parts with narrow whitish
tips ; below like the autumn male of L. m. toumsendi.
Adult female, autumn plumage. — Similar to the summer female but
with the ochraceous-tawny much more extensive below, extending over
the throat, chin, and a large part of the abdomen; above, the feathers
more finely barred and vermiculated, not so broadly barred with blackish.
” Three specimens.
*' Three specimens.
9
653008°— 41
118
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
/Idult mule, winter plumage. --—Entirely white except for the black
loreal stripe through the eye and the dark clove brown tail; feathers of
tarsi and toes longer and denser than in summer.
/Idult female, svinter plumage Like the winter male but without the
black loreal stripe.
First autumn plumage (unsexed). — Like the autumn plumage of the
adult but paler and huffier with some of the back feathers with concentric
longitudinal dusky marks; the outer primaries more pointed and often
more mottled than dusky.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Like the adult female in summer plumage but
with the light brownish areas brighter and slightly more rufescent ; the
primaries are not white, however, but dark brown mottled with tawny.
Females seem to have slightly more black above than males, but this
may be individual and not definitely sexual, as only a few specimens have
been seen.
Downy young. — Like that of L. m. atkhensis but the pale areas above
darker, washed with pale tawny-olive; below less yellowish, faintly tinged
with cinnamon -buff.
Adult male. — Wing 179-197 (189.5); tail 101-121 (108); bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 8.5-10.6 19.6) ; width of bill at gape 11 .1-13.2
112.1 ) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 6. 1-9.6 17.6 mm.).27
Adult female.— Wing 171-190 (181.7); tail 89-107 (98.2) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 8-10 (9); width of bill at gape 10.5-12.2
1 1 1 .4) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 6.6-9.4 (7.4 mm.).28
Range. — Breeds in the eastern end of the Aleutian Chain (Unalaska,
Arnaknak, Unimak, Kagamil, Chuginadak, and Umnak Islands, and the
mainland of Alaska south to the base of the Alaskan Peninsula and Kodiak
Island, Hinchinbrook Island, Dolgoi Island, and Ushagat in the Barren
Islands, north to Point Barrow and the Arctic Ocean; intergrades with
L. m. rupeslris in the interior of Alaska and northern Northwest Ter¬
ritory. On Kodiak Island it approaches A. m. dixoni in its characters.
It is said to be the form of the Jamal Peninsula and the adjacent tundra
of northeastern Siberia, but no specimens from there have been seen.
Winters throughout, but chiefly in the southern part of, its breeding
range and possibly beyond.
Type locality. — Unalaska Island.
Tetrao la'/apus (not of Linnaeus) Kittlitz, Denkwiincl, i, 1858, 289 (Arnaknak
Island, near Unalaska).
" Forty* six specimens from Unalaska, Arnaknak, Unimak, Kagamil, Chuginadak,
arid Umnak Islands in the Aleutian Chain, and on the mainland of Alaska south
to the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island, north to the Arctic Ocean.
“Thirty-one specimens from Unalaska and Arnaknak Islands, Aleutian Chain,
Kodiak Island, and the Alaska mainland north to Point Barrow.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
119
Lagopus rupestris Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 289
(Gens de Large Mountains and Fort Yukon, Alaska). — Nelson. Bull. Nutall
Om. Club, iii, 1878, 38, part (Unalaska Island, Akutan Island, and St. Michael,
Alaska) ; Cruise Corwin in 1881 (1883), 81 (Unalaska) ; Kept. Nat. Hist. Coll.
Alaska, 1887, 136, part (Alaska mainland), — McLenegan, Cruise Corzvin, 188-1,
119 (Kowak River, nw. Alaska). — Murdoch, Auk, ii, 1885, 63 (Point Barrow,
Alaska) ; Rep. Int. Polar Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 108. — Turner, Contr. Nat.
Hist. Alaska, 1886, 154, part (Unalaska and Alaska mainland). — Ogii.vie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 48, part (Golsova River, Kegitowik, Nulata,
and Kotzebue Sound, Alaska). — Grinnei.l, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 1, 1900, 35,
75 (Kotzebue Sound region and Kowak Valley Alaska; habits; plum.; breed.).
— Bishop, North Amer. Fauna, No. 19, 1900, 72 (summit of White Pass,
Alaska; breed.; Kuskokwim River). — Osgood, North Amer. Fauna, No. 21,
1901, 75 (mountains on n. side Bear Creek, Cook Inlet, Alaska) ; No. 30, 1909,
37 (mountains at head of Seward Creek, east-central Alaska) ; 60 (Ogilvie
Range, Yukon Territory) ; 87 (Russell Mountains, Macmillan River region,
Yukon; habits). — Judd, Biol. Surv. Bull., No. 24, 1905, 46, part (food, range,
etc.) — Preble, North Amer. Fauna, No. 27, 1908, 347, part (localities in Alaska).
— Anderson, Rep. Dept. Mines Canada for 1914 (1915), 195 (Collinson Point,
Alaska; spec.), for 1916 (1917), (?) 379 (Arctic coast of Northwest Territory;
spec.). — Laing and Taverner, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1927 (1629),
76 (Chitina River, Alaska). — Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxi,
1941, 407 (Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska; bones).
L[agopus] rupestris Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxvii, 1937, 436
(Unalaska) .
Lagopus rupestris nelsoni Stejneger, Auk, i, 1884, 226 (Unalaska Island, Aleutian
Chain, Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., i, 1884, 91. —
American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, No. 302b, 1886; ed. 2, 1895,
No. 302b; ed. 3, 1910; ed. 4, 1931, 83, 141. — Townsend, Cruise Conoin in 1885
(1887), 100 (Unalaska).— Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 131,
138, pi. 10. — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 80. — Macoun,
Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 208 (Unalaska eastward). — Osgood, North Amer. Fauna,
No. 24, 1904, 66 (Portage Mountain, between head of Chulitna River and Swan
Lake; mountains of Kanatak Portage and about Cold Bay; food; crit. ) . —
McGregor, Condor, viii, 1906, 119 (Unalaska). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat.
Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 227 (Unalaska eastward). — Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 55 (Unalaska).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932,
215 (habits, etc.). — Swarth, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 22, 1934, 20 (Alaska;
Akutan and Unalaska Islands; spec.). — Eyerdam, Murrelet, xvii, 1936, 50
(distr. ; spec.).
L[a0o/>uj,'] rupestris nelsoni Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 201.
L[cigopus] r\upestris] nelsoni Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, ii, 1903, 747
(Unalaska). — Hantzsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 367, in text; Can. Field Nat.,
xlii, 192S, 14.
Lagopus rupestris subsp. Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxiv, 1934,
237 (Cape Danbeigh, Norton Sound; Alaska; bones).
[ Lagopus ] nelsoni Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 18.
Lagopus mutus nelsoni Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1871. — Oberhoi.ser,
Auk, xxxix, 1822,247. — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 34 (Unimak,
Unalaska, and Amaknak Islands). — Salomonsen, Moults and Sequence of
Plumages in the Rock Ptarmigan, 1939, 10 (spec.). — Clark, Smiths. War Back¬
ground Stud. No. 21, 1945, 78 (list birds Aleutians).
120
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Lagopus rupestris kelloggae Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., v, 1910, 383
(Kaikoff Bay, Montague Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1,600 feet
altitude; coll. Univ. California Mus. Vert. Zool.) Oberholsek, Auk, xxxiv,
1917, 200. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 84
(distr.).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 227 (habits, etc.).— Bailey,
Brower, and Bishop, Progr. Activ. Chicago Acad. Sci., iv, 1933, 24 (Point
Barrow, Alaska). — Swarth, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 22, 1934, 26 (Nunivak
Island, Alaska; spec.). — Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 159 in text. — Friedmann,
Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxiv, 1934, 235 (Kodiak Island; bones); Bull.
Chicago Acad. Sci., v, 1935, No. 3, 31 (Kodiak Island) ; Journ. Washington
Acad. Sci., xxvii, 1937, 433 (Kodiak Island; bones). — Bray, Auk, lx, 1943, 516
(Southampton Island; Baffin Island; Melville Peninsula). — Dixon, Condor,
xlv, 1943, 55 (Arctic Alaska; Camden Bay; Demarcation Point).
L[agopus] r[upestris] kelloggae Taverner, Canada’s Eastern Arctic, 1934, 119, in
text (Arctic islands and coast regions of nw. mainland of Canada).
Lagopus mutus kelloggae Oberholser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 247. — Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 34 (nw. North America from Alaska east along
Arctic coast and adjoining islands to ca. 100° W., south to Alaskan Peninsula,
and s. Alaska to ca. 60° N.). — Salomonsen, Medd. Gr^nland, cxviii, No. 2,
1936, 34 (syn. ; diag. ; distr.). — Steinbacher, Erganzungsband to Hartert’s Vug.
pal. Fauna, 1938, 515, part (Alaska and North Amer. at least to Bathurst Inlet).
— Salomonsen, Moults and Sequence of Plumage in Rock Ptarmigan, 1939,
10 (spec.).
L[agopus ] m[utus] kelloggae Salomonsen, Medd. Gr^nland, cxviii, 1936, 4 in text,
22 in text (Alaska and Northwest Territory east to Coronation Gulf and to
Bathurst Inlet).
Lagopus mutus rupestris (not of Gmelin) Grote, Falco, Sonderheft, 1925, 201
(Jenissei region, Siberia). — Bailey, Condor, xxviii, 1926, 122 (nw. Alaska;
distr.; habits. — Sserebrowsicy, Journ. fur Orn., 1926, 694 in text (spec.;
Alaska) .
Lagopus mutus americanus Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 205, part (syn.; distr.).
LAGOPUS MUTUS DIXONI J. Grinnell
Dixon’s Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — Like that of L. m. nelsoni but with the
brownish markings less ochraceous-tawny, duller and much reduced in
size and number, making the bird much darker, approaching in this char¬
acter L. m. evermanni, hut with more tawny to hazel vermiculations on
the breast and back. Above, general color of all but the white areas,
sooty bister ; whole crown and occiput sooty, minutely and rather sparsely
barred with tawny-olive to hazel ; breast barred with tawny, the bars
becoming narrower posteriorly and practically disappearing on the lower
breast.
Adult female, summer plumage. — Like the corresponding plumage of
L. m. evermanni.
Adult male, autumn plumage.— Like the male in summer plumage but
paler, more grayish above — dark hair brown with a grayish “bloom,” the
blackish areas greatly reduced.
BIKDS OF NOUTII AND MIDDLE AMERICA
121
Adult female, autumn plumage. — Like the autumn male with the black
bars and vermiculations more pronounced and without the grayish
“bloom.”
Female, first autumn plumage. — Like the adult female in autumn, but
outer primaries more pointed and the pale bars decidedly more ochraccous-
tawny and broader, above and on the breast.20
Juvenal (unsexed). — Like the females in first autumn plumage but
with the remiges dull hair brown externally mottled with buffy; entire
underparts barred like the breast, the dark bars somewhat paler on the
abdomen.
Downy young. — Apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 172-195 (181.7) ; tail 101-120 (107.8) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 9-10.2 (9.6) ; width of bill at gape 11.2-12
( 1 1.6) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 6.S-7.4 (7.2 mm.).30
Adult female. — Wing 163-179 (172); tail 91-107 (97.7); bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 8. 8-9.8 (9.3) ; width of bill at gape 10.7-11.8
( 1 1.2) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 6.3-7. 2 (6.9 mm.).31
Range. — Resident in the islands and coastal mainland of the Glacier
Hay region of Alaska, south to Baranof Island, and inland for an un¬
determined distance, intergrading with L. m. rupestris in central northern
British Columbia (Ingenika, Chapa-atan, and Sheslay Rivers).
In winter the birds wander southward from the northern parts of the
range but do not seem to go south beyond the limits of the breeding
range. It is possible that in winter some of the birds in the northern
mainland part of the range of this race actually belong to the forms
nelscmi or rupestris, but there is no way to tell them apart in winter
plumage, other than size (which is only an average character).
Type locality. — Near Port Frederick, 2,700 feet, Chichagof Island,
Alaska.
Lag o I'm dixoni Grinnell ( J.) , Univ. California Publ. Zool., v, 1909, 207 (moun¬
tains near Port Frederick, Chichagof Island, s. Alaska, 2,700 feet alt.; coll.
Univ. California Mus. Vert. Zool.).
Lag opus rupestris dixoni American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xxvi, No. 3,
1909, 296 (Check-list No. 302f) ; Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 142; ed. 4, 1931, 84. —
Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., vii, 1911, 59 (Port Snettisham, s. Alaska;
cr it. ) . — Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 365 (Muir Inlet, Glacier
Bay, Alaska). — Bailey, Auk, xliv, 1927, 200 (near Juneau, se. Alaska; habits). —
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 223 (habits, etc.).
I.ago pus mutus dixoni Oberholser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 247. — Peters, Check-list Birds
of World, ii, 1934, 34 (islands and adjacent mainland of the Glacier Bay region,
Alaska, s. to Baranof Island). — Salomonsen, Moults and Sequence of Plumage
in the Rock Ptarmigan, 1939, 10 (spec.).
No first autumn males seen.
!"' Nine specimens from Juneau and near Sitka, Alaska.
31 Six specimens from Juneau, Sitka, and Kruzof Island, Alaska.
122
IIULLETIN 50, UNITED .STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
L[ar;opus] m\utus\ dixoni Salomonsen, Medd. Gr^nland, cxviii, No. 2, 1936, 4 in
text.
Lag opus mutus americcMus Hbu.mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
205, part (syn. ; distr.).
Lagopus rupeslris Shortt, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 17, 1939, 12 (Alaska;
Yakutat Bay region).
LAGOPUS MUTUS RUPESTK1S (Gmelin)
Rock Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — Like that of L. m. dixoni, but paler
and grayer, the brown markings hair brown to dull grayish olive-brown.
Adult female, summer plumage. — Similar to that of L. m. dixoni but
upperparts more grayish, the general appearance being more grayish
than brownish and with the black blotches much larger. In worn plumage
some of these birds are almost black above. Breast, sides, and upper
abdomen whitish or only very pale ochraceous-buff barred with heavy
black bars. Occasional specimens are found, especially in the far north¬
ern part of the range, that arc not to be distinguished from L. m. nelsoni,
having more of the brownish color, but most of these brown specimens
are first-year birds.
Adult male, autumn plumage. — Similar to the summer male but slightly
browner, the vermiculations averaging finer, giving an appearance of
greater uniformity to the upperparts and breast.
Adult female, autumn plumage. — More hair brown, less marked with
black than summer females ; many of the dorsal feathers only vermicu-
lated with blackish. Apparently this plumage is never (?) fully present,
as by the time many of the black summer feathers have been replaced
by the vermiculated hair brown ones, the white feathers of the winter
plumage begin to appear as well.
Adult male, winter plumage. — Entirely white except for the blackish
loreal stripe extending through and behind the eye, and the rectrices,
which are dark clove brown; feathering of tarsi and toes longer and
denser than in summer plumage.
Adult female, winter plumage. — Similar to the winter male but without
the black loreal stripe.
Female, first autumn plumage. — Browner and more narrowly barred
with blackish above and on the breast than the adult female in autumn;
outer primaries more pointed and often with one or more of the juvenal
remiges retained.
Juvenal (unsexed). — Differs from the female in first autumn plumage
in having the upperparts with bright ochraceous edges and bars on the
otherwise blackish feathers; breast, sides, and flanks ochraceous-buff,
brightest on the breast, barred with fuscous; remiges dark hair brown
to grayish clove brown externally mottled with pale huffy.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
123
Dozvny young (unsexed). — Similar to that of L. m. atkhensis but back
and rump generally russet with the black bifurcated spinal stripe wanting
or reduced to dark brownish, disconnected markings, and the yellowish
areas slightly darker and more ochraceous.
Adult male. — Wing 183-200 (191.5); tail 102-115 (109.5) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 8.7-10 (9.4; width of bill at gape 10.8-11.9
(11.3) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7. 1-7.9 (7.6 mm.).32
Adult female.— Wing 175-198 (182.9) ; tail 90-115 (100.4) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 6-10.4 (8.4) ; width of bill at gape 10.5-12.8
(11.5) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 6. 3-9. 6 (7.3 mm.).33
Range.- — Breeds in northern North America from east-central Alaska
and central Northwest Territories (where it intergrades with L. m.
nelsoni) eastward, including Melville, Victoria, Ellesmere and Baffin
Islands, to Labrador and northwestern Greenland, north of latitude 66°,
south to the mountains of Vancouver and of central northern British
Columbia (Ingenika, Chapa-atan, and Sheslay Rivers, where it inter¬
grades with L. m. dixoni), Great Slave Lake, Great Whale River, and
the Straits of Belle Isle.
Winters throughout but probably mostly in the southern part of its
breeding range and possibly (rarely) farther south.
Type locality. — Hudson Bay.
Tetrao lagopus (not of Linnaeus) Fabricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 17S0, 114. —
Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xii, 1818, 530 (Flare Island) ; Suppl. Parry’s
First Voy., 1824, 197 (s. of Barrow Straits).
Lagopus mutus (not Tetrao mutus Montin) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xi, pt. 2,
1819, 287, part (Greenland).— Kneeland, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1857,
237 (Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior).
[Tetrao] rupestris Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 751 (Hudson Bay; based on
Rock Grouse, Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 312).- — Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 640.
Tetrao rupestris Sabine, Suppl. Parry’s First Voyage, 1824, 195. — Richardson,
App. Parry’s Second Voy., 1824, 348. — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and
Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 610; ed. 2, 1840, 818. — Audubon, Orn. Biogr., iv, 1838,
483, pi. 368. — Vigors, Zool. Voyage Blossom, 1839, 26.
Tetrao (Lagopus) rupestris Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., ii, 1831
(1832), 354.
Lagopus rupestris Leach, Zool. Misc., ii, 1817, 290. — Stephens, in Shaw, Gen.
Zool., xi, pt. 2, 1819, 290 (Hudson Bay).— Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), pi. 64. — Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838,
44. — Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 208; Birds Amer., 8vo. ed., v, 1842, 122, pi. 301. —
Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Survey, ix, 1858, 635 ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859,
No. 468. — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, 229 (coast Labra¬
dor) ; Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 387 ; ed. 2, 1882, No. 569. —
Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 127 (Mackenzie River). — Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae,
1865, pi. 23 and text. — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 92. —
Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, 111, 117 (Melville Island; w. coast
83 Fourteen specimens from Ungava, Ellesmereland, and Northwest Territories.
124
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Greenland). — Dresser, Birds Europe, vii, pt. 28, 1874, 175, pis. 477 (fig. 2), 480,
481. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, pi. 62,
figs. 4, 5 (Labrador). — Feilden, Ibis, 1877, 405 (Feilden Peninsula; Smith
Sound; n. to lat. 83°6' Greenland) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, 29-31 (Dob¬
bin Bay; North Polar Basin to lat. 82°46'N. — Stejneger, Zeitschr. Ges. Orn.,
i, 1884, 90 (crit.). — Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 245 (Ungava). —
Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 221 (Anticosti Island). — American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, 1886; No. 302, part ed. 2, 1895, No. 302, part. — Stearns,
Bird Life in Labrador, n.d. ca. 1890, 50 (Labrador). — Clarke, Auk, vii, 1890,
321 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin). — Macfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv,
1891, 431 (Barren Grounds from Horton River to Franklin Bay; habits; descr.
nest and eggs). — Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, 38 (Clinton,
Lake La Hache, high Cascades, Field, Hector, and Ottertail, high Rocky Moun¬
tains, British Columbia, descending to 4,000 ft. in winter). — Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 48, part (Hudson Bay; Fort Resolution;
Lichtenfels, Musk Ox Bay, Hare Ravine, Ritenbank, and Discovery Bay, and
lat. 82°31', Greenland; Northumberland Sound, Port Bowen, Cockburn Island),
557, part (Feilden Peninsula, Grinnell Land, May.) — Bigelow, Auk, xix, 1902,
29 (coast ne. Labrador, n. of Hamilton Inlet). — Preble, North Amer. Fauna,
No. 22, 1902, 104 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin, in winter only) ; No. 27, 1908,
347, part (localities in Mackenzie). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905,
46, part (food, range, etc.). — Etfrig, Auk, xxii, 1905, 239. — Kermode, [Visitors’
Guide] Provincial Mus., 1909, 41 (Atlin, British Columbia, common). — Taver¬
ner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 169, part (fig.; descr.; habits; distr. ; w.
Canada; Canada’s Eastern Arctic, 1934, 119 in text (north Ellesmere Island
s. to mainland to east and west) ; Birds of Canada, 1934, 158 in text part (distr.;
characters), Can. Water Birds, 1939, 170 (Canada; genl.). — Brooks, Condor,
xxix, 1927, 113 (crit.). — Hantzsch, Can. Field Nat., xlii, 1928, 13, 14 (Baffin
Island). — Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxiii, 1934, 31 (Churchill,
Manitoba; winter visitor; irregularly common). — Dalgety, Ibis, 1936, 590
(Baffin Land to Greenland). — Clarke, Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 96, 1940, 48
(Thelon Game Sanctuary, northwestern Canada).
L[agopus] rupestris Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 587; ed. 5, 1903, ii,
745. — Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 200. — Reichenow, Die Vogel, i,
1913, 323.
[Lagopus\ rupestris Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 213b, figs.
1876-1878. — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 236.' — Sharpe, Hand-list, i,
1899, 18 (Arctic America; n. Asia west to Ural Mountains ?).
Attagen rupestris Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., Vog. 1851, xxix.
Lagopus rupestris rupestris Hantzsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 366 (ne. Labrador;
crit.). — Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., v, 1910, 383, 384, in text. — Amer¬
ican Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 113; ed. 3, 1910, 141 ; ed. 4,
1931, 83. — Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 364 (Camden Bay, Alaska,
to Mackenzie River delta; near Herschel Island; Humphrey Point; Demarcation
Point; East Cape, Siberia ?; habits). — Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., lxvi, No. 2,
1916, 27 (Cape Lisburne and near Nome, Alaska). — Gianini, Auk, xxxiv, 1917,
399 (mountains near Stepovak Bay, Alaska Peninsula).- — Dice, Condor, xxii,
1920, 180 (Tanana, head of North Fork of Kuskokwim River, Mount Sischu,
etc., Alaska). — Conover, Auk, xliii, 1926, 317 (habits; breeding; Hooper Bay,
Alaska). — Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 170, in text; Birds Canada,
1934, 159, in text). — DeMille, Auk, xliii, 1926, 516 (Bonaventure Island). —
Swartii, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx, No. 4, 1926, 94 (Atlin region,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
125
British Columbia; distr.; crit. ; habits; plum.).— Soper, Nat. Mus. Canada Bull.
S3, 1928, 104 (southern Baffin Island; breeding) .— Hantzsch, Can. Field Nat.,
xlii, 1928, 13, 14 (northeastern Labrador). — Sutton, Condor, xxxiii, 1931, 157
(Chesterfield, Hudson Bay) ; Mem. Carnegie Mus., xii, 1932, 94 (Southampton
Island; habits). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 202 (habits; distr.).—
Gross, Auk, liv, 1937, 22 (Button Islands, Labrador, Cape Chidley, and Eclipse
Harbor; common; breeding; food habits; meas.), 41 (parasites). — (?) Cum-
ming, Murrelet, xvi, 1935, 39 (Vancouver, British Columbia; spec.; food).
Lagopus r[upestris ] rupestris Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166 (data on breeding
biology) .
L[agopus] r[upestris ] rupestris Taverner, Canada’s Eastern Arctic, 1934, 119 in
text (interior of Northwest Territories and Ungava, north to south Baffin
Island) .
Tctrao ( Lagopus ) mutus (not Tetrao mutus Montin) Swainson and Richardson,
Fauna Bor.-Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 350. — Ross, Arct. Exp., 1835, 28.
Tetrao mutus Audubon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 196, pi. 418, fig. 1.
Lagopus mutus, var. rupestris Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 462.
Lagopus mutus rupestris Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 228, part (Barren
Grounds; Fort Yukon, Gens de Large Mountains, and Arctic coast east of Port
Anderson). — Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, iii, No. 1, 1921, 1871 (monogr.). —
Oberholser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 247. — Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7,
1932, 77 (distr.; habits; Newfoundland, Labrador) —Groebbels, Der Vogel, i,
1932, 619 (body weight). — Peters, Check -list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 34 (nw.
North Amer. [except area occupied by kelloggae], including Melville, Victoria,
Ellesmere and Baffin Islands, south to mountains of British Columbia, Great
Slave Lake, Great Whale River, and Belle Isle Straits ; nw. Greenland north of
66°N.). — Salomonsen, Medd. GrjzSnland, cxviii, No. 2, 1936, 32 (syn. ; meas.;
descr. ; distr.) ; Moults and Sequence of Plumage in Rock Ptarmigan, 1939, 11
(spec.). — Steinbacher, Erganzungsband to Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, 1938,
516 (British Columbia and Yukon to Baffin Island and Labrador, west and south
Greenland).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 206
(syn.; distr.).
L[agopus ] m[iUus] rupestris Salomonsen, Medd. Gr^nland, cxviii, No. 2, 1936, 4,
in text, 16, 17 in tables (wing lengths), 22 in text (Canadian islands and the
mainland from British Columbia to Hudson Bay and Labrador) .
Lagopus rupestris reinhardtii Hantzsch, Journ. fur Orn., 1908, 367, in text (Green¬
land; crit.).
Lagopus rupestris, var. occidentalis Sundevall, Ofv. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., No.
3, 1874, 20 (Groenlandia et America maxime boreali).
Lagopus mutus reinhardti Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 229 (w. Green¬
land; Niantalik, Cumberland Gulf). — Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vii.
1882, 258. — Oberholser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 247.
Lagopus groenlandicus Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 287 ; Vogelf, 1855, 264, footnote
(w. Greenland).
[Lagopus] (rupestris) kelloggae Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 34,
footnote (Anticosti Island). — Gross, Auk, liv, 1937, 22 in text (Button Islands,
Labrador) .
Lagopus alpinus (not Tetrao alpinus Nilsson) Finsch, Zweite Deutsche Nord-
Polfahrt, ii, 1874, 195, part (synonymy, part).
Lagopus Reinhardi macruros Schiller, Dansk. Orn. Tidskr., xix, 1925, 114 (nw.
coast of Greenland, ex label on 2 skins in Brehm Coll.).
126
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Tetrao ruesptris (typog. error or lapsus) Ross, in Parry’s Journ. Third Voy„ 1826,
Appendix, 99.
Lagopus dispar Ross, Voy. Discovery, ed. 2, ii, 1819, 168 (Disko, Greenland).
Lag opus americanus Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 207 (Melville Island; Churchill
River, Keewatin) ; Birds Amer., 8vo. ed., v, 1842, 119, pi. 300 (Churchill
River).— Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv, ix, 1858, 637 (Baffin’s Bay); Cat.
North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 470.
Lagopus mutus americanus Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 205 (syn. ; distr.) part.
Lagopus rupestris, var. occidentalis Sundevall, Ofv. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh.
1874, No. 3, 19, part.
Lagopus rupestris reinhardi American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed 2
1895, No. 302a; ed. 3, 1910, 141.
Tetrao reinhardti Walker, Ibis, 1860, 166 (Godhavn, Greenland).
Tetrao reinhardtii Reinhardt, Journ. fur Orn., 1854, 440, part (Greenland).
Lagopus reinhardti Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 287 (Greenland).— Reinhardt, Ibis
1861, 9 (Greenland; crit.).
[Lagopus] reinhardti Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 18 (Greenland; “Labrador”).
Lagopus rupestris reinhardti American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886,
No. 302a. Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 78. — Schalow,
Journ. fur Orn., 1895, 471 (Ikerasak, nw. Greenland; crit.; descr. eggs). —
Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xii, 1899, 241 (Disko Island, Nuwatak,
and Bowdoin Range, Greenland).— Gibson, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 361 (Inglefield
Gulf, near Cape Cleveland, and Five Glacier Valley, n. Greenland, April).
L[agopus] rupestris reinhardti Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 200.
L[agopus] r[upestris ] reinhardti Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, ii, 1903,
747 (Ungava).
LAGOPUS MUTUS WELCIII Brewster
Welch’s Ptarmigan
Adult male , summer plumage. — Very similar to that of L. m. rupestris
but averaging less brownish, the brownish areas of the latter being largely
grayish in the present subspecies. Above dark brownish gray, vermicu-
lated and coarsely spotted with black, many of the feathers tipped with
white; breast and sides similar but without the black central blotches
to the feathers ; head and neck more coarsely barred with black, grayish
white, and pale grayish buff, the lores almost entirely blackish ; throat,
remiges, except the innermost secondaries, abdomen, and thighs white;
under tail coverts dusky grayish tipped with white.
Adult jemale, summer plumage. — Similar to that of L. m. rupestris
but with still less brownish, being largely .black and grayish white above,
slightly suffused with buffy below.
Adult male, autumn plumage— Slightly more brownish and less
blotched with black than the summer male.
Adult jemale, autumn plumage. — Like the adult female in summer but
slightly buffier, the pale bars above finer; below more strongly tinged
with buffy.
Adult male, winter plumage. — Like that of L. m. rupestris.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
127
Adult female, winter plumage. — Like that of L. m. rupestris.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 173—196 (186.3) ; tail 97-125 (115.8) ; bill from
anterior end of nostril to tip 9.6-10.4 (9.9) ; width of bill at gape 10.6-11.4
(11.1) ; height of bill at angle of gonys 7.9-7. 9 (7.9 mm.).34
Adult female— Wing 174—182; tail 96-98; bill from anterior end of
nostril to tip 8-8.9; width of bill at gape 10.4-11.5 ; height of bill at angle
of gonys 7. 8-7.9 mm.35
Range. — Resident in the highest diorite and syenite rock barrens of
the alpine summits of Newfoundland.
Type locality. — Newfoundland.
Lagopus welchi Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 194 (Newfoundland; coll. W. Brewster). —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, No. 303, 1886, ed. 2, 1895, No.
303; ed. 3, 1910, 142. — Palmer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 261 (Cloud
Hills, Canada Bay, Newfoundland). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds,
i, 1892, 82. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 209 (Newfoundland). — Macoun
and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 228 (Newfoundland). — Griscom,
Ibis, 1926, 672 (Newfoundland). — Henninger, Wils. Bull., xxii, 1910, 119
(descr. eggs). — Arnold, Auk, xxix, 1912, 76. — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
lxx, No. 4, 1930, 155 (type in Mus. Comp. Zook).
L[agopus] welchi Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 201. — Coues, Key North
Amer. Birds, ed. 5, 1903, ii, 748.
[Lagopus] welchi Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 19.
Lagopus rupestris welchi Elliot, Gallin. Game Birds North Amer., 1897, 157,
207. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 83. — Taverner,
Birds Canada, 1934, 159 in text. — Brooks, Auk, liii, 1936, 343 (Avalon Penin¬
sula, Newfoundland). — Aldrich and Nutt, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat.
Hist., iv, 1939, 19 (e. Newfoundland).
L[agopus ] r[upestris] welchi Hantzsch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 367, in text; Can.
Field Nat., xlii, 1928, 14 (Newfoundland).
Lagopus mutus welchi Oberholser, Auk, xxxix, 1922, No. 2, 247.- — Peters, Check¬
list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 34 (Alpine summits of Newfoundland). — Salo-
monsen. Moults and Sequence of Plumages in Rock Ptarmigan, 1939, 10 (spec.).
Lagopus rupestris (not Tetrao rupestris Gmelin) [Sclater], Ibis, 1889, 261 (New¬
foundland). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 48, 247, part
(Newfoundland) .
Lagopus rupestris rupestris Taverner, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1928
(1929), 37, 38, part (Newfoundland).
Lagopus mutus rupestris Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1.
1942, 206, part (Newfoundland; syn.).
LAGOPUS LEUCURUS LEUCURUS (Swninson)
White-tailed Ptarmigan
Adult male, summer plumage. — Forehead, crown, nape, occiput, inter¬
scapulars, inner upper wing coverts and scapulars, back, rump, upper
64 Four specimens.
30 Two specimens.
128
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
tail coverts, and central pair of rectrices black to dark fuscous-black
coarsely vermiculated, barred, and irregularly mottled with cream buff,
dull grayish buff and whitish (the white largely restricted to the narrow
tips of the feathers), the buffy tones richest and darkest on the lower
back, rump, and upper tail coverts; remiges and all but the inner upper
wing coverts white; all but the median pair of rectrices white; entire
underparts whiter than the dorsum; the feathers of the throat and sides
of head, the breast, upper abdomen, sides, flanks, and under tail coverts
pale cream buff to cream buff heavily barred with dark fuscous-black and
tipped with white ; center of abdomen, thighs, and a varying amount of
the flanks unbarred white ; under wing coverts white ; feathers of tarsi
and toes white more or less tinged with pale buffy; iris dark brown; bill
black ; supraorbital “comb” vermilion ; toes and claws brownish gray.
Adult female, summer plumage. — Similar to that of the male but with,
on the average, a richer, more ochraceous-buffy tone in the buffy areas.
Adult male, autumn plumage. — Remiges, all but the innermost upper
wing coverts, the under wing coverts, all but the median pair of rectrices,
abdomen (except for narrow sides and to some extent flanks) and under
tail coverts pure white ; head, nape, interscapulars, scapulars, and inner¬
most upper wing coverts, back, rump, and upper tail coverts with a
ground color of pale tawny to fulvous-buff (in one very dark specimen,
Dresden brown) mixed with grayish, finely vermiculated and freckled
with fuscous-black, these dark markings heavier and forming more
regular bars on the head and nape, and becoming smaller and scarcer
(i.e., leaving more of the tawny fulvous-buff exposed) on the scapulars,
rump, and upper tail coverts ; sides of head, chin, and throat white nar¬
rowly barred with dull sepia to clove brown ; breast similar but with the
brown areas broader ; sides and upper flanks tawny-buff coarsely mottled
and speckled with dull sepia ; feathers of tarsi and toes white more or
less tinged with buffy.
Adult female, autumn or tutelar plumage.- — Similar to that of the male,
but upperparts and throat and breast much more ochraceous — the gen¬
eral appearance being isabelline to cinnamon-buff only sparingly mixed
with gray, and with the blackish vermiculations somewhat heavier and
more widely spaced than in the males ; some of the remiges occasionally
with dusky shafts.
Adult male, winter plumage. — Entirely white, the feathering of the
tarsi and toes much longer and denser than in the summer or autumn
plumages ; supraorbital “comb” reduced or absent.
Adult female, winter plumage. — Similar to the male.
First autumn plumage (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult female in
autumn plumage, but slightly less isabelline, more grayish ; the tail and
wings very different; in the tail the median two pairs being isabelline
narrowly barred with dark clove brown, the next pair with the inner
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
129
web the same, but the outer web largely white, and the remaining pairs
white narrowly and rather faintly edged with brownish mottlings ; in the
wing only the two outer primaries are white, the remainder dark hair
brown, the secondaries edged with dusky isabelline vermiculations.
Juvenal plumage ( sexes alike). — Similar to the first autumn plumage
but with the top of the head mottled and barred with buff, white, and
black, and a number of feathers on the back and rump having large blackish
and whitish blotches ; chin and upper throat unspotted white ; iris dark
horn; bill black; toes brownish gray, soles greenish; claws gray, tips
pale brownish.
Downy young. — Center of crown and occiput cinnamon-brown bordered
with black, forehead and lores white with black spots; sides of head
white with a black line through the eye and a somewhat broken blackish
malar stripe ; center of hind neck, posteriorly widening to include the
interscapular region, sepia; broad middle of back and rump to tail pale
cinnamon brown barred and laterally margined with blackish brown;
scapulars and wings cinnamon-buff barred and mottled with dark sepia;
rest of upperparts dirty pale buffy white to grayish white ; underparts
pale grayish white, washed with buffy on the breast and faintly so on
the abdomen; sides and flanks mottled with sepia and cinnamon-brown.
Adult mule.— Wing 164-188 (174.2) ; tail 8^104 (96) ; exposed oil¬
men 10.4-14.1 (12.4) ; tarsus 30.5-33.4 (31.6) ; middle toe without claw
23.8-25.4 (24.6 mm.).36
Adult female. — Wing 155—179 (168) ; tail 84-92 (88.4) ; exposed oil¬
men 10.7-14.4 (12.3) ; tarsus 29.8-32.6 (31.5) ; middle toe without claw
23.6-26.3 (24.9 mm.).37
Range. — Resident above timber line (Alpine-Arctic Zone) of the
Rocky Mountain area from northwestern Mackenzie and adjacent Yukon
(head of Coal Creek, Ogilvie Mountains, La Pierre House; Nahanni
Mountains), all of mainland British Columbia and central Alberta south
to the northern border of the United States (nw. Washington Skagit,
Puget Sound). In British Columbia it has not been recorded from the
coast ranges nearest the coast, but is known from the Cascades ; absent
in the Queen Charlotte Islands; replaced by an allied race in Vancouver
Island. In northern British Columbia it probably descends into the
lowlands occasionally in winter.38
Type locality. — Rocky Mountains, latitude 54° N.
Tetrao ( Lag opus ) leucurus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Ror.-
Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 356, pi. 63 (Rocky Mountains, lat. 54° N.).— Nuttai.t.,
Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 612; ed. 2, 1840,
820, part (“lofty ridges of the Rocky Mountains”).
30 Twelve specimens from Alberta and British Columbia.
31 Twenty-four specimens from Alberta and British Columbia.
38 According to Brooks and Swarth.
130
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Tetrao leucurus Audubon, Orn. Biogr., v, 1839, 200, pi. 418, fig. 2.
Lagopus leucurus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., ii,
183 B (1832), pi. 63, part.— Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 44 part.—
Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 208, part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 125, part,
pi. 302.— Baird, Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 469, part; ? in Cooper, Orn!
California, Land Birds, 1870, 542, part (British Columbia). — Blakiston, Ibis,
1863, 128, part (Rocky Mountains north to Arctic Circle) .—Elliot, Monogr!
Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 25 and text, part. — Coues, Check List North Amer.
Birds, 1874, No. 388, part; ed. 2, 1882, No. 570, part; Birds Northwest, 1874,
425, part (Rocky Mountains from Arctic Ocean; British Columbia?).— Baird!
Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 464, part, pi. 62,’
fig. 6.— American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, 1886, No.’ 304, rev. ed.!
1889, No. 304, part (Liard River; British Columbia); ed. 2, 1895, No. 304.—
Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 83, part.— Rhoads, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, 38, part (Kicking Horse Pass, Hector, and near
Clinton, British Columbia).— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893,
52, part (British Columbia; Fort Halkett) .— Macoun, Cat. Birds, pt. 1, 1900, 209!
part (Mackenzie River to La Pierre House ; summits of most mountains in main¬
land of British Columbia).— Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902,
129, part (descr. ; distr.) .— Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905, 47, 48!
part (geogr. range, food, etc) —Preble, North Amer. Fauna, No. 27, 1908,
348 (Liard River; Fort Simpson; Fort Halkett; La Pierre House; etc.).—
Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 228, part.— Rac’ey, Auk,
xliii, 1926, 321 (between Red Mountain and Mount Whistler, British Colum-
hia) . J averner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 1/0 (fig.; descr.; habits; distr ■
w. Canada); Birds Canada, 1934, 159 in text (distr.; char.); Water Birds!
1939, 170, part.— Laing and Taverner, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada for 1927
(1929), 76 (Chitina River region, Alaska) .— Stenhouse, Scottish Nat., 1930,
81 (type spec.; Roy. Scottish Mus.).
L[agopus ] leucurus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 588, part.— Ridg¬
way, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 202, part. — Reichenow, Die Vogel i
1913,323. ’ ’
[Lagopus] leucurus Reichenbach, Synop. Aves, iii, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 213b,
fig. 1879. Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 236, part. — Sharpe, Hand¬
list, i, 1899, 19, part.
Lagopus leucura Stejneger, Zeitschr. ges. Orn., i, 1884, 92, part.
Lagopus leucurus leucurus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list ed. 3
1910, 142, part; ed. 4, 1931, 85, part.— Riley, Can. Alpine Journ., 1912, 59
(Henry House, at Moose Pass branch of Smoky River, Alberta; habits;
crit.).— Wheeler, Auk, xxix, 1912, 202 (w. of Conghia Ti, n. of Great Slave
Lake, Mackenzie, June 4).— Brooks, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 37 (Chilliwack, British
Columbia, on higher Eastern Cascade range). — Swarth, Univ. California Publ.
Zool., xxiv, 1922, 208 (mountains above Doch-da-on Creek, Stikine River, s.
Alaska; food; etc.) ; Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx, 1926, 103 (Atlin region,
British Columbia, plum.) .—Taverner, Birds, Western Canada, 1926, 171, in text
(distr. in w. Canada) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 160, in text part.— Bent, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull., 162, 1932, 232 (habits; distr.).— Peters, Check-list Birds of
World, ii, 1934, 35, part (range, except Vancouver Island) .— Cowan, Condor,
xli, 1939, 82 in text (crit.).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer. i’
No. 1, 1942, 209 (syn. ; distr.).
Lagopus l[eucurus ] leucurus Groebbels, Der Vogel, i, 1932, 184 (alt. distr.) ; 739
in text (limiting distr. factors).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
131
Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Osgood, North Amer. Fauna, No. 30, 1909, 60
Ogilvie Range, Yukon; crit. ; voice).
LAGOPUS LEUCURUS PENINSULARIS Chapman
Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan
Adults in summer plumage— Similar to the corresponding plumage of
the nominate form but with the blackish areas more extensive, the buff
areas paler — whitish to pale pinkish buff, only the broader marks slightly
darker — pinkish buff.
Adults in autumn plumage. — Similar to the corresponding plumage of
the nominate form but with the general tone of the plumage usually
grayer, the buff being definitely less noticeable than the gray (exceptions
do occur, however).
Adults in winter plumage.- — Like that of the nominate form.
First autumn plumage. — Similar to that of the nominate race but
averaging grayer.
Juvenal plumage.- — Like that of the typical race,
Dozvny young. — Like that of the typical race.
Adult male. — Wing 168-180 (174) ; tail 92-103 (95) ; exposed oilmen
12-14.5 (13.4) ; tarsus 32.4-34 (33.3) ; middle toe without claw
24.4—27 (25.6 mm.). 39
Adult female. — Wing 164—171 (167.8) ; tail 85-93 (90) ; exposed oil¬
men 13.4—13.9 (13.7); tarsus 32.5-33.6 (33); middle toe without claw
24.1-27.3 (25.2 mm.).40
Range. — Resident in the alpine summits from south-central Alaska
(Mount McKinley) south to the Kenai Peninsula (Bear Creek, Lake
Clark, Cook Inlet, White Pass, Glacier Bay, Seward, Kenai Mountains).
Type locality. — Kenai Mountains, Alaska.
(?) Lagopus leucurus Hartlaub, Journ. fur Orn., 1883, 277 (Alaska; crit.).
Lagopus leucurus ( Tetrao leucurus Swainson) Bishop, North Amer. Fauna, No.
19, 1900, 72 (summits of cliffs above Glacier, Alaska; breeding). — Osgood,
North Amer. Fauna, No. 21, 1901, 75 (head of Bear Creek, Cook Inlet, breed¬
ing) ; No. 24, 1904, 67 mountains on nw. side Lake Clark, Alaska Peninsula). —
Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 129, part.
L[agopus] leucurus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, 1903, ii, 749, part
(Alaska).
Lagopus leucurus leucurus Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 366 (Muir
Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska). — Bailey, Auk, xliv, 1927, 201 (valley of Granite
Creek Basin, se. Alaska).
Lagopus leucurus peninsularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1902,
236 (Kenai Mountains, Alaska; coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); Ibis, 1903, 267,
in text (crit.). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xxv, 1908, 346; Check¬
list, ed. 3, 1910, 143; ed. 4, 1931, 84. — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds ed. 2,
30 Five specimens from Kenai area, Alaska.
40 Six specimens from the Kenai area, Alaska.
132
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
1909, 229 (Kenai Mountains, Bear Creek, Cook Inlet, Alaska). — Riley, Can.
Alpine Journ., 1912, 60, in text (crit.) . — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932,
234 (habits, etc.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 35.- — Hell-
mayer and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 209 (syn. ; distr.).
LAGOPUS LEUCURUS SAXATILIS Cowan
Vancouver Ptarmigan
Adults in summer plumage. — Said to be like those of the typical race
but larger, with longer tail and larger, more decurved bill; head and
neck black and white without or almost without, buffy wash, shafts of
primaries black. 41
Adult male in autumn plumage. — Like that of the nominate race but
larger, with longer .bill and tail, buffy areas of back and flanks less
grayish, more brownish, and with little or no buffy on head and neck.
Adult female in autumn plumage. — Like that of the nominate race
but with the ground color of the upperparts and sides of the breast more
brownish, less grayish.
Juvenal. — Differs from that of the typical race in having the head
and neck barred black and white, and in the longer more decurved bills.
Downy young. — Apparently not known.
Adult male.- — Wing 178-187 (181); tail 100-106 (104); exposed
culmen 16-18 (17.4); nostril to tip 10.5-11 (10.9); depth of bill
8-9 (8.7 mm.).42
Adidt female. — Wing 172, exposed culmen 18, nostril to tip 11.2 ; depth
of bill 7.6 mm.43
Range. — Resident in the alpine peaks of Vancouver Island (Mount
Arrowsmith, Crown Mountain, Upper Campbell Lake, Cowichan Lake,
mountains south of Alberni; mountains north of Great Central Lake.
Type locality. — Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, 6,000 feet.
Lagopus leucurus Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 209, part (breeding, Mount
Arrowsmith, Vancouver). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909,
228, part (breeding, 6,000 feet, Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver).
Lagopus leucurus leucurus Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., x, 1912, 23
(Vancouver Island: all the higher peaks) .—Brooks and Swarth, Pacific
Coast Avif., No. 17, 1925, 52 part (Vancouver Island, Mount Arrowsmith;
mountains south of Alberni, and mountains north of Great Central Lake). —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 85, part. — Bent,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 232 (habits; distr.; Mount Arrowsmith). —
Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 160, in text, part.— Peters, Check-list Birds of
World, ii, 1934, 35, part.
Lagopus leucurus saxatilis Cowan, Condor, xli, 1939, 82 (Mount Arrowsmith,
Vancouver; descr. ; distr.; crit.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 210 (syn.; distr.).
u All descriptions ex Cowan, Condor, xli, 1939, 82.
4S Five specimens, all measurements ex Cowan.
13 One specimen, ex Cowan.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
133
LAGOPUS LEUCURUS RAINIERENSIS Taylor
Mount Rainier Ptarmigan
Adults in summer plumage. — Very similar to the corresponding plu¬
mage of Lagopus leucurus peninsularis, but with the dark areas deep black
without a slight brownish tinge found in the Kenai form.
Other adult plumages identical with the Kenai subspecies, but with
longer wings on the average; the young plumages not distinguishable
from those of Lagopus leucurus peninsularis.
Adult 'male. — Wing 177-187 (180.3); tail 85-106 (98.2); exposed
culmen 13.1-14.9 (14.1); tarsus 33.8-35.0 (34.3); middle toe without
claw 26.8-28.5 (27.7 mm.).44
Adult female. — Wing 171-183 (174.6); tail 87-92 (87.5); exposed
culmen 12.2-14.2 (13.4); tarsus 34.4—34.7 (34.6); middle toe without
claw 27.2-28.3 (26.3 mm.).45
Range. — Resident on the alpine summits of Washington from Barron
(6,000 feet, near Windy Pass, Whatcom County) to Mount Rainier south
to Mount St. Helens.46
Type locality. — Pinnacle Peak, 6,200 feet, Mount Rainier, Wash.
Tetrao ( Lagopus ) leucurus (not of Swainson) Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States
and Canada, Land Birds, ed. 2, 1840, 820, part (“snowy peaks of the Columbia
River”).
Lagopus leucurus Baird, in Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870, 542, part
(“highest peaks of Washington Territory”). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 464, part (Cascade Mountains, Washington
and Oregon).- — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 570. —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, No. 304, 1886; ed. 2, 1895, No.
304, part (mountains of Washington and Oregon). — Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, 38, part (Mount Tacoma, Wash.). — Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds British Mus., xxii, 1893, 52, part (Oregon, Washington). — Dawson,
Wils. Bull., iii, 1896, 3 (Okanogan County, Wash., 9,000 feet) ; Auk, xiv,
1897, 173 (same). — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 1-29,
part. — Woodcock, Oregon Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 68, 1902, 27 (Oregon range). —
Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905, 47, 48, part (range, food, etc.). —
Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909, 590 (descr., habits, etc.,
Washington) .
L[agopus ] leucurus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 588, part. — -
Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 202, part (high mountains of Oregon
and Washington).
[Lagopus] leucurus Sharpe, Pland-list, i, 1899, 19, part.
Lagopus leucurus leucurus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3,
1910, 142, part (Washington; nw. Montana ?). — Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds
Oregon, 1940, 602 (no definite Oregon records).
44 Six specimens from Washington.
45 Five specimens from Washington.
411 In Whatcom and Skagit Counties, northwestern Washington, this form and the
nominate race meet, and the individual specimens may resemble either race.
003008“— 4 G-
10
134
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Lagopus leucurus rainierensis Taylor, Condor, xxii, 1920, 146 (Pinnacle Peak,
Mount Rainier, Wash., at 6,200 feet; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Oberholser,
Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 266. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4,
1931, 85.— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 240 (habits).— Peters, Check¬
list Birds World, ii, 1934, 35. — Cowan, Condor, xli, 1939, 82, 83 in text (crit.). —
Kitchin, Murrelet, xx, 1939, 30 (Mount Rainier National Park; resident;
spec.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 209 (syn. ;
distr.).
LAGOPUS LEUCURUS ALTIPETENS Osgood
Southern White-tailed Ptarmigan
Adults in summer plumage.- — Like the corresponding plumage of
Lagopus leucurus leucurus, but with longer wings and tail.
Adults in autumn plumage. — Similar to the corresponding plumage of
the nominate race but with longer wings and the general color above
paler, in some specimens more brownish buff — tawny-olive to sayal brown
and in others with very little buff and that little pale and ashy.
Adults in winter plumage. — Distinguished from those of the nominate
race only by the longer wings of the present subspecies.
First autumn plumage. — Like that of the typical race but averaging
more tawny-buff.
Juvenal. — Similar to that of the typical race.
Downy young. — Similar to that of the typical race.
Adult male.— Wing 178-194 (187.5); tail 98-109 (104); exposed
oilmen 11.7-14.9 (13.8); tarsus 30.2-3 3.7 (31.8); middle toe without
claw 23.3-26.3 (25.1 mm.).47
Adult female. — Wing 173-192 (181.6) ; tail 93-98 (95.6) ; exposed
oilmen 12.5-14.3 (13.6); tarsus 31.3-33.4 (32.1); middle toe without
claw 24.1-26.1 (25.1 mm.).48
Range. — Resident in the alpine summits of the Rocky Mountains from
Montana (Lewis and Clark, Teton, and Carbon Counties) through
Wyoming and Colorado to northern New Mexico (Sangre de Cristo
Mountains, Taos Mountains, Truchas Peaks, Culebra Mountains, Wheeler
Peak, Costilla Peaks).
Type locality. — Mount Blaine, Colo.
Telrao ( Lagopus ) leucurus Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land
Birds, 1832, 612, part; ed. 2, 1840, 820, part (“lofty ridge of the Rocky Moun¬
tains,” part).
Lagopus leucurus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. -Amer., ii,
1831 (1832), pi. 63, part. — Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 44, part.—
Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 208, part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 125, part. —
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 636 (west side of Rocky Moun¬
tains, near Cochetopa Pass, lat. 39°) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 469,
47 Eleven specimens from Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.
48 Five specimens from Wyoming and Colorado.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
135
part. — Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 128, part (Rocky Mountains south to lat. 39°). —
Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 25 and text, part. — Coues, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, 94 (Cantonment Burgwyn, N. Mex.) ; Check
List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 388, part; ed. 2, 1882, No. 570, part;
Birds Northwest, 1874, 425, part (Rocky Mountains south to lat. 37°) ; U. S.
Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr. Bull. 5, ser. 2, 1879, 263-266 (breeding habits ;
descr. nest and eggs ; Colorado) . — Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 186
(Colorado; alpine summits). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 464, part, pi. 62, fig. 6.- — Drew, Auk, i, 1884, 392 (shedding
of claws; plumage note). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, 1886,
No. 304, part ; ed. 2, 1889, No. 304, part (New Mexico, etc.). — Bendire, Life Hist.
North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 83, part. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds British Mus.,
xxii, 1893, 52, part (New Mexico, Colorado; spec.). — Cooice, Colorado State
Agr. Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, 70 (Colorado) ; ibid., Bull. 56, app., 1900, 202 (breeds at
Breckenridge, Colo.). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905, 47, 48, part (geogr.
range; food; etc.). — Henderson, Univ. Colorado Stud. Zook, vi, 1909, 228
(Boulder, Colo., above 8,500 feet). — Sclater, Hist. Birds Colorado, 1912, 145
(Colorado; resident).
L[agopus] leucurus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 588, part; ed. 5,
1903, ii, 749, part. — Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 202, part.
[Lagopus] leucurus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 236, part. — Sharpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 19, part.
Lagopus leucura Stejneger, Zeitschr. ges. Orn., i, 1884, 92, part.
Lagopus leucurus leucurus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3,
1910, 142, part. — Grave and Walker, Birds Wyoming, 1913, 39 (Wyoming;
alpine areas). — Betts, Univ. Colorado Stud. Zool., x, 1913, 192 (Boulder
County, Colo., above 9,000 feet). — Saunders, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 14,
1921, 58 (Montana; Bitterroot Mountains; St. Marys Lake; Glacier National
Park; Teton, Lewis and Clark, and Carbon Counties). — Jensen, Auk, xl,
1923, 454 (Sangre de Cristo Mountains, N. Mex.).
Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood, Auk, xviii, 1901, 189 (“Mount Blaine,” i.e.,
Summit Peak, s. Colorado; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Bailey, Auk, xxi, 1904,
351 (upper Pecos River, N. Mex., 9,300-13,300 feet) ; xxii, 1905, 316 (Taos
Mountains, New Mexico, above timberline). — Henshaw, Auk, xxii, 1905, 315,
in text (correction of type locality). — Warren, Condor, x, 1908, 20 (Boreas
Pass, Colo.). — American Ornithologists' Union, Auk, xl, 1923, 517 (Check¬
list No. 304b) ; Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 85. — Taverner, Birds Western Canada,
1926, 171, in text (distr.) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 160, in text. — Bailey,
Birds New Mexico, 1928, 202 (genl. ; New Mexico). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 162, 1932, 234 (habits; distr.; etc.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 35. — McCreary and Mickey, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 129 in text (se.
Wyoming; resident). — Ulke, Can. Alpine Journ., 1934-35 (1936), 79 (Yoho
Park, Canada; summer; common). — Alexander, Univ. Colorado Stud., xxiv,
1937, 91 (Boulder County, Colo., moderately common, above timberline in sum¬
mer, down to 9,000 feet in winter; spec.). — Niedrach and Rockwell, Birds
Denver and Mountain Parks, 1939, 61 (not common resident; habits; Colorado).
— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 210, (syn; distr.). —
Behle, Condor, xlvi, 1944, 72 (Utah).
[Lagopus] leucurus altipetens Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 238 in text (care of
eggs).
L[agopus] l[cucurus] altipetens Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902,
129 (Colorado).
136
BULLETIN GO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Genus CANACHITES Stejneger
Canace (not of Curtis, 1838) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. Vbg., 1853, xxix.
( Type, by monotypy, Tctrao canace Linnaeus, which here = T. canadensis
Linnaeus.)
Canachiles Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 410. (Type, by original
designation, Telrao canadensis Linnaeus.)
Tympanuchus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 320, part.
Small wood grouse (length about 165-187 mm.) with a general re¬
semblance in form to Dendragapus but with only 16 (instead of usual 20)
rectriccs, and adult males without an inflatable air sac on sides of neck ;
coloration very different.
Bill relatively small, its length from frontal antiae about one-fourth
the length of head, its depth at same point about equal to its width;
culmen very indistinctly ridged; rhamphotheca smooth throughout; maxil¬
lary tomium distinctly but not strongly concave or arched. Wing moder¬
ate or rather small, with longest primaries projecting beyond tips of
longest secondaries between one-fourth and one-third the length of wing ,
third and fourth primaries longest (the fifth nearly as long), the first
(outermost) intermediate between seventh and eighth; inner webs of
three outer primaries slightly emarginate or sinuate. Tail about two-
thirds as long as wing, more or less rounded, the rectrices (16) broad,
with tips broadly rounded ( C . canadensis ) or nearly truncate (C.
franklin#). Tarsus less than one-fourth as long as wing, completely and
densely clothed with soft, hairlike feathers, except on heel, the basal
phalanx of middle toe also feathered along each side (except in sum¬
mer) ; middle toe very slightly shorter than tarsus ; lateral toes about
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
137
equal, extending to slightly beyond penultimate articulation of middle
toe ; hallux slightly shorter than second phalanx of middle toe ; upper
surface of toes with a continuous series of transverse scutella, margined
along each side by a row of rather small more or less quadrate scales ;
edges of toes distinctly fringed or pectinated in winter, but not in
summer.
Plumage and coloration. — Feathers of crown slightly elongated, form¬
ing a moderate crest when erected ; a nude superciliary space, larger and
brightly colored in adult males in summer ; no tufts nor air sac on side
of neck; plumage in general rather compact, with feathers distinctly out¬
lined, except on anal region, where soft, downy, and blended. Adult
males barred with black and grayish above, the tail plain blackish, some¬
times tipped with cinnamon-rufous; throat, cheek, breast, etc., black,
the former margined with white spotting, the feathers along sides, etc.,
and under tail coverts (sometimes upper tail coverts also) broadly tipped
with white. Adult females barred above with blackish and rusty or
huffy, beneath everywhere barred and spotted with blackish, huffy,
and white.
Range. — Northern coniferous forests of North America (Hudsonian
and Canadian Zones). (Two species.)
KEY TO THE FORMS (ADULTS) OF THE GENUS CANACHITES'1"
a. Throat and breast black (males).
b. Rectrices not broadly tipped with pale brownish ; upper tail coverts with
broad white tips (se. Alaska to c. Alberta and nw. Wyoming).
Canachites franklinii (p. 138)
bb. Rectrices broadly tipped with pale brownish ; upper tail coverts with no
white tips.
c. Grayish edges of feathers of lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts
usually lightly tinged with olivaceous (coast of s. Alaska).
Canachites canadensis atratus (p. 150)
cc. Grayish edges of feathers of lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts
clear grayish, not tinged with olivaceous (n. North America from c.
Alaska to Labrador) . Canachites canadensis canadensis (p. 143)
(s. Canada from Manitoba s. to Wisconsin and n. New England).
Canachites canadensis canace (p. 147)
(Gaspe, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick).
Canachites canadensis torridus (p. 151)
aa. Throat and breast tawny to whitish barred with dark brown (females).
b. Upper tail coverts tipped with white (se. Alaska to c. Alberta and nw.
Wyoming) . Canachites franklinii (p. 138)
bb. Upper tail coverts not tipped with white.
c. Above predominantly fuscous and gray, brownish bars pale and largely
restricted to hindneck and upper back. (n. North America from c.
Alaska to Labrador) . Canachites canadensis canadensis (p. 143)
■‘9 The races atratus, canace, and torridus are quite poorly defined. Inasmuch as
it has been found possible to see their characters in series, they have been main¬
tained, but no great loss would result if they were all united under canadensis.
138
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
cc. Above decidedly brownish or brownish gray barred with dark.
d. Pale tips of dorsal feathers suffused with pale olive-brown (coast of
s. Alaska) . Canachites canadensis atratus (p. ISO)
dd. Pale lips of dorsal feathers clear grayish.
c. Brownish areas more extensive and brighter in color — ochraceous-buff
to ochraceous-salmon (Gaspe, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick).
Canachites canadensis torridus (p. 151)
ec. Brownish areas less extensive and paler in color — light ochraceous-buff
(s. Canada from Manitoba s. to Wisconsin and n. New England).
Canachites canadensis canace (p. 147)
CANACHITES FRANKLINII (Douglas)
Franklin’s Grouse
Adult male. — Sttpranarial feathers black posteriorly bordered with
white (interrupted medially) ; feathers of forehead, crown, occiput, nape,
and interscapulars, dark olive-brown to ashy mummy brown narrowly
barred with fuscous-black, the tips becoming slightly paler on the nape
and interscapulars, even whitish on a few posterolateral interscapulars,
the dark subterminal band becoming much broader on the interscapulars,
which are much more blackish than olive-brown ; back, lower back, and
rump like the interscapulars but with the dark areas narrower, the paler
interspaces more numerous ; lesser upper wing coverts like the back but
paler, the dark areas less intense and, except for the subterminal band,
the markings more crescentic and the brown areas mottled with dusky;
median and greater upper wing coverts dark olive-brown, indistinctly
mottled and submarginally irregularly marked with paler — snuff brown
to light olive-brown ; secondaries like the greater upper coverts but with
the paler color restricted to the outer margins and the tips of the feathers ;
the innermost few pairs with the pale tips extending backward along the
shaft in a proximally pointed, distally expanded white wedge-shaped
mark ; primaries dark olive-brown to fuscous, the outer webs of the
second, third, fourth, and fifth pairs (from the outside) largely whitish;
short upper tail coverts like the rump but with grayer tips; long upper
tail coverts fuscous, laterally mottled and vermiculated with pale olive-
brown, and broadly tipped with white, the feathers graduated, increas-
ing in length centripetally, so that in the closed tail the white tips
form a longitudinal series of white blotches; rectrices deep fuscous, the
median pair very narrowly tipped with white, the others either without
pale tips or very faintly tipped with snuff brown; chin, upper throat,
cheeks, and lower auriculars black, the whole area bounded by a narrow
white line beginning below the eyes, forming a circle open only in front
of the eyes (and, in many specimens, this is continued to the bill by a
narrow white subloreal line) ; sides of neck and lower throat like the
nape but the feathers of the midventral line blacker, and with whitish
terminal edges; breast and an area extending dorsally to a point over
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
139
and in front of the bend of the wing, blackish with a faint bluish sheen,
the brownish basal areas often showing also ; this blackish area extending
caudally along the midline of the upper abdomen, giving this area a poste¬
riorly convex outline ; the extreme dorsal-lateral feathers of the black area
narrowly tipped with bright snuff brown to pale tawny, the lateral ones
with broad white tips ; lower abdomen blackish but with the white tips
much broader and with some white bars and subterminal shaft spots
making the area as much white as blackish ; sides and flanks grayish
Sayal brown to Saccardo’s umber with a series of concentric irregular
bands of dark olive-brown and with a medioterminal white wedge-shaped
mark, the dark olive-brown bands becoming transverse bars on the flank
feathers, which also have the white wedges reduced and flattened into
terminal bands ; thighs narrowly barred dusky olive-brown and pale
grayish snuff brown ; under tail coverts black, very broadly tipped with
white, the feathers graduated so that in the closed tail the white tips
appear almost like a broad longitudinal band, while in the open tail they
form a circle incomplete only at the base ; under wing coverts dark olive-
brown to fuscous, some with whitish tips and narrow white outer edges ;
those near the bend of the wing with pale snuff -brown edges ; iris Van¬
dyke brown; bill black; “comb” scarlet-vermilion; feet gray, soles tinged
yellow.
Adult female, gray phase. — Forehead, crown, and occiput barred black,
smoke gray, and ochraceous-buff ; nape similar but with the gray pre¬
dominant at the expense of the ochraceous-buff ; interscapulars, upper
back, and scapulars black conspicuously barred with ochraceous-buff and
inconspicuously tipped with grayish; feathers of the back, lower back,
and rump blackish tipped with smoke gray and with a usually concealed
pale ochraceous-buff bar about two-thirds of the way from the base to
the tip, these bars occasionally showing; wings as in male but less brown¬
ish, the feather edgings hair brown with a faint tawny wash, the dark
areas fuscous ; the light outer edges of primaries 2 to 5, inclusive, some¬
what mottled with dusky, and all the remiges very narrowly tipped with
whitish, this being least noticeable on the outer primaries ; upper tail
coverts black tipped with white (the white tips less than half as wide
as in the males) and banded with pale grayish ochraceous-buff; rectrices
blackish narrowly tipped with white and abundantly but irregularly
crossed and mottled with cinnamon-buff to tawny-olive, these markings
largely restricted to the outer edges of the outer webs of the lateral
feathers and extending across both webs in the more median ones ; lores,
postocular stripe, chin, and upper throat white speckled or barred with
dark fuscous ; auriculars tawny-olive spotted with dark fuscous ; lower
throat and breast pale ochraceous-buff heavily banded with fuscous-black,
the feathers of the breast more extensively black than ochraceous-buff,
the latter color brighter there than on the lower throat ; abdomen sharply
140
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
distinct, white, instead of ochraceous-buff and the dark fuscous-black bands
more continuous, less broken than on the breast feathers ; sides, flanks,
and thighs as in the male — but more ochraceous ; under tail coverts as
in the male but with more white bars (not only the terminal one as in
the males); iris Vandyke brown; “comb” vermilion; bill blackish; feet
pale brownish gray, claws blackish.
Adult female, rufous phase. — Similar to the gray phase but with the
ochraceous-buff extending over the whole underparts from the chin to as
far as the middle of the abdomen, and brighter, slightly more ochraceous-
tawny as well ; a,bove the ochraceous color more pronounced on the head,
nape, interscapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts ; the pale
markings on the wings more buffy — pale grayish clay color ; rectrices
often with narrow buffy tips or subterminal blotches.
Immature male. — Like the adult but with the juvenal outer primaries
(narrowly marked with buff on the outer webs instead of whitish as in
adults) and with the rectrices more often tipped very narrowly with
whitish.
Immature female.- — Like the adult of the corresponding phase but with
the juvenal outer primaries; not readily distinguishable in many cases.
luvenal (sexes alike). — Above similar to the adult female, rufous
phase, but with the scapulars and inner secondaries with white terminal
shaft streaks and these feathers abundantly marked with concentric longi¬
tudinal as well as transverse ochraceous-buff irregular bands; the inter¬
scapulars and upper wing coverts with small medioterminal white marks ;
the chin and upper throat largely devoid of buffy-white speckled with
blackish; and the lower abdomen, flanks, and thighs dirty smoke gray
indistinctly barred with dusky ; iris Vandyke brown ; “comb” pale ver¬
milion; lower mandible yellowish beneath at base, brownish elsewhere.
Downy young (sexes alike).— Forehead, sides of head, and entire
underparts mustard yellow to Naples yellow ; a black line from the bill
through the eye to the sides and back of the nape; another black spot
on the middle of the forehead, and another fuscous-black line bordering
the crown and occiput, which are amber brown to Sanford’s brown;
wings, back, lower back, and rump like the crown and occiput, from
which they are separated in color by an intrusion of the yellow of the
sides of the head across the interscapulars; an irregular blackish line
from the flanks around the lower back to the tail.
Adult male.— Wing 172-192 (182.3); tail 118-144 (129.3); exposed
culmen 14-20.7 (16.9); tarsus 31.8-37.2 (34.9); middle toe without
claw 32.3-40.2 (35.4 mm.). 60
60 Forty-six specimens from Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Washington,
Idaho, and Montana.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
141
Adult female. — Wing 171-190 (179.2) ; tail 94-119 (107.9) ; exposed
culmen 12.7-19.7 (15.8) ; tarsus 32-35.8 (34.2) ; middle toe without claw
32.5-36.8 (34.2 mm.).51
Range.- — Resident in spruce forests and swamps of northwestern
United States and southwestern Canada, from southeastern Alaska
(Prince of Wales Island, Warren Island, Zarembo Island, and Kasaan
Bay) ; north-central British Columbia (Yellowhead Pass; Hudson’s Hope
on the Peace River ; 40 miles north of Hazelton ; Ingenika River, Thudade,
and Kluetantan Lake; etc); and central Alberta (Athabasca River;
Edmonton; Banff; Henry House, Jasper House, Siffleur and Pipestone
Rivers) ; south through the interior of Washington (Yakima Pass,
Nachess Pass, Pasayten River, Hidden Lakes, Cascade Mountains) to
northeastern Oregon (Wallowa County and extreme northern Baker
County) ; central Idaho (Baker Creek, Sawtooth City, Resort, Fort
Lapwai, Fort Sherman, Blue Mountains) ; western Montana (St. Marys
Lake, Belton, Poala, Mount McDonald, Belt Mountains, Bitterroot
Mountains, Belly River, Rock Creek) ; and to northwestern Wyoming
(Yellowstone Park).
Accidental in Colorado (Palmer House).
Type locality. — Rocky Mountains from latitude 50°-54°, near the
source of the Columbia River, restricted to Athabasca Pass region, Brit¬
ish Columbia, by Hall, Murrelet, xv, January 1944, 11.
Tetrao canadensis, var. Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., iii, 1828, 47, pi. 10.
Tetrao canadensis (not of Linnaeus) Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 346.
Tetrao canadensis “T. franklinii Doug. Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), pi. 61.
Tetrao canadensis “T. franklinii Doug. 9” Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., ii, 1831, pi. 62.
T[etrao] franklinii Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 139 (“Valleys
of the Rocky Mountains, from latitude 50° to 54°, near the sources of the
Columbia River” ).”
Tetrao franklinii Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. ii, 1831 (1832),
pi. 61. — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 623 (St. Marys “Rocky Mts.,”
i.e. Montana ?) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 461; in Cooper, Orn. Cali¬
fornia, Land Birds, 1870, 529 (crit.). — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., xii, book 2, pt. 3, 1860, 221 (Rocky and Bitterroot Mountains, Mont. ;
near Yakima Pass, Cascade Mountain, Wash.).
Tetrao franklini Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 502.— Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 8 (w.
side Rocky Mountains, lat. 49°) ; 1863, 122 (Kootenay Pass to valley of Flat-
head River).— Lord, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, ix, 1864, 123 (British
Columbia).
“ Thirty-nine specimens from Alaska, British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, and
Montana.
“ “Sparingly seen ... on the high mountains which form the base or platform
of the snowy peaks ‘Mount Hood,’ ‘Mount St. Helena,’ and ‘Mount Baker.’ ”
142
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Canace jranklinii Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, 23; Monogr.
Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 10 and text.
Canace frmklini Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874,
pi. 59, fig. 3.
[ Tetrao canadensis ] var. franklini Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, 1848,
pi. 215, fig. 1886.
Tetrao canadensis . . . var. franklini Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874,
No. 380a.
Tetrao canadensis var. franklini Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 394 (synonymy
under “b. franklini”) .
Tetrao canadensis franklini Coues, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr. Bull. 4, 1878,
628 (Rocky Mountains, Mont., lat. 49°). — Williams, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 61 (Belt Mountains, Mont.).
[Tetrao canadensis.] Var. franklinii Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233.
Canace canadensis, var. franklini Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 419. — Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877, 140
(Blue Mountains, near Fort Lapwai, Idaho).
? Canace canadensis var. franklini Nelson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875,
364 (Nevada City, Calif.).
Canace canadensis franklini Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196; Nom.
North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 472a. — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds,
ed. 2, 1882, No. 579.
C[anace ] c[anadensis] franklini Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 579.
Dendragapus franklini Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355. — Merriam,
North Amer. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, 93 (Sawtooth Mountains, Idaho). — Allen,
Auk, x, 1893, 126.
Dendragapus franklinii American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, No. 299,
1886; ed. 2, 1895, No. 299. — Rhoads, Auk, x, 1893, 17 (Washington); Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, 38 (Cascade and Rocky Mountains, British
Columbia, s. to Nachess Pass, Wash.). — Dawson, Wils. Bull., iii, 1896, 3
(Okanogan County, Wash.; descr. nest; measurements of eggs); Auk, xiv,
1897, 173 (Okanogan County, Wash.). — Merrill, Auk, xiv, 1897, 352 (Fort
Sherman, Idaho).
Dendrophagus franklini Hall, Murrelet, xv, 1934, 12 in text (in synonymy).
[ Canachites ] franklini Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 19.
Canachites franklini Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Bird Brit. Mus., xxii, 893, 71 (descr.;
range). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905, 40 (range, food, etc.). — Preble,
North Amer. Fauna, No. 27, 1908, 339 (about headwaters of the Athabasca
River; Banff, Alberta, Henry House; Jasper House). — American Ornitholo¬
gists' Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 139; ed. 4, 1931, 80. — Swarth, Univ.
California Publ. Zook, vii, 1911, 58 (Prince of Wales, Warren, and Zarembo
Islands, se. Alaska). — Riley, Can. Alpine Journ., 1912, 55, pis. 1, 2 (Moose
River, East Fork Moose River, and 3 miles e. of Moose Lake, British Columbia ;
crit. ; habits). — Grave and Walker, Birds Wyoming, 1913, 89 (Wyoming; one
record).— Bergtold, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 246 (Palmer Lake, Colo., 1896). — Saun¬
ders, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 14, 1-921, 57 (Montana; common; habits). —
Burleigh, Auk, xl, 1923, 656 (Clarks Ford, Idaho; habits). — Gabrielson,
Auk, xli, 1924, 555 (Lick Creek Ranger Station ; Memaloose Ranger Station,
Wallowa County, Oreg.).- — Kelso, Ibis, 1926, 701 (Arrow Lakes, British Colum¬
bia; resident).- — Palmer, Condor, xxx, 1928, 277. — Kemsies, Wils. Bull., xlii,
1930, 203 (Yellowstone Park, Wyo.). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932,
136 (habits; plum.; distr. ; etc.). — Hall, Murrelet, xiv, 1933, 69 (Idaho; moun¬
tains) ; xv, 1934, 11 (Athabasca Pass, British Columbia). — Taverner, Birds
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
143
Canada, 1934, 154, in text (distr. ; descr.) ; Canad. Water Birds, 1939, 166 (field
chars.)- — Ulke, Can. Alpine Journ., 1934-35 (1936), 79 (Yoho Park, Canada;
common).- — Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940, 213 (Oregon; distr. ;
descr.; habits).
C[anachites] franklini Petrides, Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 315,
in text (age indicators in plumage).
[ Canachites ] franklini Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 71, in text
(distr.).
Canachites franklinii American Orthologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 107. — Grin-
nell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. b, 1900, 31, in text. — Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds,
1900, 201 (distr.). — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 126
(descr.; habits; distr.).- — Brooks, Auk, xx, 1903, 281 (Cariboo District, British
Columbia: abundant). — Edson, Auk, xxv, 1908, 438 (Bellingham Bay Region,
Wash.; hypothetical). — Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909, 578
(distr., habits; Washington). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2,
1909, 219 (distr.). — Racey, Auk, xliii, 1926, 321 (Nita and Alpha Lakes, British
Columbia). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 36 (distr.). — Hand,
Condor, xliii, 194 h, 225 (St. Joe National Forest, Idaho). — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 213 (syn. ; distr.).
(?) Tetraa fusca Ord, in Guthrie’s Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., ii, 1815, 317 (based on
Small Brown Pheasant, Lewis and Clark, ii, 182).
T[ympanuchus ] franklini Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 320.
CANACHITES CANADENSIS CANADENSIS (Linnaeus)
FIudsonian Spruce Partridge
Adult male. — Similar to that of Canachites franklinii but rectrices with
broad ochraceous-tawny tips and upper tail coverts without broad white
tips (tips usually not more than 4 mm. wide, as opposed to 10 mm.) in
franklinii, and usually gray, not white, and when white very seldom with¬
out a grayish tinge) ; general color of upper parts variable, terminal mar¬
gins of the feathers varying from gull gray to grayish drab ; the margins of
the upper wing coverts from buffy hair brown to Saccardo’s umber;
sides and flanks likewise varying from huffy hair brown to Saccardo’s
umber53 ; bill dark gray or blackish ; feet dusky ; iris brown.
Adult female. — Like that of the same phase of Canachites franklinii
but without tips to the longer upper tail coverts and with the rectrices
tipped with ochraceous-buff.
Immature male.- — Similar to the adult but with the juvenal outer
primaries.
Immature female. — Similar to the adult of the corresponding phase but
with the juvenal outer primaries.
luvenal (sexes alike). — Like the adult female of the rufous phase
but still more rufescent, the crown varying from cinnamon-rufous to
53 The palest bird seen is from Fort Simpson, Mackenzie; the darkest ones are
from British Columbia and Labrador. A careful study of these variations, how¬
ever, bears out Uttal’s contention that there is not enough constant geographic varia¬
tion to warrant the recognition of the supposedly paler Yukon- Mackenzie race
named osgoodi by Bishop in 1900.
144
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
hazel marked with black ; the .back and upper wing coverts vary from
ochraceous-tawny to bright tawny with black bars or blotches, and with
wide buffy shaft stripes expanding into whitish wedge-shaped tips ; remiges
sepia, the primaries narrowly marked with buff ; the innermost secondaries
and the scapulars irregularly barred and speckled with ochraceous-tawny ;
rectrices more pointed than in adults and fuscous barred, speckled, and
irregularly vermiculated with ochraceous-tawny; abdomen grayish white
indistinctly barred or spotted with dusky and sometimes with a faint
yellowish wash ; chin and throat white with a buffy yellowish wash.
Downy young. — Very similar to that of Cancichites franklinii but with
the upper back more extensively cream buff, the rest of the back between
amber brown and antique brown, more or less diluted with buffy.
Adult male. — Wing 165—194 (180.4); tail 108—142 (121.9); exposed
culmen 12.3-19 (15.2) ; tarsus 32.5-38.8 (35.8) ; middle toe without claw
33-10.1 (36.2 mm.).64
Adult female.— Wing 164-191 (177.1) ; tail 97-116 (106.7) ; exposed
culmen 12.8-18.9 (15.4) ; tarsus 31.7— 37.4 (34.5) ; middle toe without
claw 30.6-36.5 (33.9 mm.).65
Range. — Resident chiefly in spruce forests, from the Yukon, Kowak
River, and Mount McKinley areas of Alaska (McKinley Park, Nulato
River, Kowak River, Happy River, Tanana, Circle, etc.) to Yukon
(60° 40' N) ; Mackenzie (Mackenzie River, Gros Cape, Fort Simpson,
etc.) ; northern Saskatchewan and Alberta (Smith Landing, Athabasca,
etc.) ; northern Manitoba (Fort Churchill, York Factory) ; northern
Ontario (Fort Severn) ; northern Quebec (Fort Chimo, Ungava, etc.) ;
and Labrador (Okkak, Paradise River) ; south to central and to south¬
eastern British Columbia (Atlin, Telegraph Creek, Bennett, Fort Hud¬
son’s Hope; Laurier Pass, Cypress Creek, Goat Mountain); central Al¬
berta (Simpson Pass, Blueberry Hills, etc.) ; northern Ontario; northern
Quebec; Ungava; and Labrador to Newfoundland Labrador.
Type locality. — Hudson Bay.
[ Tctrao ] canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 159 (Canada; based on
Urogallus maculatus canadensis Edwards, Av., 118, pi. 118; and Urogallus minor
americanus Edwards, Av., 71, pi. 71) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 274.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,
i, pt. 2, 1788, 749.— Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 637.— Gray, Hand-list, ii,
1870, 276, No. 9825, part.— Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233, part.
Tetrao . . . canadensis Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 389 (Severn River).
Tetrao canadmsis Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xi, pt. 2, 1819, 275.— Vieillot,
Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., xxxiii, 1819, 457 (cites PI. Enl., 131, 132).— Bonaparte,’
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ii, pt. i, 1826, 127, part; ii, 1828, 442, part;
Contr. Maclurian Lyc., i, 1827, 23; Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 44, part.—
" Seventy-five specimens from Alaska, Mackenzie, British Columbia, Yukon,
Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ungava, and Labrador.
"Fifty-five specimens from Alaska, Yukon, Mackenzie, British Columbia, Alberta.
Saskatchewan, Ungava, and Labrador.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
145
Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 346, part. —
Lesson, Traite d’Om., 1831, SOI, part. — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States
and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 664, part; ed. 2, 1840, 811, part. — Jardine, Nat.
Libr., Orn., iv, 1834, 125, part, pi. IS. — Audubon, Orn. Biogr., ii, 1834, 437, part,
pi. 176; v, 1839, 563, part; Synopsis, 1839, 203, part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v,
1842, part, pi. 294. — Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 225,
figs. 1883-1885. — Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 622, part; Cat. North
Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 460, part. — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1861, 226 (Labrador) ; Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 380, part. —
Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 122 (Fort Carleton; Saskatchewan River; Mackenzie
River). — Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 287 (Nulato,
Alaska). — Stenhouse, Scottish Nat., 1930, 77, in text (spec, ex Franklin’s
First Exped.).
T[etrao ] canadensis Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 147 (e. base of
Rocky Mountains near source of Athabasca River, lat. 55° ; Lesser Slave Lake;
wood of the Saskatchewan, and streams flowing into Hudson Bay).
Canace canadensis Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. Vog., 1851, xxix. — Elliot, Monogr.
Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 9 and text, part. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii,
1880, 9, part, 196, part; Nom. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 472, part. — Coues,
Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 555, part.— McLenegan, Cruise
Corwin, 1884, 118 (Kowak River, nw. Alaska). — Stearns, Bird Life in Labra¬
dor, n. d., ca. 1890, 46 (Labrador; habits; distr.).
C[anace\ canadensis Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 578, part.
Canace canadensis, var. canadensis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 416, part.
Canace canadensis canadensis Goode, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 20, 1883, 310, part.
Dcndragapus canadensis Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 245 (Fort
Chimo, Ungava) ; Contr. Nat. Plist. Alaska, 1886, 152 (Yukon Valley). — Ridg¬
way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355, part.— American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, No. 298, part, 1886; ed. 2, 1895, No. 298, part.— Townsend,
Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak River, nw. Alaska, breeding) ; Cruise Corwin in 1885
(1887), 92 (middle Kowak River). — Clarke, Auk, vii, 1890, 321 (Fort Churchill,
Keewatin). — Macfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 430 (wooded region
s. of Fort Anderson). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 51,
part, pi. 1, figs. 20-23.
D[endragapus] canadensis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 196, part.
Canachites canadensis Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 69, part
(Nulato and Fort Reliance, Alaska; Mackenzie; Fort Simpson; Jasper House;
Repulse Bay; Fort Chimo and Ungava Forks, Ungava). — American Orni¬
thologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 107, part.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900,
200, part (distr.). — Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1901, 151 (Eskimo
Island and Cul de Sac, Labrador; crit.— Preble, North Amer. Fauna, No. 22,
1902, 102 (Mackenzie and Alberta; Oxford House; Hayes River; Hill River;
Echimamish; Severn River; Trout Lake; York Factory; Fort Churchill; Moose
Factory). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905, 38-40, part (range, food,
etc.).— Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 2 ed., 1909, 218 (distr.). —
Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 165, pi. 22 A (col. fig.; descr. ; distr.;
habits; w. Canada); Nat. Mus. Canada, Bull. 50, 1928, 91 (Alberta); Birds
Canada, 1934, 153 in text, pi. 18 A (col. fig.; descr.; distr.) ; Canada’s Eastern
Arctic, 1934, 120, in text (Hudson Bay, Ungava).— Laing and Taverner, Ann.
Rep. Nat. Mus. Canada, for 1927, 1929, 75 (Chitna River, Alaska; spec.).—
Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxiii, 1934, 30 (Churchill, Mani¬
toba; very rare). — Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zook,
146
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
No. 8, 1936, 27, part (extreme northern Ontario).- — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii,
1937, 139 in text (courtship), 402 in text (parental care). — Lack, Condor, xlii,
1940, 270 in text, 273 in text (pairing habit). — Clarke, Nat. Mus. Canada Bull.
96, 1940, 48 (Thelon Game Sanctuary, northwestern Canada).
L Canachites] canadensis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 19, part.
Canachites canadensis canadensis Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club., i, 1899,
48.— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 139, part; ed.
4, 1931, 80 (distr.) .- — Riley, Can. Alpine Journ., 1912, SS, pi. 1, fig. 2 (Brule
Lake and Henry House, Alberta). — Fleming, Ibis, 1920, 401 (Lake !le-a-la-
Crosse and Cochrane River, Saskatchewan, Manitoba).- — Taverner, Birds West¬
ern Canada, 1926, 165 in text (distr.) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 154 in text (distr. ;
Labrador w. to base of Rocky Mountains near Jasper Park). — Bent, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 120 (habits; distr.). — Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn.
Club, No. 7, 1932, 71 (distr.; habits; Newfoundland, Labrador) .—Peters,
Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 36. — Gross, Auk, liv, 1937, 22 (Labrador,
Assisez Island; Nain, Anaktalak Bay). — Cowan, Occ. Pap. British Columbia
Prov. Mus., No. 1, 1939, 26 (Peace River Distr., Brit. Columbia; habits; young ;
food; spec.). — Uttal, Auk, lvi, 1939, 460 (syn. ; range; descr. ; spec.; crit.).
PIellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 211.
Canachites c[anadensis] canadensis Stenhouse, Scottish Nat., 1930, 81 (spec. Fort
Franklin, Nov. 1825, in Roy. Scot. Mus.). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166
(data on breeding biology).
[Canachites] canadensis canadensis Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario
Mus. Zool., No. 8, 1936, 27 in text (Ontario; breeds in northern part).
[Canachites canadensis] canadensis Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932,
71 in text (distr.) .
Canachites canadensis labradorius Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, i, 1899,
47 (Rigoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs. See
Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1901, 151). — Macoun, Cat. Can.
Birds, 1900, 200 (Rigoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador). — Grinnell, Pacific
Coast Avif. No. 1, 1900, 30, 75 (Kowak Valley, Alaska; habits). — Hantzsch,
Journ. fur Orn., 1908, 364 (ne. Labrador) ; Can. Field Nat., xlii, 1928, 12 (ne.
Labrador).— Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930, 155 (type in Mus.
Comp. Zool.; not a valid race). — Uttal, Auk, lvi, 1939, 461 in text (crit.).
Canachites canadensis osgoodi Bishop, Auk, xvii, 1900, 114 (Lake Marsh, Yukon
Territory; coll. L. B. Bishop) ; North Amer. Fauna, No. 19, 1900, 71 part (Lake
Marsh, Lake Labarge, Rampart City, Tatchun River, Kuskokwim River, Thirty
Mile River). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 218 (Yukon,
Alaska; localities).— Osgood, North Amer. Fauna, No. 30, 1909, 36 (Mission
Creek, 10 miles w. of Circle, Alaska) ; 86 (Macmillan River, Yukon). — Ameri¬
can Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 139; ed. 4, 1931, 80.— Grin¬
nell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., v, 1910, 380, in text. — Dice, Condor, xxii,
1920, 178 (Fairbanks, Tanana, Takotna, Akiak, etc., Alaska; resident). —
Swartli, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxiv, 1922, 205 (Glenora, Stikine region,
s. Alaska; crit.) ; xxx, 1926, 84 (Atlin region, British Columbia; crit.). — Bailey,
Condor, xxviii, 1926, 121 (Kotzebue, Kobuk, and Noatak Rivers, Alaska).—
Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 165 in text (distr.) ; Birds Canada,
1934, 154 in text (central Alaska, the Yukon, northern British Columbia, and
Mackenzie Valley). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 129 (habits; etc.).—
Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 36. — PIellmayr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 212, part (syn. ; distr.).
C[anachites] c[anadensis] osgoodi Uttal, Auk, lvi, 1939, 461 in text (crit.; not
valid form).
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
147
f Canachites canadensis ] osgoodi Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 72
in text (distr.).
T[ympanuchus] canadensis Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 320.
CANACHITES CANADENSIS CANACE (Linnaeus)
Canadian Spruce Partridge
Adult male. — Indistinguishable from that of the nominate race.
Adult female (gray phase). — Like that of the nominate race but more
brownish, the dorsal brown markings light ochraceous-buff, as are also
those of the breast, sides, and flanks ; upper wing coverts darker, with
their edges more tawny-buff, less hair brown.
Adult female (rufous phase). — Not distinguishable with certainty from
that of the nominate race, but usually with the light markings on the
upper wing coverts and inner remiges brighter — antique brown to tawny
(as against pale grayish clay color in the nominate race).
Immature male. — Indistinguishable from that of the nominate race.
Immature female. — Not distinguishable with certainty from that of the
nominate form.
Juvenal. — Not certainly distinguishable from that of the typical race.
Downy young. — Like that of the typical race.
Adult male. — Wing 166-183 (174.1) ; tail 107-130 (120.7) ; exposed
oilmen 13.6-18.4 (15.7); tarsus 33.7-37.2 (35.2); middle toe without
claw 35.7-39.4 (37 mm.).56
Adult female. — Wing 163-176 (172.1); tail 96-111 (103); exposed
oilmen 14.2-18.6 (15.5); tarsus 33-34.2 (33.9); middle toe without
claw 32.8-36 (34.6 mm.).57
Range. — Resident from southern Manitoba; northwestern Minnesota;
southern Ontario (Port Arthur) ; southern Quebec (Charlevoix, Kama-
rooska, Saguenay, and western Gaspe Counties) ; south locally in Minnesota
(from eastern Marshall County to Lake Superior; formerly to Wadena
and Mille Lacs Counties) ; northern Wisconsin (where only casual) ;
Michigan (south to Ogemaw County) ; northern New York (Adiron-
dacks, now largely extirpated) ; northern New Hampshire (northern
Coos County; White Mountains, south to Mount Passaconaway) ; ex¬
treme northern Vermont and northern Maine, except the extreme eastern
part adjacent to New Brunswick.
Accidental in Massachusetts (Gloucester and Roxbury).
Type locality.— C anada; restricted to City of Quebec (Uttal, Auk,
lvi, 1939, 462).
[Tetrao] canace Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 275 (Canada; based on Bonasia
canadensis Brisson, Orn., i, 203, pi. 20, figs. 1, 2). — Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2,
1788, 749).
60 Thirteen specimens from Michigan, Quebec, and Maine.
" Eleven specimens from Michigan and Quebec.
148
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Canachites canadensis canace Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1901, 151,
152, in text.— Allen, Proc. Manchester Inst. Sci. and Arts, iv, 1902, 92 (New
Hampshire, resident in Canadian Zone). — Kumlien and Hollister, Bull. Wis¬
consin Nat. Hist. Soc., iii, 1903, 56 (Wisconsin; habits). — Townsend, Mem.
Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 3, 1905, 201 (Essex County, Mass.; accidental). — Hall,
Wils. Bull., xviii, 1906, 124 (w. Adirondack^, New York). — Knight, Birds
Maine, 1908, 198 (n. and e. Maine). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds,
ed. 2, 1909, 219, part (n. Minnesota, n. New England). — Cory, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Plist., No. 131, 1909, 435 (Wisconsin). — American Ornithologists’ Union,
Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 139, part; ed. 4, 1931, 80, part (distr.). — Eaton, Birds
New York, i, 1910, 365, pi. 41 (Adirondacks). — Barrows, Michigan Bird Life,
1912, 221.— Forbush, Game Birds, Wild-fowl, and Shore Birds, 1912, 375 (his¬
tory). — Mousley, Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 66 (Hatley, Quebec; rare). — Wood, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 50, 1918, 6 (Alger County, Mich., rare). —
Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 5, 1920, 96 (Essex County, Mass.).—
Johnson, Auk, xxxvii, 1920, 544 (Lake County, Minn., breeding). — Jackson,
Auk, xl, 1923, 481 (Mamie Lake, etc., n. Wisconsin). — Soper, Auk, xi, 1923, 497
(Wellington and Waterloo Counties, Ontario).— Christy, Wils. Bull., xxxvii,
1925, 210 (Huron Mountain, Mich., hypothetical). — Taverner, Birds Western
Canada, 1926, 165 in text (distr.) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 154, part (Manitoba n.
to head of big lakes, s. Ontario, etc.). — Forbush, Birds Massachusetts and Other
New England States, ii, 1927, 23, pi. 34 (fig.; descr. ; habits; distr. in New
England) .— Cahn, Wils. Bull., xxxix, 1927, 27 (summer, Vilas County, Wis¬
consin). Snyder, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xvi, 1928, 258 (Lake Nipigon region,
Ontario).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 131, part (habits; distr. ;
etc.).— Roberts, Birds Minnesota, i, 1932, 367, pi. 20, 24, part (col. fig.; descr.;
distr.; habits in Minnesota).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 36.—
Olsen, Auk, lii, 1935, 100 (Michigan, 5 seen Superior State Forest, Luce
County, Aug. 31, 1934).—Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 137 in text (dis¬
play of male).— Beebe, Wils. Bull., xlix, 1937, 34 (Upper Peninsula of Michigan;
formerly common).— Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 379,
1938, 11 (Michigan; local; breeds).— Uttal, Auk, lvi, 1939, 462 (crit. ; distr.;
descr.; type loc. designated as Quebec.).— Dear, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xxiii,
1940, 126 (Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, Ontario; very local permanent resident ;
never plentiful).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 211
(syn. ; distr.).
[Canachites] canadensis canace Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus
Zool., No. 8, 1936, 27, in text (Ontario; breeds in southern and central parts).
C[anachites] c[anadensis] canace Uttal, Auk, lvi, 1939, 461 in text (crit.) ; lix,
1942, 432, in text (Somerset County, Maine).
[Canachites canadensis ] canace Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 71
in text (distr.).
Tetrao canadensis (not of Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York,
ii, pt. 1, 1826, 127, part; ii, 1828, 442, part; Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 44,
part.— Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 501, part.— Nuttall, Man. Orn. United
States and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 667, part; ed. 2, 1840, 811, part. — Audubon,
Orn. Biogr., ii, 1834, 437, part, pi. 176; v, 1839, 563, part; Synopsis, 1839, 203,
part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 83, part, pi. 294.— Barry, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, 1854, 9 (Wisconsin; extreme northern part). — Putnam,
Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 224 (Gloucester, Mass.). — Kneeland, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1857, 237 (Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior). — Baird, Rep.
Pacif. R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 622, part (n. United States; Selkirk Settlement,
Manitoba) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 460, part.— Verrill, Proc. Essex
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
149
Inst., iii, 1862, 152 (Maine; Oxford County; rare; near Lake Umbagog, com¬
mon). — Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 39 (n. New England; spec.) ; Check
List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 380, part.— Maynard, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., xiv, 1872, 383 (White Mountains, New Hampshire).— Mer-
riam, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 53 (Adirondack Mountains, N. Y.,
breeding). — Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., x, 1878, 22 (Massachusetts; accidental). —
Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 43 (descr. young and chick). —
Gibbs, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., Bull. 5, 1879, 491 (Michigan;
common near Mackinaw).
T[etrao] canadensis Trippe, Comm. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 118 (Minnesota; abun¬
dant; breeds).
[Tetrao] canadensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, No. 9825, part. — Coues, Key
North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233, part.
Canace canadensis Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1869, pi. 9 and text, part. —
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, pi. 61, fig. 5
(Maine). — Brewer, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 12 (New Eng¬
land). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 9, 196, part; Nom. North
Amer. Birds, 1881, No, 472, part.— Merriam, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vi, 1881,
233 (Lewis County, N. Y., resident).— Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds,
ed. 2, 1882, No. 555, part.
C[anacc] canadensis Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 578, part.
Canace canadensis, var. canadensis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 416, part.
Dendragapus canadensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 3c5, part.
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, No. 298, part, 1886; ed. 2,
1895, No. 298, part. — Ralph and Bagg, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 116
(Greig, Lewis County, N. Y.).— Chadbourne, Auk, iv, 1887, 103 (White Moun¬
tains, N. H., at 3,500 feet).— Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Valley, 1888, 103
(Minnesota, from Minneapolis north, and at White Earth; Racine, Wis.).—
Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 507 (n. and e. Manitoba, resi¬
dent). — Hatch, Notes Birds Minnesota, 1892, 158, 455 (Minnesota; distr. ;
habits) .—Nutting, Bull. Iowa State Lab. Nat. Hist., ii, 1893, 265 (Lower
Saskatchewan River; spec.; plum.) .—Roberts, in Wilcox, Hist. Becker
County, Minn., 1907, 170 (coniferous forests).
Dcndragopus canadensis Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 153 (n. of Fort Pelly and about
Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, abundant).
D[cndragapus] canadensis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 196, part.
Canachites canadensis Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 69, part
(St. Croix River and Lake Sebowis, Maine; Lake Terror and Watson,
N. Y.).— American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 107, part.—
Nash, Check List Birds Ontario, 1900, 26 (Ontario ; common) ; Check List
Vert. Ontario, Birds, 1905, 35 (Ontario).— Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24,
1905, 38^40, part (range, food, etc.).— Wood (W.C.), Wils. Bull., xix, 1907, 27
(mainland off Marquette Island, Mich.).— Mitchell, Can. Field Nat., xxxviii,
1924, 108 (Saskatchewan; common) .—Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 153 in
text, pi. 18a, part (col. fig.; descr.; distr.); Can. Water Birds, 1939, 167.—
Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zook, No. 8, 1936, 27,
part (central and southern Ontario; breeds). — Shortt and Waller, Contr.
Roy. Ontario Mus. Zook, No. 10, 1937, 17 (Lake St. Martin region, Manitoba;
not uncommon; spec.). — Snyder, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xxii, 1938, 185
(Western Rainy River Distr., Ontario).— Ricker and Clarke, Contr. Roy.
Ontario Mus. Zook No. 16, 1939, 8 (Lake Nipissing, Ontario).— Petrides,
653008°— 46 - 11
150
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 315, in text (age indicators in
plum.) .
[Canachites] canadensis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 19, part.
Canachites canadensis subsp. ? MacLulich, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No.
13, 1938, 11 (Algonquin Prov. Park, Ontario; permanent resident; breeds in
small numbers; records; spec.).
CANACHITES CANADENSIS ATRATUS J. Grinnell
Valdez Spruce Partridge
Adult male. — Very similar to that of the nominate race, but with the
edges of the feathers of the lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts
usually lightly tinged with olivaceous.
Adult female.- — Like that of the nominate race, but with the pale tips
of the dorsal feathers suffused with pale olive-brown, giving the upper
parts generally a brownish-gray appearance (barred with fuscous-black)
as compared with the predominantly grayish and blackish of the typical
form.
Immature male. — Indistinguishable from that of the nominate race.
Immature female.- — Indistinguishable from that of the nominate race.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Indistinguishable from that of the nominate
race.
Downy young. — None seen; probably indistinguishable from that of
the nominate race.
Adult male.— Wing 176-189 (181.4); tail 111-125 (120.4); exposed
culmen 14.1-19.1 (16.1) ; tarsus 33.7-38.8 (36.7) ; middle toe without
claw 36.4-40.1 (37.7 mm.).58
Adult female. — Wing 173—184 (178.6) ; tail 102—111 (106) ; exposed
culmen 14.3—17.1 (15.8) ; tarsus 33.7—36.6 (35.1) ; middle toe without
claw 32.8-36.8 (35.5 mm.).59
Range. — Resident in the coast region of southern Alaska from Bristol
Bay to Cook Inlet, Kodiak Island, and Prince William Sound.
Type locality. — Cedar Bay, Hawkins Island, Prince William Sound,
Alaska.
Tetrao canadensis Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 501, part.— Swainson and Richard¬
son, Fauna Bor. -Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 346, part. — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United
States and Canada, Land Birds, 1S32, 664, part; ed. 2, 1840, 811, part.—
Audubon, Orn. Biogr., ii, 1834, 437, part; v, 1839, 563, part; Synopsis, 1839,
203, part; Birds Amer., 8vo. ed., v, 1842, 83, part.— Baird, Cat. North Amer.
Birds, 1859, No. 460, part.
[ Tetrao ] canadensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, No. 9825, part.— Coues, Key
North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233, part.
(?) Tetrao canadmsis (not of Linnaeus) Harti.aub, Journ. fur Orn., 1883, 276,
Portage Bay and Chilkat, Alaska).
cs Twelve specimens from Alaska.
“ Eight specimens from Alaska.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
151
Canace canadensis Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 9 and text, part. — Ridg-
way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 9, part, 196, part; Norn. North Amer.
Birds, 1881, No. 472, part. — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882,
No. 555, part.
C\anace] canadensis Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 578, part.
Canace canadensis var. canadensis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 416, part.
Canace canadensis canadensis Goode, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 20, 1883, 310, part.
Dendragapus canadensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355, part.
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 298, part; ed. 2,
1895, No. 298, part. — Bendire, Lite Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 51, part.
D[endragapus ] canadensis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 196, part.
Canachites canadensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 69, part. —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 107, part. — Judd, U. S.
Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905, 38-40, part (range, food, etc.).
[Canachites] canadensis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 19, part.
Canachites canadensis canadensis American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list
North Amer. Birds, ed. 3, 1910, 139, part (Alaska from Bristol Bay to Cook
Inlet and Prince William Sound).
Canachites canadensis osgoodi Bishop, North Amer. Fauna, No. 19, 1900, 71,
part (Bennett City, Caribou Crossing (?)) .—Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist., xvi, 1902, 238 (Homer, Sheep Creek, and Kenai Mountains, Alaska;
habits) ; xx, 1904, 401 (Seldovia, Bird Island, Sheep Creek, and Barbovi, Kenai
Peninsula). — Osgood, North Amer. Fauna, No. 24, 1904, 64 (near Iliamna
Village, etc., Alaska Peninsula; habits; range) —Hellmayr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 212, part.
Canachites canadensis atratus Grinnell (J.), Univ. California Stud. Zool., v, No.
12, 1910, 380 (Hawkins Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska; coll. Mus.
California Acad. Sci.). — American Ornithologists Lnion, Auk, xxix, 1912,
385. — Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxiv, 1922, 205 (Flood Glacier,
Stikine region, s. Alaska; crit.) .— Oberiiolser, Auk, xl, 1923, 679.— American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 80 (distr.). — Bent, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 135 (habits, distr., etc.) .—Peters, Check-list Birds World,
ii, 1934, 36.— Friedmann, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., v, 1935, 31 (Kodiak
Island).— Uttal, Auk, lvi, 1939, 461 (crit.; range; descr.).
[Canachites canadensis] atratus Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 72
in text (distr.).
CANACHITES CANADENSIS TORRIDUS Uttal
Nova Scotian Spruce Partridge
Adult male. — Very similar to that of the nominate race but said to
have the plumage more suffused with brown, especially the upper wing
coverts, upper dorsals, scapulars, and flank feathers.00
Adult female. — Similar to that of Canachites canadensis canace , but
the brown markings more intense, the rufous phase much more reddish
tawny than in canace, the gray phase only slightly more so than in the
corresponding stage of canace.
“ The material examined in the present work does not bear this out. Birds from
the Bay of Fundy and Kejimkujik, Nova Scotia, are not separable from typical
canadensis or canace.
152
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Immature male. — Like the adult but with juvenal outer primaries.
Immature female. — Like the adult but with juvenal outer primaries.
luvenal (sexes alike). — Not certainly distinguishable from that of the
nominate race.
Downy young.— Like that of the nominate race but slightly duller,
more grayish below, and with the sides of the head faintly washed with
ochraceous-buff.
Adult male. — Wing 161-166; tail 116-120; exposed culmen 11—16;
tarsus 34.2-37.3; middle toe without claw 36.7-37.8.61
Adult female. Wing 159—165 (162.3) ; tail 97—103 (100.7); exposed
culmen 13.8-17 (15.8) ; tarsus 34.8—35.9 (35.3) ; middle toe without claw
34-36.5 (35.5 mm.).62
Range. — Resident in spruce forests in the Gaspe Peninsula, New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and northeastern Maine (Calais, Washington
County, St. Croix River).
Type locality. Kejimkujik Lake, on the boundary between Annapolis
and Queens Counties, Nova Scotia.
Tetrao canadensis (not of Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York,
ii, pt. 1, 1826, 127, part; ii, 1828, 442, part; Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 44,
part— Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, SOI, part.— Nuttall, Man. Orn. United
States and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 667, part; ed. 2, 1840, 811, part.—
Audubon, Orn. Biogr., ii, 1834, 437, part; v, 1839, 563, part; Synopsis, 1839,
203, part; Birds Amer, 8vo ed., v, 1842, 83, part.— Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 622, part (Nova Scotia) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No.
460, part.— Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 380, part.
[Tetrao] canadensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, No. 9825, part.— Coues, Key
North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233, part.
Canace canadensis Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1869, pi. 9 and text, part —
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, pi. 59, figs.
5, 6 (Nova Scotia) .— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part;
Nom. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 472, part.— Coues, Check List North
Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 555, part.
C[anace] canadensis Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 578, part.
Canace canadensis var. canadensis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 416, part.
Dendragapns canadensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355, part.—
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, No. 298, part, 1886; ed. 2,
1895, No. 298, part.
D[cndragapus] canadensis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 196, part.
Canachites canadensis Ogilvie-Gkant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 69, part
(Musquash, New Brunswick; Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia). — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 107, part.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds,
1900, 200, part (Nova Scotia; New Brunswick).. — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv.
Bull. 24, 1905, 38^10, part (range, food, etc.). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat.
Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 218 part (Nova Scotia; New Brunswick).— Taverner,
Birds Canada, 1934, 153 in text, part.
01 Two specimens from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
”J Three specimens from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
153
[Canachites] canadensis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 19, part.
Canachites canadensis canace Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909,
219, part (New Brunswick). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 3, 1910, 139, part; ed. 4, 1931, 80, part.— Philipp and Bowdish, Auk, xxxvi,
1919, 34 (Northumberland County, New Brunswick). — De Mille, Auk, xliii,
1926, 516 (near Mont Luis Lake, Gaspe County, Quebec). — Forbush, Birds
Massachusetts and Other New England States, ii, 1927, 23, part. Bent, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, '131*, part.— Roberts, Birds Minnesota, i, 1932, 367,
part (Nova Scotia; New Brunswick). — Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 154,
part. — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 36, part (New Brunswick;
Nova Scotia). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
211, part (Nova Scotia; New Brunswick).
[Canachites canadensis ] canace Townsend, Auk, xl, 1923, 87, footnote (Gaspe
Peninsula) .
Canachites canadensis torridus Uttal, Auk, lvi, 1939, 462 (Kejimkujik Lake, Nova
Scotia; descr.; distr. ; crit.).; lix, 1942, 432, in text (Penobscot County, Maine).
Genus BONASA Stephens
Ronasa Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zook, xi, pt. 2, 1819, 298. (lype, as designated
by Gray, List Genera Birds, 1840, 62, Tetrao umbcllns Linnaeus.)
Ronasia Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ii, 1826, 126. (Type, by
monotypy, Tetrao umbcllus Linnaeus.)
1 lylobrontes Stone, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 198. (Type, by original designation and
monotypy, Tetrao umbellus Linnaeus.) (New name to raplace Bonasa Stephens,
thought to be transferable to Tetrao cupido Linnaeus under the first species
rule.)
Medium-sized wood grouse (length about 394—482 mm.) with lowet
half (more or less) of tarsus nude and scutellate; tail nearly if not quite
as long as wing, fan-shaped, with 18—20 rectrices, three relatively broad,
with broadly rounded or subtruncate tips ; sides of neck without inflatable
air sacs, but with a conspicuous erectile tuft of large, broad, slightly
rounded or nearly truncate soft, decumbent feathers (less developed in
females).
Bill relatively small, its length from nostril about one-third the length
of head, its depth at frontal antiae about equal to its width at same point,
the culmen slightly ridged, the rhamphotheca smooth throughout, the
maxillary tomium regularly and rather deeply concave. Wing moderate
in size, deeply concave beneath, the longest primaries exceeding longest
secondaries by about one-third the length of wing; third or third and
fourth primaries longest, the first (outermost) intermediate between
seventh and eighth. Tail nearly as long as wing, slightly to distinctly
rounded, the rectrices (18-20) becoming gradually broader distally, their
tips broadly rounded or subtruncate. Tarsus less than one-fourth as long
as wing, its upper half (more or less) densely clothed with rathei long,
hairlike but soft feathers (much shorter in summer), the lower portion
nude and scutellate, the acrotarsium with two rows of rather large scutella,
the planta tarsi with small hexagonal scales ; middle toe decidedly shorter
than tarsus, the inner toe reaching to penultimate articulation of middle
154
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
toe, the outer toe slightly longer, hallux about as long as basal phalanx
of lateral toe or very slightly shorter ; top of toes with a continuous row
of rather large transverse scutella, with a row of much smaller subquad-
late scutella along each side, outside of which are horny pectinations or
fringelike piocesses (these less distinct in summer) ; claws moderate
in size and curvature, rather blunt, that of hallux smaller.
Plumage and coloration. — Plumage in general soft, the remiges, espe¬
cially the primaries, firm, almost rigid; feathers rather distinctly out¬
lined, except on lower abdomen, anal region, and thighs, where soft,
downy, and blended, those of sides and flanks large and very broad; a
naked space immediately above eye (most developed as brightly colored-
orange or red — in males during summer) ; feathers of crown distinctly
elongated, forming, when erected, a rather conspicuous crest ; on each
side of neck a conspicuous erectile tuft of large, very broad, soft, nearly
truncate, decumbent feathers. Upperparts variegated with black, buff
and different tones of brown and rusty or gray, the tail, scapulars, and
wing coverts streaked with buff or whitish, the rump with rather small
cordate or ovate spots of pale grayish or dull buffy ; tail gray or rusty,
with numerous irregular or zigzag narrow bars of blackish and with a
broad subterminal band of blackish or dark brown ; neck tufts black, dark
brown, or chestnut, each feather with a glossy or semimetallic terminal
margin or bar ; throat buffy or ochraceous, sometimes with dusky mark¬
ings; rest of underparts buff or whitish, more or less broken by broad
bars of brownish, these much broader and darker on flanks.
Range.— Wooded portions of North America, except in Lower Austral
Life Zone. (Monotypic.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
155
KEY TO THE FORMS OF BONASA UMBELLUS (LINNAEUS)
a. General coloration more brownish than grayish.
b. Dark-brown ventral barring pronounced.
c. General coloration very dark (chestnut to dark auburn).
d. General coloration distinctly brownish with little or no grayish cast.
e. Very reddish, back bright argus brown to dark chestnut, tail auburn
to bay (Olympic Peninsula) . Bonasa umbellus castanea (p. 169)
ee. Duller and less reddish, back between Prout’s brown and Dresden
brown; tail dull ochraceous-umber (brown phase) (Vancouver Island).
Bonasa umbellus brunnescens (p. 170)
c Id. General coloration with more grayish or dusky appearance ; tail argus
brown to cinnamon-brown (w. slopes of Rocky Mountains, Idaho, to
ne. Washington) . Bonasa umbellus phaia (brown phase) (p. 178)
cc. General coloration lighter (sayal brown to argus brown).
d. Distinctly brownish with little or no grayish cast.
e. Ventral barring darker — cinnamon-brown to dark mummy brown (sw.
British Columbia to nw. California) Bonasa umbellus sabini (p. 166)
ee. Ventral barring lighter— dusky isabelline to buckthorn brown (Appala¬
chian Mountains from ne. Pennsylvania to Georgia).
Bonasa umbellus monticola (p. 163)
dd. Browns mixed with some gray.
e. Blackish areas of upperparts more pronounced ; brown parts darker and
less rufescent — cinnamon-brown to dark Prout’s brown (n. New
England, Nova Scotia, w. to s. Ontario).
Bonasa umbellus togata (p. 171)
ee. Blackish areas of upperparts less well developed, brown areas paler
and more rufescent— Mikado brown to snuff brown (nc. British
Columbia s. to ne. Oregon).
Bonasa umbellus afhnis (brown phase) (p. 175)
bb. Light brown, barring less pronounced.
c. General coloration darker, head and neck with little if any grayish suf¬
fusion, tail (brown phase) nearly hazel (s. New England, e. New York,
s. to District of Columbia) . Bonasa umbellus umbellus (p. 156)
cc. General coloration paler, head and neck with pale grayish suffusion, tail
(brown phase) nearly ochraceous-tawny (sw. Michigan s. to c. Arkansas).
Bonasa umbellus mediana (p. 161)
aa. General coloration more grayish than brownish.
b. Definitely gray, with little or no brownish wash.
c. Very pale (smoke gray to pale neutral gray).
d. Tarsus unfeathered63 for one-quarter its length or less; more white in
upperparts (w. Alaska to n. Alberta).
Bonasa umbellus yukonensis (p. 182)
dd. Tarsus unfeathered63 for not less than half its length; less white in
upperparts (c. Utah, se. Idaho, to ne. North Dakota).
Bonasa umbellus incana (p. 179)
cc. Darker (mouse gray to light grayish olive) (w. slope of Rocky Mountains,
Idaho, to ne. Washington) . .Bonasa umbellus phaia (gray phase) (p. 178)
bb. Gray mixed with considerable brown.
r. Tarsus unfeathered for more than half its length (nc. British Columbia
to ne. Oregon) . Bonasa umbellus affinis (gray phase) (p. 175)
03 Point of insertion of feathers on outside of tarsus to junction of tarsus with
middle toe is measurement for unfeathered tarsus.
156
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
cc. Tarsus unfeathered for less than half its length (nw. British Columbia
e. across Canada to s. Hudson Bay and Gulf of St. Lawrence).
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (p. 184)
BONASA UMBELLUS UMBELLUS (Linnaeus)
Eastern Ruffed Grouse
Adult male (brown phase). — Feathers of the forehead, crown, and
occiput sayal brown to cinnamon-brown, barred with blackish, and tipped
with smoke gray to pale smoke gray ; the elongated crest feathers with
the blackish extended toward the base on the outer edges of both webs,
leaving the brown as a broad basal shaft stripe with lateral branches, the
blackish marks very narrowly edged on their distal margins with cinnamon-
brown; nape sayal brown to cinnamon-brown tipped with smoke gray;
interscapulars similarly brownish, but with the smoke gray confined to
the distal portion of the shaft and a large terminal shaft spot, the re¬
maining part of the feathers irregularly crossed by blackish marks which
fail to connect toward the shaft; the outermost of these marks often very
broad (8—10 mm.) ; neck ruffs either deep black with a slight bluish
purplish sheen, dark fuscous-black with blue-black tips to the feathers,
or bright auburn with narrow fuscous tips to the feathers; upper back,
lower back, and rump cinnamon-brown to dark Brussels brown, the
feathers of the upper back with cordate terminal shaft spots of tilleul
buff to vinaceous-buff narrowly edged with black and occasionally sparsely
flecked with blackish ; the feathers of the lower back and rump with these
spots broader, more oval and with a distally converging V of blackish
within the light area, and the spots separated from the tips of the feathers
by 3 to 8 mm. of dark smoke gray; the rump feathers have the brown
areas faintly and sparsely vermiculated with blackish on their concealed
basal portions ; upper tail coverts cinnamon-brown, very broadly tipped
with smoke gray (about 15 mm. wide) and crossed by five or six narrow,
equally spaced, wavy, fuscous-black bands, each of which (except for
the most distal one, which borders on the proximal edge of the gray
terminal area) is distally followed by a narrow band (but which is wider
than the black band) of cinnamon-buff to pale tawny-olive, which in
turn is followed by a broken line of fine blackish dots ; the gray tips are
finely speckled or vermiculated with black and have a large .blotch of dark
fuscous-black edged with auburn in their middle portion ; lesser and
median upper wing coverts sayal brown to cinnamon-brown, very nar¬
rowly and incompletely edged with blackish and with mesial streaks of
pale buffy white narrowly edged with dusky ; greater upper secondary
coverts similar but with the brown areas faintly vermiculated with black¬
ish; greater upper primary coverts fuscous, externally narrowly edged
with cinnamon-brown, the edging widest basally ; primaries fuscous on
the inner webs and terminally on the outer ones, most of the outer webs
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
157
cartridge buffy to buffy white, with five to seven dusky fuscescent
triangular bars, each of which has its base against the shaft and its apex
at the outer edge of the vane, causing the whitish areas to appear like
reversed triangles, these dusky marks becoming small and faint or disap¬
pearing entirely on the distal third of the feathers ; secondaries fuscous
externally broadly edged with sayal brown coarsely vermiculated with
fuscous, and tipped with drab ; the innermost secondaries have their inner
webs also margined with vermiculated sayal brown with a wash of drab ;
the scapulars like the greater secondary coverts but with the light mesial
streaks much wider and the adjacent part of the inner web extensively
blackish ; rectrices cinnamon to clay color tipped broadly with smoke
gray with fine black vermiculations subterminally broadly banded with
fuscous-black to bister, this band sometimes breaking down to a series
of vermiculations in the median pair of rectrices (possibly in younger
adult birds) ; the subterminal dark band edged basally with another smoke-
gray band similar to the terminal one, and the remainder of the feathers
crossed by seven to nine narrow, wavy, fuscous-black bands, each of
which is followed distally by a band of cinnamon-buff, which in turn is
edged distally by a broken series of blackish vermiculations, which ex¬
tend, in reduced size, into the brown interspaces ; loreal stripe pale pinkish
buff narrowly edged with blackish spots; lower eyelid a line of pinkish-
buff and black spots; feather of cheeks and auriculars elongated, sayal
brown, with blackish edges and pale ashy-brown shaft streaks ; chin whitish
washed with buffy or pale ochraceous-buff and the feathers sometimes
tipped narrowly with black ; throat light ochraceous-buff, becoming whitish
laterally on the upper throat, the feathers forming the lateral and posterior
portions of the gular area tipped with fuscous-black, producing a some¬
what scalloped pattern ; upper breast cinnamon-brown to light auburn,
each feather broadly tipped with smoke gray, so that in fresh plumage
the brown is largely obscured ; the brown areas of the feathers basally
largely light pinkish cinnamon, with the darker cinnamon-brown forming
incomplete bands, especially subterminally ; lower breast and upper and
lateral parts of the abdomen grayish white to pale smoke gray sub¬
terminally crossed by broad bands of wood brown to buffy brown
narrowly edged on both sides with darker, and the feathers washed
with buffy basally; the brownish subterminal bands usually largely
hidden by the grayish-white tips of the feathers, especially on the ab¬
domen, these bands darker and more exposed on the lateral feathers
middle of abdomen with no brown, pure grayish white; feathers of
the sides sayal brown to Saccardo’s umber slightly vermiculated with
blackish and with white shaft streaks that expand distally into broad
terminal spots, flanks similar but the brown areas ashier and more
vermiculated, the vermiculations forming narrow bands, the shaft streaks
washed with grayish and not expanding into terminal spots; thighs
158
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
drab to whitish washed with pale vinaceous-buff ; under tail coverts
clay color to cinnamon-buff, broadly tipped with white, the white some¬
times extending back in a narrow streak along the shaft, the brown parts
fiequently with a few blackish spots; under wing coverts sayal brown
to Saccardo s umber with whitish mesial streaks ; axillars white banded
broadly with sayal brown ; iris hazel ; bill dark brown ; feet dark grayish
olive with a brownish wash.
Adult male (gray phase) .—Similar to the red phase except that the
interscapulars, back, lower back, rump feathers, and upper wing coverts
have the brown areas vermiculated and irregularly banded with smoke
gray, the feathers completely margined with the same; the upper tail
coverts and the rectrices have the rufescent replaced by smoke gray, which
is generally somewhat more abundantly flecked and vermiculated with
black than in the red phase; the subterminal band is usually fuscous to
fuscous-black, but occasionally it is dark argus brown (in which examples
the ruffs are usually auburn with blackish tips) ; the outer margin of
the greater upper primary coverts paler— wood brown ; the sides, flanks,
and thighs ashier, and the brown on the under tail coverts reduced largely
to narrow, incomplete cross bars.64
Adult female (both phases).— Similar to the corresponding males but
avei aging smaller with shorter ruffs, the gray phase females less pure
gray on the tail, more mixed or washed with rufescent than in gray males,
and the pectoral area in both phases more extensively tawny or hazel;
the coidate spots on the feathers of the back and rump smaller than in
the males and also more washed with avellaneous to wood brown.
Immature (both sexes). — Similar to the adults of the corresponding
sex and phase, but the ruffs slightly duller and slightly smaller; birds
in this stage may be told, however, chiefly by the fact that they have
the two outer primaries of the juvenal plumage, which differ from the
adult feathers in that their outer webs are not cartridge buff or whitish
marked with sayal brown but pale fuscous mottled and stippled with
pinkish buff to pale cinnamon-buff.65
Juvenal (sexes alike) .—Similar to the adult female but browner above,
more abundantly marked with sayal brown to Saccardo’s umber on the
underparts, but these marks more irregularly disposed, not so clearly
forming bars, but something between bars and heavy transverse mottling ;
u M In winter, grouse (both sexes) differ from summer birds in the presence of
snowshoes” caused by the growth of the lateral scales on the toes, and also in
more extensive grayish tips and margins to the feathers which wear off by spring.
05 In literature one finds statements to the effect that the juvenal primaries, such
as are retained in the immature plumage, are “light vinaceous cinnamon unmarked
except for a very fine sprinkling of a slightly darker shade . . .,” but the only
difference between them and adult primaries is confined to their outer webs as
given above.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
159
tail feathers lacking the heavy black subterminal band and having the
smoke-gray tips poorly developed ; the narrow blackish rectricial bands
(about as in the adults in number) each followed distally by a band of pale
sayal brown or cinnamon, lighter than the rest of the feather, or by a
band of pale smoke gray (possibly birds that would become gray-phased
later on?) ; head quite different from adult — forehead, crown, and occiput
snuff brown to Saccardo’s umber spotted with fuscous-black, a buffy-
whitish line from the loreal antiae to the eye, both eyelids, and continuing
back of the eye to the sides of the occiput; cheeks and auriculars snuff
brown to Saccardo’s umber, the former spotted with dusky sepia to
fuscous-black; chin and most of upper throat whitish unmarked; the
feathers of the back and rump and upper tail coverts different from the
adult — ashy sayal brown narrowly barred with sepia to fuscous ; iris
hazel brown; bill “brown and slate,” feet bluish white.
Dotuny young. — Forehead, crown, occiput, and nape pale ochraceous-
tawny, darkening medially and posteriorly to tawny and paling laterally
to light ochraceous-buff on the sides of the crown and occiput and on
the lores, cheeks, and auriculars, the middorsal area from the nape to
the tail bright russet, this area widening very considerably on the lower
back, the body down on each side of this ochraceous-buff becoming lighter
ventrally, entire underparts ivory yellow to light cream buff, a fuscous-
black line extending from the hind end of the eye to the posterolateral
angle of the occiput; upper surface of wings pale russet, under surface
cream buff.
Adult male.— Wing 174-190 (183.6); tail 144-174 (159.0); oilmen
from base 25.8-29 (27.0) ; tarsus 41.9-47.0 (43.9) ; middle toe without
claw 32.4—39.0 (36.7) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 21.7-31.1 (26.3 mm.).GG
Adult female.— Wing 170-188 (176.4) ; tail 123-141 (132.6) ; oilmen
from base 23.8-28.1 (26.3) ; tarsus 39.6-43.6 (41.2) ; middle toe without
claw 32.7-36.9 (34.2) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 20.2-30.0 (24.9 mm.).67
Range. — Climax and subclimax deciduous woodland of the Atlantic
coastal oak-pine subclimax and the northeastern portion of the mixed
mesophytic association in the eastern deciduous forest biome (Upper
Austral and Lower Transition Life Zones) north to central eastern and
central Massachusetts, east-central and central New York, west to cen¬
tral New York and east-central Pennsylvania, south, formerly, along the
coastal plain to Washington, D. C.
Type locality. — Eastern Pennsylvania; restricted to “vicinity of
Philadelphia.”
Tetrao umbcllus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1776, 275 (Pennsylvania; based
on Urogallus collari extenso p&nsylvanicus Edwards, Gleanings, 79, pi. 248 ;
“Twenty specimens from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, eastern Pennsylvania,
and New York.
01 Sixteen specimens from Massachusetts, New York, and District of Columbia.
1G0
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Attagen pensylvania Brisson, Orn., i, 214). — Gmeun, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788,
752.— Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 638.— Wilson, Amer. Orn., vi, 1812, 45,’
pi. 49, part (eastern States, Pennsylvania).— Bonaparte, Obs. Wilson’s Orn’
1826, 182; Genera North Amer. Birds, 1828, 126 (“found in temperate regions”) ;’
Amer. Philos. Trans., iii, 1830, 389. — Doughty, Cab. Nat. Hist., i, 1830 13
pL , 2— Auoueon, Orn. Biogr., i, 1831, 211 part (New York, Pennsylvania)!
v, 1836, 560, part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 72, part (New York; Penn¬
sylvania) ; Synopsis, 1839, 202, part (Maryland northward) .—Wilson and
Bonaparte, Amer. Orn, ii, 1832 (printed by Whittaker, Treacher, and Amot),
249, part; n, 1832 (?) (printed by Cassell, Petter, and Galpin), 251, part.—
Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds, i, 1832, 657, part ;
ed. 2, 1840, 794, part.— Jardine, Nat. Libr, Orn, iv, Gallinaceous Birds,’ pt. 2!
Game-birds, 1834, 149, pi. 14, part (Pennsylvania).— Wilson, Amer. Orn, ed. by
Brewer, 1840, 430, part.— Giraud, Birds Long Island, 1844, 191 (Long Island
New York).
T[etrao ] umbellus Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn, ii, 1871, 265, part
Tetrao ( Bonasia ) umbellus Bonaparte, Syn, 1828, 126; Trans. Amer.’ Philos Soc
iii, 1830, 389.
Tetrao tympanus Bartram, Trav. in Florida, etc, 1792, 288 (Pennsylvania)
Tetrao tympamstes Smith, Wonders of Nature and Art, rev. ed 1807 xiv 67
Bonasia umbellus Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 43.
Bonasa umbellus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool, xi, 1819, 300, part.— Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv, ix, 1858, 630, part.— Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Birds
North America, 1860, 629, 630, part.— Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865,
pl. 1 and text, part.— Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vii’i, 1866
291 (Long Island, Staten Island, N. Y.) .—Maynard, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat!
Hist., xiv, 1872, 383 part.— Brewer, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii,
1875, 12 (New England). — Merriam, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Sci., iv,
1877, 100 (Connecticut; common).— Rathbun, Revised List Birds Central
New York, 1879, 29 (central New York; common) .-Gregg, Revised Cat
Birds Chemung County, N. Y., 1880, 19 (common).-AMERicAN Orni¬
thologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 172, No. 300, part.-RicHMOND, Auk, v,
1888, 20 (District of Columbia; rare) .— Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer
Birds, i, 1892, 59, part (s. Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania) — Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 85, part; Handbook Game Birds i
1896, 71, part.— Stone, Auk, xi, 1894, 136 (New Jersey; Pine Barrens);’
Birds New Jersey, 1908, 150 (New Jersey; distr. ; nest, habits).— Dwight, Auk!
xxii, 1900, 145 (molts and plumage). — Rhoads and Pennock, Auk, xxii,
1905, 199 (Delaware; formerly not uncommon). — Weber, Auk, xxiii, 1906,
459 in text (food; crop contents).— Pennock, Auk, xxv, 1908, 286 (Delaware;
Ashland, Mount Cuba, Brandywine and Red Clay Creeks).— Griscom, Birds New
York City Region, 1923, 176 (status, New York City region). -(?) Wetmore,
Auk, xhv, 1927, 561 in text (Pleistocene of Maryland). — Knappen, Auk, xiv,
1928, 513 (bibliogr. relating to food habits). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, i, 1932, 272
in text (food habits); ii, 1937, 137 in text (drumming of male), 139 in text
courtship), 241 in text (eggs in mixed sets).— Allen, Auk, li, 1934, 180 (sex be¬
havior).— Cornell and Doremus, Auk, liv, 1937, 321 in text (endoparasites).—
Bagg and Elliot, Birds Connecticut Valley; Massachusetts, 1937, 170 (habits;
status).— Todd, Birds Western Pennsylvania, 1940, 131 in text (remains found
in goshawk stomachs).— Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 74, 76 in text (tarsal feather-
ing) , lx, 1943, 266, in text (Long Island, N. Y., plum.). — Petrides Trans
7th North Amer. Wildlife Conference, 1942, 316, in text (age indicators in
plumage).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
161
Bonasa umbella Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 39 part (New England; common) ;
Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 565, part; Key North Atner.
Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 585, part.
B[onasa] umbellus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 197, part. Coues,
Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, 1903, ii, 741, part.— Reichenow, Die Vogel, i,
1913, 319.
[Bonasa] umbellus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 235, part.
Bonasa umbellus var. umbellus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 448, part.
Bonasa umbellus a. umbellus Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 420, part.
Bonasa umbellus umbellus American Ornithologists Union, Check-list, ed. 2,
1895, 112; ed. 3, 1910, 140 part; ed. 4, 1931, 81 part— Eaton, Birds New York,
i. 1909, 366 (New York). — Harlow, Auk, xxix, 1912, 469 (Chester County,
Pa.; abundant) ; xxxv, 1918, 23 (Pennsylvania and New Jersey; egg dates).
Burns, Orn. Chester County, Pa., 1919, 48 (Chester County, Pa., rare, eggs).-
Smith, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 466 (Meriden, Conn.; nest with 23 eggs all hatched).
_ Daley, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 178 (Slide Mountain, Catskill Mountains, N. Y.),
180 (Frost Valley, Catskill Mountains, N. Y.).— Burleigh, Wils. Bull., xxxvi,
1924 69 (Centre County, Pa.).— Beck, Auk, xli, 1924, 292 in text (Pennsylvania-
German common names).— Clay, Wils. Bull., xxxvii, 1925, 43 in text (behavior
of a stunned bird).— Sutton, Wils. Bull., xxxix, 1927, 171 in text (killed by
screech owl) ; Birds Pennsylvania, 1928, 53, part (e. Pennsylvania; habits; etc.).
_ Forbush, Birds Massachusetts and Other New England States, ii, 1927, 26,
pi. 35 (col.'fig. ; descr.; habits, New England) .—Cooke, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash¬
ington, xlii, 1929, 33 (Washington, D. C.).— Burleigh, Wils. Bull., xliii, 1931,
38 (State College, Centre County, Pa.).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162,
1932, 141 (habits; plum.; distr.) .— Griscom, Trans. Linn. Soc. New York, m,
1933, ’ 96 (Dutchess County, N. Y. ; fairly common).— Towers, Auk, li, 1934,
516 in text (feather structure).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934,
40._Fisher, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlviii, 1935, 161 (Plummers
Island, Md.U — Stone, Bird Studies Cap May, i, 1937, 319 (Cape May, N. J. ,
status; habits). — Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxxiv, 1937, 406 (distr.,
tax ) —Todd, Auk, lvii, 1940, 396 (crit. ; characters).— Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer, i, No. 1, 1942, 215, part.-CRUiCKSHANK, Birds New York
City, 1942, 150 (status; habits).— Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943,
90 (tax.; descr.; distr.).
Bonasa u[mbellus] umbellus Urner, Abstr. Linn. Soc. New York, Nos. 39, 40, 1930,
71 (Union County, N. J.).— Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166 in text (data on
breeding biology) .-Poole, Auk, lv, 1938, 516 in table (weight; wing area).-
Stabler, Auk, lviii, 1941, 561 (parasite experiment).
B[onasa] umbellus umbellus Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 74 (tarsal feathering).
B[onasa] u[mbellus] umbellus Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 75, 77 in text (tarsal feather-
Bonasa jobsii Jaycox, Cornell Era, Dec. 8, 1871 (Ithaca, N. Y.) ; iv, No. 14, Jan. 13,
1872 (crit). — Anon., Ibis, 1872, 191, 439 in text.
Bonasa umbellus helmet Bailey, Bailey Mus. and Libr. Nat. Hist. Bull. 14, January
5, 1941, 1st page (Miller Place, Long Island, N. Y.).
BONASA UMBELLUS MEDIANA Todd
Midwestern Ruffed Grouse
Adults.— Very similar to the corresponding sex and phase of B. u.
umbellus but very slightly paler, the top and sides of the head and neck
162
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
with a pale grayish suffusion, the breast averaging less extensively washed
with brownish, the abdomen averaging more albescent, and, in the brown
phase, the tail paler, nearly ochraceous-tawny (in the brown phase of
umbellus it is nearly hazel). On the whole this race is more often gray¬
tailed than brown-tailed, while the reverse is true of the nominate form.68
Juvenal and downy young apparently unknown.
Adult male.— Wing 174-185 (178.9); tail 140-163 (150.6); oilmen
from base 25.2-30.6 (27.8) ; tarsus 41.8-45.8 (43.5) ; middle toe without
claw 34.5-39.5 (36.8) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 18.4-30.2 (23.8 mm.).69
Adult female.— Wing 174-183 (176.6) ; tail 127-159 (141.3) ; oilmen
from base 26.0-28.2 (27.3) ; tarsus 40.8-44.8 (42.7) ; middle toe without
claw 34.5-37.4 (35.4) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 21.6-30.0 (25.4 mm.).70
Range. — Climax and subclimax deciduous woodland of the oak-hickory
association in the eastern deciduous forest biome (Upper Austral Life
Zone) ; from southwestern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and east cen¬
tral Minnesota (Elk River) ; south, east of the Great Plains grassland,
to central Arkansas (Hot Springs). To the east Bonasa umbellus
media. na intergrades with Bonasa umbellus monticola, over a broad area
in southern Michigan, eastern Indiana, and western Ohio, and probably
formerly in western Kentucky and Tennessee.
Type locality. — Excelsior, Minn.
Tetrao umbellus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vi, 1812, 45, part (w. Kentucky; Indiana).—
Audubon, Orn. Biogr., i, 1831, 211, part; Birds. Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 72, part
(Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky).— Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., ii, 1832
(printed by Whittaker, Treacher, and Arnot), 249, part; (printed by Cassell,
Petter, and Galpin) 251, part (Indiana Terr.). — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United
States and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 657, part; ed. 2, 1840, 764, part.— Jardine,
Nat. Libr,, Orn., iv, Gallinaceous Birds, pt. ii, Game Birds, 1834, 149, part
(Indiana Terr.) —Wilson, Amer. Orn., ed. by Brewer, 1840, 430, part.—
Trippe, Comm. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 118 (Minnesota, abundant; plum.).
T[etrao ] umbellus Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., ii, 1871, 265, part (Indiana).
tetrao umbellus Brackenridge, Views of Louisiana, 1817, 119.
Bonasa umbellus Barry, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1854, 9 (Racine, Wis. ;
abundant) .—Allen, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1868, 501 (w. Iowa;
common), 526 (Richmond, Ind.).— Snow, Cat. Birds Kansas, ed. 2, 1872, 12
(Kansas, extremely rare) ; ed. 2, reprint, 1873, 9 (e. Kansas); ed. 3, 1875, 11
(e. Kansas) ; ed. 5, 1903, 15 (Kansas; very rare).- — Trippe, Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 240 (s. Iowa; abundant). — Nelson, Bull. Essex: Inst., ix,
1877, 44 (Wabash County, Ill.). — Gibbs, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., Bull.
5, v, 1879, 491 part (Michigan).— American Ornithologists' Union, Check¬
list, 1886, 172, No. 300, part.— Evermann, Auk, v, 1888, 349 (Carroll County,
68 If this race were not separated geographically from B. u. umbellus by B. u.
monticola, its recognition might be questioned. There is less difference between
rnediana and umbellus than between any other two subspecies of the ruffed grouse.
m Nineteen specimens from Minnesota, Wisconsin, southwestern Michigan, and
Iowa.
70 Three specimens from Minnesota and Illinois.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
163
Ind.; rare).— Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 223 (Kansas, formerly; descr. ,
eggs). — Hatch, Notes Birds Minnesota, 1892, 160, 452 (Minnesota, habits,
etc.).— Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 59 part (Minnesota;
Arkansas). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 85 part (Indiana,
Illinois). — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899) ; 254 (Kansas;
rare resident in e. Kansas).— Woodruff, Auk, xxv, 1908, 198 (Current River,
Shannon County, Mo.).
B[onasa] umbellus Ridgway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., New York, x, 1874, 382
(Illinois); Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 197, part (Arkansas). Hatch,
Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, 62 (Minnesota; abundant). Boies, Cat.
Birds Southern Michigan, 1875, No. 147, part (s. Michigan; resident) .—Nelson,
Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 121, part (ne. Illinois; common); ix, 1877, 43 (s.
Illinois; not common).- — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, 1903, ii, 741
part.
Bonasa umbellus, var. umbellus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 448, part. — Langdon, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1879,
15 (Cincinnati, Ohio; resident; spec, from Brookville, Ind.).
Bonasa umbellus umbellus American Ornithologists Union, Check-list, ed. 2,
1895, 112; ed. 3, 1910, 140, part; ed. 4, 1931, 81, part— Howell, Auk, xxvm,
1911, 232 (Crooked Lake region, Minn.; common) .—Betts, Auk, xxxn, 1915,
238 in text (Ashland County, Wis.) ; xxxiii, 1916, 438 (Wisconsin; food
habits).— Eifrig, Auk, xxxvi, 1919, 517 (Chicago, Ill.).— Johnson, Auk, xxxvii,
1920, 544 (Lake County, Minn.; breeds). — Pindar, Wils. Bull., xxxvi, 1924,
204 (e. Arkansas). — Wheeler, Birds Arkansas, 1925, 39, xiv (very scarce;
last record in 1883).— Sctiorger, Auk, xlii, 1925, 65 (summer; Lake Owen,
Wis.; habits).— Pierce, Wils. Bull., xlii, 1930, 266 (Buchanan County, Iowa).—
Baerg, Univ. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 258, 1931, 53 (Arkansas; genl.).-
Bent U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 141, part (life hist.).— Roberts, Birds
Minnesota, i, 1932, 376 (distr. ; habits; Minnesota).— Bennitt, Univ. Missouri
Studies, vii, No. 3, 1932, 25 (eastern Missouri; rare).— Du Mont, Wils. Bull.,
xliv, 1932, 237 (Iowa; spec.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 40,
part. — Brecicenridge, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 269 (Minnesota). Long, 1 rans.
Kansas Acad. Sci., xliii, 1940, 440 (Kansas; formerly common, now extinct).—
Pierce Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., xlvii, 1941, 376 (northeastern Iowa; resident) .-
Polderboer, Iowa Bird Life, xii, 1942, 50 in text (cover requirements m ne.
Iowa) _ Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 215, part.
Bonasa umbellus togata Currier, Auk, xxi, 1904, 34 (Leach Lake, Minn.; common).
-Roberts, Birds Minnesota, i, 1932, 376 pan (distr. ; habits, etc., Minnesota).—
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942 , 214, pait.
B[onasa] u[mbellus] togata Conover, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 206 part (Minnesota).
Bonasa umbellus medianus Todd, Auk, ivii, 1940, 394 (Excelsior, Minn.; descr.;
distr.; crit.), 396 (distr.).— Hellmayer and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i.
No. 1, 1942, 214, footnote— Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943, 92
(tax.; descr.; distr.). f . .
B[owcua] u[mbellus] medianus Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 74 in text (tarSal feathering).
BONASA UMBELLUS MONTICOLA Todd
Appalachian Ruffed Grouse
Adult (brown phase).— Similar to that of Bonasa umbellus umbellus,
hut the general coloration darker, the underparts more regularly and
more heavily barred and more strongly suffused with huffy ; the upper-
parts more brownish, less rufescent— Prout’s brown (instead of cinnamon-
164
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
brown as m umbellus ) ; the ventral bars becoming dark (dark sepia to
clove brown) on the flanks.
Adult (gray phase). Similar to that of B. u. umbellus, but the upper
and lower back darker, more brownish, with little or no grayish mixture,
the tail apparently never so pure gray but always with a faint buffy tinge ;
ventral bars darker, as in the brown phase, but the underparts less washed.
Juvenal— There seem to be two phases in this plumage, both (as
far as available material goes) with brown tails, but one considerably
grayer than the other (which is difficult to interpret as the great majority
of the adults are brown-phased in this race) : in the browner of the
two phases juvenals are like those of B. u. umbellus but darker, browner,
less rufescent above, the blackish marks on the upperparts larger, and
the ventral barrings darker as in the adults; in the grayer of the two
phases, the areas of the nape, interscapulars, upper wing coverts, back,
rump, and upper tail coverts that are Dresden brown to Saccardo’s umber
m the brown phase are wood brown ; the pale areas of the interscapulars
are pinkish buff (as opposed to cinnamon-buff to pale clay color in the
browner phase), and the ventral barrings are darker and less rufescent—
buffy brown to sepia.
Downy young.— Indistinguishable from that of the nominate race.
AduU male.—Wmg 172-196 (186.8); tail 139-181 (160); oilmen
from base 24.4-31 (27.4) ; tarsus 40-48.2 (44.5) ; middle toe’ without
claw 32.8-40 (36.5) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 21.4-34.5 (28.5 mm.).71
Adidt female. Wing 16<U190 (178.6) ; tail 121-156 (134.8) ; oilmen
from base 23.8-29.3 (26.6); tarsus 37.4-45 (41.1); middle toe with¬
out claw 32.2-39 .6 (35.1); unfeathered part of tarsus of 19.4-33 6
(27.2 mm.).72
Range. Climax and subclimax deciduous forest communities of the
mixed mesophitic association in the eastern deciduous forest biome (Upper
Austral Life Zone) in the eastern United States and the ecotone between
this biome and the Canadian Zone coniferous forest of the Appalachian
Mountains (pine-maple-beech-hemlock association) ; north to north¬
eastern Pennsylvania, northeastern Ohio, and southeastern Michigan, east
to northeastern and south-central Pennsylvania, central Maryland, north-
eastern, central, and southwestern Virginia, southwestern North Caro¬
lina, and northern Georgia; south to northern Georgia and northeastern
Alabama. The western limit of the range of this race is ill defined be¬
cause of tlje fact that the species has been extirpated over much of the
Mississippi Valley region where it formerly occurred. Bonasa umbellus
monticola intergrades with mediana in central southern Michigan, eastern
specimens ^rom. Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia
Maryland, Western Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and southeastern Michigan.
Ihirty-five specimens from Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina Georgia
Tennessee, western Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, and southeastern Michigan ’
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
1G5
Indiana, and western Ohio, and probably also formerly in western Ken¬
tucky and Tennessee.
Type locality. — Two and one-half miles east of Cheat Bridge, Randolph
County, W. Va. (4,000 feet elevation).
Tetrao umbellus Wilson, Amer. Orn., vi, 1812, 45, part (upper parts of Georgia). —
Audubon, Orn. Biogr., i, 1831, 211, part; v, 1839, 560, part; Birds Amer., 8vo
ed., v, 1842, 42, part. — Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., ii, 1832 (Whittaker,
Treacher, and Arnot), 249, part; ii, 1832 (Cassell, Petter, and Galpin), 251, part
(Carolina, Georgia, Florida). — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada,
Land Birds, 1832, 657, part; ed. 2, 1840, 794, part.— Wilson, Amer. Orn., ed.
by Brewer, 1840, 430, part.
T[etrao] umbellus Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., ii, 1871, 265, part (Georgia).
Bonasa umbellus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 630, part (Georgia). —
Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 1860, 629 in table,
part, 630 in table, part (Georgia). — Scott, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xv,
1872, 227 (West Virginia, Kenawha County). — Gibbs, U. S. Geol. and Geogr.
Surv. Terr. Bull. 5, 1879, 491, part (Michigan).— Wheaton, Rep. Birds Ohio,
1882, 447, 579 (Ohio; descr. ; syn.). — Beckham, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat.
Hist., vi, 1883, 145 (Kentucky). — Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 102 (w. North Caro¬
lina). — Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 319 (e. Tennessee). — Loomis, Auk, iii, 1886, 483 (nw.
South Carolina) ; vii, 1890, 36 (Pickens County, S. C. ; common) ; viii, 1891, 326
(Caesars Head, S. C. ; young seen). — American Ornithologists’ Union,
Check-list, 1886, 172, No. 300, part (Georgia; North Carolina).- — Langdon,
Auk, iv, 1887, 129 (Chilhowee Mountains, Tenn., Mount Nebo). — Rives, Auk,
vi, 1889, 52 in text (White Top Mountain, Va.). — Bendire, Life Hist. North
Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 59, part (n. South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee). — Dwight,
Auk, ix, 1892, 134 (North Mountain, Pennsylvania Alleghenies).- — Todd, Auk,
x, 1893, 38 (Yellow Creek bottom, w. Pennsylvania), 44 (Indiana County, Pa.). —
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 85, part; Handb. Game Birds,
i, 1896, 71, part (mountains n. Alabama). — Young, Auk, xiii, 1896, 281 (Nesco-
peck, Pa.). — Bailey, Auk, xiii, 1896, 292 (n. Elk County, Pa.). — Rives, Auk,
xv, 1898, 134 (Blackwater River, W. Va.).— Jones, Birds Ohio, Revised Cat.,
1903, 84 (Ohio). — Dawson, Birds Ohio, 1903, 433, 652, pi. 51 (Ohio; habits;
fig.). — Eifrig, Auk, xxi, 1904, 237 (w. Maryland; common). — Brown, Auk,
xxiii, 1906, 336 in text (near Camden, S. C.). — Howell, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 132
(Brasstown Bald, s. Georgia; breeds); xxvii, 1910, 301 (Walden Ridge and
Cross Mountain, Tenn.).— Johnston, Birds West Virginia, 1923, 10 (West
Virginia). — Shelter, Wils. Bull., xlix, 1937, 49 in text (Michigan; speed of
flight). — Trautman, Bills, and Wickltff, Wils. Bull., Ii, 1939, 102, in text
(winter mortality in Ohio). — Stewart, Auk, lx, 1943, 390 (Shenandoah Moun¬
tains; breeds).
Bonassa umbellus Johnston, Birds West Virginia, 1923, 88 (West Virginia).
B\onasa] umbellus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 197, part (Georgia,
Tennessee). — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, 1903, ii, 741, part.
B\onsa] umbellus Botes, Cat. Birds Southern Michigan, 1875, No. 147, part (s.
Michigan; resident).
f Bonasa] umbellus Couf.s, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 235, part.
Bonasa umbellus subsp. Mengel, Auk, Ivii, 1940, 424 (e. Kentucky).
Bonasa umbellus umbellus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2,
1895, 112; ed. 3, 1910, 140, part; ed. 4, 1931, 81, part.— Bailey, Auk, xxix, 1912,
80 (mountains of Virginia). — Bruner and Field, Auk, xxix, 1912, 371 (moun¬
tains of North Carolina — Grandfather Mountains and Mount Mitchell at 6,500
653008°— 46 - 12
166
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
feet), 375 (Canadian and Transition Zone, 2,000 to 5,000 feet and above).—
Smyth, Auk, xxix, 1912, 514 (Montgomery County, Va.).— Bailey, Birds
Virginia, 1913, 88 (Virginia; habits, etc.).— Brooks, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 544 (Rich
Mountains, W. Va.) ; Wils. Bull, xlii, 1930, 246 (Cranberry Glades, W. Va.).—
Pearson, Brimley, and Brimley, Birds North Carolina, 1919, 153 (North
Carolina; distr. ; habits).— Howell, Birds Alabama, 1924, 119; ed. 2, 1928,
119 (Alabama; habits).— Blincoe, Auk, xlii, 1925, 408 (Bardstown, Ky.).—
Sutton, Birds Pennsylvania, 1928, 53 part (w. Pennsylvania). — Pickens, Wils.
Bull., xl, 1928, 189 (upper South Carolina) .—Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162,
1932, 141 part (life hist.).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 40, part.'
— PIudson and Sherman, Auk, liii, 1936, 311 (South Carolina; still present
but reduced in numbers in Pickens and Oconee Counties). — Van Tyne, Occ.
Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 379, 1938, 11 (Michigan; south of 'range
B. u. togata).— Campbell, Bull. Toledo Mus. Sci, i, 1940, 61 (Lucas County,
Ohio; now extirpated; last record is 1905). — Trautman, Misc. Publ. Mus.
Zool. Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., No. 44, 1940, 223 (Buckeye Lake, Ohio;
formerly common, now extirpated). — Todd, Birds Western Pennsylvania, 1940,
168 (w. Pennsylvania; descr., habits, syn.) ; Auk, lvii, 1940, 390 in text (spec.,
w. Pennsylvania; crit.), 396 (distr.). — Goodpaster, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat.
Hist., xxii, 1941, 13 (sw. Ohio — only one known record — Clermont County,
October 1878).— Burleigh, Auk, lviii, 1941, 337 (Mount Mitchell, N. C.;
young).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 215, part.
Bonasa unibellus var. umbellus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 448, part.
B[omsa\ u[mbellus] umbellus Hicks, Wils. Bull., xlv, 1933, 179 (Ashtabula
County, Ohio).
[Bonasa] [unibellus] umbellus Wheaton, Rep. Birds Ohio, 1882, 447.
Bonasa unibellus togata Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxiv, 1937, 406, 407
(West Virginia; many records; crit. ; ranges s. to the mountains of n. Georgia) ;
lxxxvi, 1939, 183 (Tennessee; spec, from Shady Valley, Roan Mountain, and
Mount Guyot ; sev. sight records) ; lxxxviii, 1940, 535 (Kentucky; near Mount
Vernon). — Pearson, Brimley, and Brimley, Birds North Carolina, 1942, 107
(North Carolina; descr.; habits).
Bonasa umbellus monticola Todd, Auk, lvii, 1940, 392 (Cheat Bridge, W. Va. ;
descr., range, crit.), 396 (distr.). — Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943,
94 (tax.; descr.; distr.).
B[onasa] u[mbellus] monticola Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 74 in text (tarsal feathering).
BONASA UMBELLUS SABINI (Douglas)
Pacific Ruffed Grouse
Adult (brown phase). — Similar to that of Bonasa umbellus umbellus but
much more darkly and richly colored (darker and richer than B. u.
monticola also) ; the black markings above more extensive and conspicu¬
ous, the areas which are sayal brown to cinnamon-brown in umbellus be¬
ing orange-cinnamon, cinnamon-rufous, or hazel, those that are cinnamon-
brown to dark Brussels brown in umbellus are bright dark amber brown
to rufescent argus brown ; rectrices bright amber brown ; ventral barrings
darker — dark Dresden brown narrowly edged with fuscous, the lateral
bars (on sides and flanks darker still) — mummy brown to clove brown;
thighs darker — wood brown to avellaneous tinged with cinnamon-buff.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
167
There are two varieties of this phase agreeing in all respects except the
color of the breast ; in one variety this area is blackish, the feathers nar¬
rowly tipped with whitish or tawny, while in the other there is no black
but the feathers are bright tawny, becoming mummy brown only basally.
Adult (gray phase). — Similar to the brown phase but with the feathers
of the crown, occiput, and nape tipped with smoke gray ; those of the
upper and lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts terminally edged
with pale neutral gray vermiculated with blackish; rectrices as in the
gray phase of B. u. umbellus but darker, more washed with wood brown.
Juvenal. — None seen.
Downy young. — Indistinguishable from that of B. u. umbellus.
Adult male. — Wing 177-187 (182); tail 142-159 (151.7); culmen
from base 25.8-28.1 (26.5) ; tarsus 43.0-45.1 (44.1) ; middle toe without
claw 39.04-1.9 (40.1) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 16-28.6 (22.8 mm.).73
Adult female. — Wing 170-181 (174.3) ; tail 12-4— 137 (130.2) ; culmen
from base 24.9-28.4 (26.4) ; tarsus 41.2-44.2 (43.0) ; middle toe with¬
out claw 33-39 (36.5) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 17.8-28.0 (22.3 mm.).74
Range. — Subclimax deciduous woodlands of the cedar-hemlock-associa¬
tion in the moist coniferous forest biome of the Canadian Life Zone,
from southwestern British Columbia (exclusive of Vancouver Island and
the immediate vicinity of the coast) southward west of the Cascade Range,
through Washington and Oregon (exclusive of the Olympic Peninsula
and the immediate vicinity of Puget Sound) to northwestern California
(Humboldt Bay and Salmon River.)
Type locality. — Vicinity of Fort Vancouver, Clark County, Wash.
Tetrao umbellus Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., ii, 1832 (printed by Whit¬
taker, Treacher, and Arnot), 249, part; ii, 1832 (?) (printed by Cassell, Petter,
and Galpin), 251 part. — Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 202 part (Columbia River) ;
Orn. Biogr., v, 1839, 560 part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 72 part (Columbia
River). — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds, ed. 2,
1840, 794, part (Columbia River to the Pacific).— Wilson, Amer. Orn., ed. by
Brewer, 1840, 430, part. — Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rept., vi, 1857, 94 (Cascade
Mountains and Willamette Valley, Oreg.).
Bonasa umbellus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 85, part; Handb.
Game Birds, i, 1896, 71, part.
T[etrao ] sabini Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 137, part (Pacific
coast “from Cape Mendocino to Straits of Juan of Fuca, Quadra”). — Swainson
and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 343, footnote.
Tetrao sabini Hall, Murrelet, xv, 1934, 5 in text (Washington; Columbia River;
hist; rec. 1826).
Bonasa sabini Palmer, Condor, xxx, 1928, 277 in text, 294 in text (patronymics).
Bonasa sabinii Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 631, part. — Cooper and
Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, book 2, pt. 3, 1860, 224 (Washington,
w. side of Cascades).— Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
1860, 361. — Lord, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 123 (Brit. Colum-
13 Six specimens from Washington and Oregon.
14 Six specimens from Washington, Oregon, and California.
168
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
bia). — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 89. — Baird, in Cooper,
Orn. Calif., 1870, 540. — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 585, part. —
Townsend, Auk, iii, 1886, 491 (Humboldt Bay, Calif.).
B[onasa ] sabinii Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, rev. ed., 1896, 585.
Bonasa sabinei Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 3 and text, part.
[ Bonasa ] sabinei Gray, Hand List, ii, 1870, 277 , No. 9834.
B[onasa ] sabinei Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 319.
[Bonasa umbellus ] var. sabinei Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 235, part.
Bonasa umbellus var. sabini Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Llist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 454, part.
[Bonasa umbellus] c. var. sabinii Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 421, part.
Bonasa umbellus sabini Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 164 (Washington County, Oreg.). —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 300c; ed. 2, 1895, 112;
ed. 3, 1910, 140 part; ed. 4, 1931, 82, part. — Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds,
1887, 198, part.— Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 200, 235 (Hum¬
boldt Bay, Calif.). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer Birds, i, 1892, 68, part. —
Fannin, Check List British Columbia Birds, 1898, 32, part. — Dwight, Auk, xvii,
1900, 145 (plum, and molt). — Bowles, Condor, iii, 1901, 47 in text (nests de¬
stroyed by mice). — Kermoiie, Cat. British Columbia Birds, 1904, 26, part
(British Columbia w. of Cascades). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds,
ed. 2, 1909, 223, part. — Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909, 587,
part (Washington; habits; distr.). — Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif. No. 8,
1912, 10 (California) ; No. 11, 1915, 61 (California; distr.). — Jewett, Condor,
xviii, 1916, 75 (Tillamook County, Oreg.; not uncommon). — Bryant, Condor,
xix, 1917, 168 in text (food habits; Requa, Del Norte County, Calif.).- — Grin¬
nell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Birds California, 1918, 552 (descr. ; habits;
distr.; California). — Dawson, Birds California (stud, ed.), iii, 1923, 1596
(genl. ; California). — Brooks and Swarth, Pacific Coast Avif. No. 17, 1925,
50, part— Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 167 in text, part; Birds
Canada, 1934, 155 in text. — Jewett and Gabrielson, Pacific Coast Avif., No.
19, 1929, 19 (Portland, Oreg.; photo of nest and eggs). — Gabrielson, Condor,
xxxiii, 1931, 112 (Jackson County, Oreg.). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162,
1932, 174, part (habits). — Hall, Murrelet, xiv, 1933, 70 (Washington; Colum¬
bia River; history) ; xv, 1934, 10, 14 (type loc. restricted to vicinity of Fort
Vancouver, Clark County, Wash.; hist.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 39, part. — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1934, 241 in text (eggs in mixed
nests). — Conover, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 204 in text (crit., distr., type loc.), 206
(spec. Oregon, Washington, British Columbia). — Griffee and Rapraeger, Mur¬
relet, xviii, 1937, 16 (Portland, Oreg., nesting). — Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds
Oregon, 1940, 215 part (Oregon, distr.; descr.; habits). — Todd, Auk, lvii, 1940,
393 in text (charts) 396 part (distr.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 218, part. — Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943,
94 (tax.; descr.; distr.).
Bonasa umbellus sabinei Coues, Hist. Exped. Lewis and Clark, iii, 1893, 872 in text
(syn.). — Fisher, Condor, iii, 190k, 91 in text; iv, 1902, 114 in text, 132 (nw.
California; heavy redwood forest north of Mad River, Humboldt Bay). —
Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 3, 1902, 30 (California; fairly common
resident of the humid coast from Cape Mendocino northward).
Bonasa u[mbellus] sabini Allen, Auk, x, 1893, 126.
B[onasa] u[mbellus] sabini Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902,
128, part (descr.; distr.). — Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 75, 77 in text (tarsal
feathering).
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
169
[ Bonasa umbellus] sabini Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 76 in text (tarsal feathering).
(?) Tetrao fusca Ord, in Guthrie’s Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., 1815, 317 (based on Small
Brown Pheasant, Lewis and Clark’s Exp., ii, 182).
Bonasa umbellus fusca American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xii, 1895, 169
( nomencl. ) .
B[onasa ] umbella fusca Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, ii, 1903, 743 in text.
Bonasa umbellus fuscus Coues, Hist. Exped. Lewis and Clark, iii, 1893, 872 in text
(“Oregon”).
BONASA UMBELLUS CASTANEA Aldrich and Friedmann
Olympic Ruffed Grouse
Adult. — The darkest and most richly colored of all the predominantly
brown races of the species ; the brown of the upperparts deep chestnut
to dark auburn with no grayish mixture, the ventral barrings Dresden
brown to raw umber, darkening to mummy brown on the sides and
flanks, the chin, throat, breast and upper abdomen, sides, flanks, and
under tail coverts heavily washed with ochraceous-buff. No gray-phase
birds have been seen ; the brown birds have either black or rufescent
ruffs, the black being the commoner of the two.
Juvenal. — None seen.
Downy young. — Indistinguishable from that of B. u. umbellus.
Adult male— Wing 176-187 (182.8); tail 145-168 (153.9); oilmen
from base 25.6-29.9 (27.8) ; tarsus 43.6-48 (45.3) ; middle toe without
claw 38.9M-2.2 (40.7) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 16.0-29.4 (23.5 mm.).75
Adult female. — Wing 170-178 (174.9) ; tail 130-139 (131.8) ; oilmen
from base 23.6-28.0 (26.5) ; tarsus 41.2-45.5 (44.0) ; middle toe without
claw 37.0-39.7 (38.6) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 20.8-29 (24.6 mm.).76
Range. — Subclimax woodland of the very wet portion (spruce-cedar
association) of the Pacific coastal moist coniferous forest biome of the
Transition Life Zone; on the Olympic Peninsula and in the immediate
vicinity of the shore of Puget Sound in western Washington, south to
Fort Steilacoom, Cedarville, and Shoalwater Bay, possibly also farther
south along the “fog forest” belt in Oregon, although no specimens have
been seen from the coast south of the Columbia River to establish this
as a fact.
Type locality. — -Soleduck River, Olympic Mountains, Wash.
Bonasa sabini Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 1860, 629 in
table (Puget Sound).
Bonasa umbellus sabini Lawrence, Auk, ix, 1892, 43 (Grays Harbor, Wash.). —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 112; ed. 3, 1910,
140, part.— Koble, Auk, xvii, 1900, 351 (Cape Disappointment, Wash.; not
abundant) —Rathbun, Auk, xix, 1902, 133 (Seattle, Wash. ; breeds; common).—
Bowles, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 142 (Tacoma, Wash.; breeds; common).— Edson,
10 Eleven specimens from the Olympic Peninsula.
’“Nine specimens from the Olympic Peninsula.
170
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Auk, xxv, 1908, 432 (Bellingham Bay region, Wash.; common except on higher
mountains). — Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909, 587, part
(habits; distr.). — (?) Willett, Condor, xvi, 1914, 89 (doubtful record for
Sitka, Alaska; apparently^Westminster, British Columbia). — Burleigh, Auk,
xlvi, 1929, 510 (Tacoma, Wash.; breeding habits). — American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 82, part. — Miller, Lumley, and Hall, Mur-
relet, xvi, 1935, 57 (San Juan Islands, Wash.). — Kitchin, Murrelet, xx, 1939,
30 (Mount Ranier National Park). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 218 part.
Bonasa sabinei Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 3 and text, part.
Bonasa umbellus togata Edson, Auk, xxv, 1908, 432 (Bellingham Bay region, Wash. ;
in the mountains).
Bonasa umbellus castaneus Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943, 95 (Soleduck
River, Olympic Mountains, Washington; tax.; crit. ; descr. ; distr.).
BONASA UMBELLUS BRUNNESCENS Conover
Vancouver Island Ruffed Grouse
Adult (brown phase). — -Similar to that of Bonasa umbellus umbellus
but darker, more brownish, less rufescent (darker, more brownish than
sabini also) ; general color of the upperparts between Prout’s brown and
Dresden brown, tail dull ochraceous-umber ; underparts heavily barred
with grayish ochraceous-umber and washed extensively with tawny-buff.
Adult (gray phase).- — Similar to the brown phase, but the top of head,
neck, back, rump, and upper tail coverts mixed and vermiculated with
dark smoke gray ; rectrices dark smoke gray barred and vermiculated with
black and without any brownish tinge (the heavy black wavy bars are
single in this race in both phases, while in sabini and castanea they
are double with a pale ochraceous band in between them) ; underparts
as in the .brown phase but much less washed with buffy.
Juvenal. — Similar to that of B. u. umbellus but darker brown (darker
than juvenal monticola also) ; above, cinnamon-brown to Prout’s brown
(as opposed to sayal brown in the nominate form) ; below, the ventral
barrings darker — dusky Dresden brown.
Downy young.- — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 179-189 (183.7) ; tail 144-157 (148.6) ; culmen
from base 26.6-28.3 (27.6) ; tarsus 44.0-46.8 (45.6) ; middle toe without
claw 40-41 (40.3) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 24.7-29 (26.7 mm.). 77
Adult female. — Wing 173-181 (176.3) ; tail 124-134 (128.4) ; culmen
from base 24.4-27.4 (26); tarsus 41.8-45.2 (43.0); middle toe without
claw 37-39.9 (38.4) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 20.5-28 (25.3 mm.).78
Range. — Subclimax woodland of the cedar-hemlock association in the
moist coniferous forest biome (Transition Life Zone) ; on Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, and the adjoining mainland from the vicinity
77 Six specimens including the type.
78 Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
171
of the city of Vancouver north at least to Lund. There are no records
for the ruffed grouse on the coast of British Columbia between this
locality and Port (Fort) Simpson near the Alaska line, and so it is
doubtful if brunnescens ranges much farther north than the immediate
vicinity of Vancouver Island.
T[etrao ] Sabini Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 137 part (Vancouver
Island).
Bonasa sabinii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 236 (Vancouver Island).
Bonasa sabinei Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 3 and text, part (Vancouver
Island) .
Bonasia sabinii Brown, Ibis, 1868, 424 (Vancouver Island).
Bonasa umbellus var. sabini Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877, 140,
part (Vancouver Island).
Bonasa umbellus sabini Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 68, part
(Vancouver Island). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2,
1895, 112; ed. 3, 1910, 140, part. — Fannin, Check List British Columbia Birds,
1898, 32, part.- — Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 145, part (molt). — Macoun, Cat. Can.
Birds, 1900, 204 part (coastal British Columbia including Vancouver Island). —
Kermode, Cat. British Columbia Birds, 1904, 26, part (Vancouver Island). —
Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1909, ed. 2, 1909, 223 part. — Swarth,
Condor, xiv, 1912, 21 (Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island). — Brooks and Swarth,
Pacific Coast Avif., No. 17, 1925, 50, part (Vancouver Island). — Taverner, Birds
Western Canada, 1926, 167 in text, part. — Alford, Ibis, 1928, 197 (Vancouver
Island). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 82, part. —
Cumming, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 7 (Vancouver Island). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 162, 1932, 174 part (life history). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii,
1934, 39, part.
Bonasa umbellus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 85, part (Van¬
couver Island). — Taverner, Condor, xx, 1918, 185 (Alert Bay, Vancouver
Island) .
Bonasa umbellus brunnescens Conover, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 204 (Comox, Vancou¬
ver Island, orig. descr. ; distr. ; crit.), 206 (spec. ; Vancouver and Saturna Islands).
—Todd, Auk, lvii, 1940, 393, in text.— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 217 (distr. ; syn.). — Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943, 96
(distr.; descr.).
B[onasa ] u[mbellus ] brunnescens Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 75, 76, 77 in text (tarsal
feathering).
BONASA UMBELLUS TOGATA (Linnaeus)
St. Lawrence Ruffed Grouse
Adult (brown phase). — Similar to that of Bonasa umbellus umbellus
but darker brown, less rufescent, above, the areas that are sayal brown
to cinnamon-brown in umbellus being Dresden brown to Prout s brown
in togata, the parts that are Brussels brown in the nominate race being
similar but washed with raw umber in the present form, and the upper-
parts generally with a little more mixture of grayish and with the blackish
marks more extensive, the underparts similar but more heavily barred
than in umbellus. In B. u. umbellus the brown phase is more frequent
than the gray; in B. u. togata the opposite is true.
172
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult (gray phase). — Similar to that of B. u. umbellus but darker both
in the browns and the grays of the upperparts, the brown as in the brown
phase of togata — Dresden brown to Prout’s brown, the blackish mark¬
ings more extensive, the gray areas including the tail smoke gray much
more finely and abundantly vermiculated with blackish than in umbellus ;
underparts more heavily and abundantly barred than in umbellus.
Juvenal. — Indistinguishable from that of B. u. umbellus.
Downy young. — Indistinguishable from that of B. u. umbellus.
Adult male. — Wing 173-192 (181.5); tail 142-174 (156.9); oilmen
from base 22.8-29.2 (26.1) ; tarsus 40.3-46.0 (42.7) ; middle toe without
claw 33.0-39.9 (35.9) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 20.0-30.9 (25.2 mm.).79
Adult female.— Wing 168-184 (176.0) ; tail 119-144 (130.6) ; oilmen
from base 21.0-29.3 (25.2) ; tarsus 36.8-44.0 (41.4) ; middle toe without
claw 31.3-36 .7 (34.6) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 20.0-28.0 (23.8 mm.).80
Range. — Subclimax deciduous woodland (birch and aspen communities)
of the pine-maple-beech-hemlock association, in the ecotone between the
northern coniferous and the eastern deciduous forest biomes (Canadian
and Upper Transition Life Zones) ; from northern New England and
Nova Scotia, probably north to Cape Breton Island, and the Gaspe
Peninsula, westward across southern Quebec and southern Ontario (in¬
cluding the north shore of Lake Superior) to northwestern Minnesota,
south to northeastern Massachusetts (Manchester), east-central New
York (Piseco), southeastern Ontario (Toronto), midway down the
Lower Peninsula of Michigan (Midland County) and northern Wisconsin
(Ashland County).
Type locality. — City of Quebec.
Tetrao togatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 275 (Canada; based on Lagopus
Bonasia canadensis Brisson, Orn., i, 207, pi. 21, fig. 1). — Forster, Philos. Trans.,
lxii, 1772, 393 (Albany Fort, James Bay). — Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 752.
Telrao umbellus Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 657, part;
ed. 2, 1840, 794, part.— -Audubon, Orn. Biogr., 1839, 560, Birds Arner., 8vo ed.,
1842, 72, part (Massachusetts, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia).
T[etrao] umbellus McIlwraith, Birds Hamilton, Can. Journ., July I860, 7 (common;
Hamilton, Ontario).
Bonasa umbellus Stephens, in Shaw, Genl. Zool., xi, 1819, 300, part (Nova Scotia,
and syn., part).— Kneeland, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1857, 237
(Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior).— Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1858,
630, part. — Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae 1865, pi. 1 and text, part. — Mc¬
Ilwraith, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 91 (Ontario). — Maynard, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., xiv, 1872, 383, part. — Herrick, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 11
10 Thirty-two specimens from Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, northern New York, northern Michigan, northern Wiscon¬
sin, and northeastern Minnesota.
“Twenty-one specimens from Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Maine, New Hampshire, northern New York, northern Michigan, and northern
Wisconsin.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
173
(Grand Manan, New Brunswick; 1 seen). — Gibbs, U. S. Geol. and Geogr.
Surv. Terr. Bull. 5, 1879, 491, part (Michigan).— Chadbourne, Auk, iv, 1887,
143 (While Mountains, N. H. ; hen and chicks seen). — Faxon and Allen, Auk,
v, 1888, 149 (Squam Lake, N. H.), 151 (Franconia, N. H.), 153 (Franconia and
Bethlehem, N. H.). — Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 389 (Winchendon, Mass.) ; Mem.
Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 14, 1906, 171 (Cambridge, Mass.; habits, eggs). — Faxon,
Auk, vi, 1889, 44, 99 (Berkshire County, Mass.). — Allen, Auk, vi, 1889, 76
(Bridgewater, N. H.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 85,
part (Calais, Maine; Massachusetts) ; Handb. Game Birds, i, 1896, 71, part. —
Warren, Auk, xii, 1895, 191 in text (Upper Peninsula, Mich.; eaten by gos¬
hawk). — Nash, Check List Birds Ontario, 1900, 26 (Ontario). — [Nash], Check
List Vert. Ontario: Birds, 1905, 35 (Ontario; common). — Wldmann, Auk, xix,
1902, 233 (Wequetonsing, Emmet County, Mich.). — Wood and Frothingham,
Auk, xxii, 1905, 46 (Au Sable Valley, Mich.; spec.).— Townsend, Mem. Nuttall
Om. Club, No. 3, 1905, 202 (Essex County, Mass.).— Blackwelder, Auk, xxvi,
1909, 366 (Iron County, Mich.; common).— Chaney, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 273
(Hamlin Lake region, Mason County, Mich.). — Johnson, Auk, xliv, 1927, 319,
in text (n. New York; winter; habits). — Christy, Auk, xlviii, 1931, 394 (change
of status; Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie). — Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 154 in
text, pi. 18b (clistr. ; descr.) ; Can. Water Birds, 1939, 168 (field chars.). —
Clarke, Univ. Toronto Studies, biol. ser., No. 41, 1936, 1 (fluctuations in
number; Ontario). — Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zook,
No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 28 (Ontario; common and widely distributed; breeds).—
Snyder, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xxii, 1938, 185 (w. Rainy River district, Ontario;
spec.; sight record; drumming). — Pettingill, Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci.,
xix, 1937-38 (1939), 333 (Grand Manan; common; habits) .—Ricker and
Clarke, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zook, No. 16, 1939, 8 (Lake Nipissing,
Ontario).— Allin, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xxiii, pt. 1, 1940, 96 (Darlington
Township, Ontario; common). — Snyder et al., Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus.
Zook, No. 19, 1941, 46 (Prince Edward County, Ontario; irregular; color
phases).— Lewis, Wils. Bulk, liii, 1942, 77 (Anticosti Island, Quebec; introd.).
B[onasa ] umbcllus Nelson, Bulk Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 121, part (n. Michigan).—
Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, ii, 1903, 741, part.
Bonasa umbella Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 39, part (New England; common) ;
Key North Amer. Birds, 1884, 585, part.— Merriam, Bulk Nuttall Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 238 (Point de Monts, Canada).
Bonasa umbcllus subsp. White, Auk, x, 1893, 230 (Mackinac Island, Mich.).—
Allen, Auk, xxv, 1908, 59 (s. Vermont).
Bonasa umbetlus var. umbcllus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 448, part.
Bonasa umbellus umbellus Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 5, 1920, 96
(Essex County, Mass.; common). — Cahn, Wils. Bulk, xxxix, 1927,27 (summer,
Vilas County, Wis.). — Stoner, Roosevelt Wild Life Ann., ii, Nos. 3, 4, 1932,
433 (habits, Oneida Lake, N. Y.).— Eliot, Auk, xlix, 1932, 101 (West Chester¬
field, Mass.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 215,
part (s. Ontario; Massachusetts, part).
B [onasa] umbellus umbellus Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 3, 1905, 202,
in text (Essex County, Mass.).
[Bonasa umbellus] umbellus Townsend, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Club, No. 3, 1905, 202 in
text (Essex County, Mass.). — Snyder and Logier, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst.,
xviii, pt. 1, 1931, 177 in text (intermediate spec.).
174
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bonasa umbellus togata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355 (nomencl.). —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 172, No. 300a.; ed. 2, 1895,
111; ed. 3, 1910, 140, part; ed. 4, 1931, 81, part. — Ridgway, Man. North Amer.
Birds, 1887, 198, part. — Dwight, Auk, iv, 1887, 16 (Cape Breton Island, Nova
Scotia) ; xvii, 1900, 145 (plum, and molt). — Brittain and Cox, Auk, vi, 1889,
117 (Restigouche Valley, New Brunswick). — Caulfield, Can. Rec. Sci., July
1890, 145 (Montreal; rare). — Allen, Auk, viii, 1891, 165 (Bras D’Or, Cape
Breton Island, Nova Scotia) ; Auk, x, 1893, 126. — Bendire, Life Hist. North
Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 64, part. — Dwight, Auk, x, 1893, 8 (Prince Edward
Island, few seen). — Hoffman, Auk, xii, 1895, 88 (Graylock Mountain, Mass.).
— Morrell, Auk, xvi, 1899, 251 (Nova Scotia; Cumberland County, abundant).
— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 202 (abundant in Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Ontario). — Howell, Auk, xviii,
1901, 340 (Mount Mansfield, Vt. ; numerous). — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western
United States, 1902, 127 part (descr., distr.). — Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn.
Club, No. 3, 1905, 202 in text (Essex County, Mass.) ; Auk, xxix, 1912, 19
(Glenwood and Upper Greenwich, New Brunswick). — Fleming, Auk, xxiv,
1907, 71 (Toronto, north to Lake Nipissing). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat.
Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 220, part. — Wright, Auk, xxix, 1912, 324 in text
(White Mountains, N. H. ; drumming). — Macnamara, Ottawa Nat., xxvi, 1912,
101, text, part. — Bangs, Auk, xxix, 1912, 378, in text (crit.). — Mousley, Auk,
xxxiii, 1916, 66 (Hatley, Quebec; common; eggs). — Jackson, Auk, xl, 1923, 481
(Mamie Lake, Wis.). — Soper, Auk, xl, 1923, 497 (Wellington and Waterloo
Counties, Ontario).— Christy, Wils. Bull., xxxvii, 1925, 210 (status in summer;
Huron Mountain, Mich.). — Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 167, in
text, part; Birds Canada, 1934, 155 in text, part. — Grange, Wils. Bull., xlviii,
1936, 104 (Wisconsin, population studies). — De Mille, Auk, xliii, 1926, 516
(Mont Luis Lake, Gaspe County, Quebec). — Forbush, Birds Massachusetts and
Other New England States, ii, 1927, 36 (fig., descr.; habits; New England).—
Snyder, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xvi, pt. 2, 1928, 258 (Lake Nipigon region,
Ontario; summer) ; xvii, pt. 2, 1930, 186 (King Township, Ontario; summer). —
Snyder and Logier, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xviii, pt. 1, 1931, 177 (Long Point
area, Norfolk County, Ontario; extirpated or nearly so; sight record in 1924;
nest and eggs 1931).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 166, part (life
hist.; range) —Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 39.— Beebe, Wils.
Bull., xlix, 1937, 34 (Upper Peninsula Michigan; as abundant now as in past). —
Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166 (data on breeding biology). — MacLulich,
Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 13, 1938, 11 (Algonquin Prov. Park,
Ontario; common; habitat; spec.). — Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
Michigan, No. 379, 1938, 11 (Michigan, south to Midland and Oceana Counties;
breeds).— Todd, Auk, lvii, 1940, 396 (distr.).— Dear, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst.,
xxiii, pt. 1, 1940, 126 (Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, Ontario; varies from
uncommon to plentiful ; breeding records). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 214 part. — Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943, 96
(tax ; descr. ; distr.).
B[onasa ] umbellus togata Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 198, part. —
Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 74, figure (tarsal feathering).
B[onasa ] u[mbellus] togata Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 73 in
text (centr. and e. Canada) .—Conover, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 204 in text (crit.),
206, part (spec.; Maine, Michigan, Quebec, and Ontario). — Pettingill, Proc.
Nova Scotian Inst. Sci., xix, 1937-38 (1939), 333 (Grand Manan, New Bruns¬
wick; mentioned).— Snyder et al., Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 19,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
175
1941, 46, in text (Prince Edward County, Ontario; gray phase).— Uttal, Auk,
lviii, 1941, 75, 77, and 78 in text (tarsal feathering).
[Bonasa] umbellus togata Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus.
Zool., No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 28 in text (Ontario; resident in greater part of
province).
[Bonasa] [umbellus] togata Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 3, 1905, 202
in text (Essex County, Mass.). — Snyder and Logier, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst.,
xviii, pt. 1, 1931, 177 in text.— Todd, Auk, lvii, 1940, 391 in text (crit.).— Uttal,
Auk, lviii, 1941, 76 and 77 in text (tarsal feathering).
Bonasa umbellus thayeri Bangs, Auk, xxix, 1912, 378 (orig. descr., Digby, Nova
Scotia; meas. ; crit.). — [Stone], Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 426 (Digby, Nova Scotia).
— American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xl, 1923, 517 (Nova Scotia) ;
Check-list. ed. 4, 1931, 81.— Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, No. 4, 1930,
156 (type spec, in Mus. Comp. Zool., crit.). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162,
1932, 177 (habits, etc.).— Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 155 in text.— Peters,
Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 40 (Nova Scotian Peninsula, possibly also
eastern New Brunswick) .—Todd, Auk, lvii, 1940, 391 in text (crit.) .— Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 215.
B[onasa] u[mbellus] thayeri Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 73 in
text (Nova Scotia). — Conover, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 205 in text (crit.), 206
(spec.). — Pettingill, Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci., xix, 1937-38 (1939), 333
(Grand Manan; mentioned).— Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 75 and 77 in text (tarsal
feathering) .
BONASA UMBELLUS AFFINIS Aldrich and Friedmann
Columbian Ruffed Grouse
Adult (gray phase).— Similar to the corresponding phase of Bonasa
umbellus umbellus but darker, more brownish above, more heavily barred
below (in its general appearance intermediate between the gray phase of
umbellus and that of sabini ) ; feathers of top of head more solidly blackish
edged with smoke gray, and basally pale ochraceous-tawny on their hidden
portions ; interscapulars and inner upper wing coverts cinnamon-brown
with large blotches and some vermiculations of fuscous to black, and with
pale shaft streaks of tilleul buff to pale smoke gray; feathers of upper
back similar but with less blackish and more mottled with smoke gray
on their terminal portions ; feathers of lower back, rump, and uppei tail
coverts Prout’s brown, sparingly vermiculated with black, with broad,
tear-shaped, whitish shaft spots, which are longitudinally streaked and
edged narrowly with black, the feathers edged with smoke gray, the
extent of the terminal gray increasing on the upper tail coverts ; rectrices
darker gray than in umbellus — smoke gray to light grayish olive with
a faint ochraceous tinge especially along the shaft and on the proximal
edge of each of the black wavy bands ; and slightly more heavily vermicu¬
lated with black; below more heavily barred, the bars dusky isabellme
to tawny-olive, darkening on the sides and flanks to sepia and mummy
brown; the lower throat and upper breast more strongly washed with
176
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ochraceous-tawny than in umbellus of the same phase. The gray phase
is commoner than the brown one.
Adult (brown phase). — Similar to the gray phase but the tail sayal
brown with a cinnamon wash, instead of smoke gray, the upperparts of
the head and body and the upper wing coverts browner, less grayish, more
rufescent, but not so rufescent as the brown phase of sabini — the pale
shaft streaks of the interscapulars pale ochraceous-tawny, the upper back
and the lateral brown areas of the interscapulars Dresden brown to
mikado brown vermiculated with blackish, lower back and rump dark
mikado brown to rufescent Prout’s brown; ventral barrings darker than
in the gray phase — Dresden brown darkening on the sides and flanks
to mummy brown. This phase is like the .brown phase of togata, but has
the black markings less extensive.
Juvenal. — Similar to that of B. u. umbellus but very slightly more ru¬
fescent (more than in monticola also) above and with the ventral bars
darker — sepia to mummy brown; the rectrices and the outer webs of
the secondaries bright ochraceous-tawny.
Downy young.- — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 171-191 (181.7); tail 130-170 (152.4); culmen
from base 23.4-28.8 (26.3) ; tarsus 40.4-45.5 ( 42.9) ; middle toe without
claw 34.2-41.0 (37.6) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 14.5-29.2 (21.6 mm.).81
Adult female. Wing 170—185 (1/6.2) ; tail 123—15/ (132.4) ; culmen
from base 23.9-28.4 (26.2) ; tarsus 36.0-42.2 (40.6) ; middle toe without
claw 32.5-39.3 (35.2) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 14.0-25.0 (19.4 mm.).82
This race is intermediate between sabini on the one hand and umbelloidcs
and phaia on the other.
Range. — Subclimax deciduous woodlands (aspen, poplar, and willow
communities) of the montane and subalpine forests (Transition and
Canadian Life Zones) ; from Fort Klamath and Harney, Oreg., north¬
ward, east of the Cascades, excluding the mountains of northeastern
Oregon, southeastern and northeastern Washington, through the interior
of British Columbia, to Hazelton, and to Canyon Island, Taku River, near
Juneau, southeastern Alaska. Specimens from Bear Lake in north-central
British Columbia and from Telegraph Creek farther to the northwest in
the same province are intermediate between affinis and umbclloides ; birds
from southeastern Alaska are darker than typical affinis.
The range of Bonasa umbellus affinis, as here delineated, includes
populations of much paler and more grayish birds from the more arid
interior regions of Washington and Oregon. The extreme examples of
this type are found among specimens from Tunk Mountain, Aeneas,
Twisp, Mazama, Molson, and Oroville, in Okanogan County, and Swan
111 Forty-two specimens from British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.
83 Sixteen specimens from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
177
Lake and Curlew in Ferry County, Wash. Apparently there is here
represented a well-marked “ecological race ’ which shows a greater re¬
semblance to incana than anything else and yet completely cut off from
that form by affinis and phaia. This may be a case of morphological and
ecological parallelism, since in central northern Washington the prairie
grassland merges with the montane forest in much the same way that it
does in Utah and Wyoming, where typical incana occurs. Since the
variation seems not to have a geographical range distinct from affinis, it
is not here given a subspecific name. A more thorough study of the
problem in the held, however, might show such recognition to be desirable
on the basis of ecological segregation of the type mentioned by Miller
(Amer. Midi. Nat., lxxvi, 1942, 34) in certain species of the San Fran¬
cisco Bay region.
Type locality. — Fort Klamath, Oreg.
Bonasa umbellus var. umbclloides Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877,
140 (se. Oregon; rare).
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides Mearns, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 197, (Fort
Klamath, e. Oregon). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2,
1895, 112; ed. 3, 1910, 140, part; ed. 4, 1931, 81, part.— Jewett, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 6
(Baker County, Oreg.; common). — Gabrielson, Auk, xli, 1924, 555 (common in
Wallowa County, Oreg.).— Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 167, in
text (interior of British Columbia; plum.). Birds Canada, 1934, 155 in text,
part.— Kelso, Ibis, 1926, 701 (Arrow Lakes, British Columbia; crit. ; habits).—
Edson, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 42 (Yakima River, Wash.). — Peters, Check-list
Birds World, ii, 1934, 39, part.— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 216, part.
Bonasa sabinii Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix, 1858, 631, part. — Dall and
Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci. ; i, 1869, 287 (Alaska; Sitka; and British
Columbia) .
Bonasa sabini Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1875, 164 (Camp
Harney, Oreg.).
Bonasa umbellus var. sabini Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 454, part. — Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1877, 140,
part (John Day River, Oreg.; and Fort Colville, Wash.).
Bonasa wnbellus sabinii Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 227, 232
(Walla Walla, Wash.).
Banana umbellus sabini Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 145 (Fort Klamath, Oreg. , common
in aspen groves). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 223, part.
- — Rathbun, Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 364 (Crescent Lake, Wash. ; not common).
Shelton, Univ. Oregon Bull., new ser., xiv, No. 4, 1917, 20, 26 (west-central
Oregon). — Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 167 in text, part. — Racey,
Auk, xliii, 1926, 521 (swamp between Alta and Green Lakes, British Columbia).
. — Miller and Curtis, Murrelet, xxi, 1940, 42 (n. of University of Washington
campus).— Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940, 215 part (e. slope of
Cascades, Oreg.).
Bonasa umbellus togata American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 172,
No. 300a, part. — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 64, part
(British Columbia, Washington, Oregon).— Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 173
(Okanogan County, Wash.). — Fannin, Check List British Columbia Birds.
178
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
1898, 32 (British Columbia, e. of and including Cascade Mountains). — Macoun,
Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 202, part. — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 127, part. — Kermode, Cat. British Columbia Birds, 1904, 26 (e. of and
including Cascade Mountains). — Johnson, Condor, viii, 1906, 26 (Cheney,
Wash.).— Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909, 583, part (e. Wash¬
ington, habits; distr.).
B[onasa ] umbellus togata Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 198, part (e.
Oregon, and Washington Territory).
Bonasa umbellus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiii, 1893, 85 part (Fort
Klamath, Oreg.).
Bonasa umbellus affinis Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943, 97 (Fort
Klamath, Oreg.; tax.; crit. ; descr. ; distr.).
BONASA UMBELLUS PHAIA Aldrich and Friedmann
Idaho Ruffed Grouse
Adult (gray phase). — Similar to that of Bonasa umbellus umbellus but
less brownish, more grayish, and much darker, the smoke gray of the
upperparts of the latter being replaced by mouse gray to light grayish
olive, abundantly and heavily vermiculated with black ; the general dorsal
coloration being more grayish than brownish, only the interscapulars
and upper surface of the wings being brownish — Saccardo’s umber to
dusky olive-brown to dull sepia (and even the interscapulars are largely
grayish terminally) ; lower back and rump feathers basally and laterally
sepia, but this color less extensive than the vermiculated gray parts of
the feathers; below more heavily barred than umbellus (more like affinis
and togata ), the bars pale Saccardo’s umber to mummy brown, the
throat and breast strongly tinged with pale ochraceous-tawny.
Adult (brown phase). — Similar to that of B. u. umbellus but much
darker, less rufescent, more brownish (more like the corresponding phase
of brunnescens, but with more grayish or dusky) ; the tail Dresden brown
tinged, especialy laterally, with ochraceous-tawny, the brown of the upper
parts of head, body and wings dark, dull Saccardo’s umber to dark Dres¬
den brown, vermiculated with black, the feathers of the upper and lower
back with a dark grayish mixture; the feathers of the rump darkening
to Prout’s brown medially tipped with dark smoke gray to pale grayish
olive ; below similar to the gray phase but slightly less buffy on the breast.
Juvenal (male only seen). — Above much grayer than that of B. u.
umbellus, even grayer than the gray-phase juvenal of B. u. monticola, the
general coloration of the upper parts of head, body, wings, and tail being
drab to ashy hair brown, the interscapulars, scapulars, and a few of
the feathers of the back having ashy tilleul-buff shaft stripes and cross
bars with incomplete broad clove brown to blackish interspaces; outer
margin of secondaries buffy avellaneous, lesser upper wing coverts with
a light brownish-olive tinge; crown and occiput dark mouse gray, the
feathers with broad black terminal areas, margined and narrowly tipped
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
179
with dark mouse gray ; hind neck, sides of neck, and breast washed with
ochraceous-tawny ; ventral barring mummy brown.
Downy young. — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 175—193 (182.7) ; tail 141—171 (157.7) ; culmen
from base 24.8-28.6 (26.6) ; tarsus 39.8-46.0 (42.7) ; middle toe without
claw 34.8-39.7 (37.6) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 15.7-28.8 (23.2 mm.).83
Adult female.— Wing 173-182 (178.6) ; tail 124—134 (130.2) ; culmen
from base 23.5-27.0 (25.2) ; tarsus 39.6-43.4 (41.1) ; middle toe without
claw 34.4-37.5 (36.2) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 20.9-27.0 (23.8 mm.).81
Range. — Subclimax deciduous woodlands of the Idahoan montane
forest (larch-pine association) of the Transition Zone, on the west slopes
of the Rocky Mountains in Idaho, west to northeastern Oregon in the
Blue Mountains, southeastern and northeastern Washington. Possibly it
extends farther into southeastern British Columbia, but no specimens
have been seen to establish this fact.
Type locality. — Priest River, Idaho.
Bonasa umbellus var. sabini Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877, 140
(Fort Lapwai, Idaho).
Bonasa umbellus togata American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 172,
No. 300a, part. — Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, 93 (Salmon River
Mountains, south-central Idaho) .—Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i,
1892, 64, part (Idaho) .—Merrill, Auk, xiv, 1897, 352 (Fort Sherman, Idaho;
very abundant). — Snyder, Auk, xvii, 1900, 243 (Diamond Lake and Mount
Carleton, n. Washington) .—Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909,
583, part (e. Washington). — Rust, Condor, xvii, 1915, 123 (Kootenai County,
Idaho).— (?) Dice, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 44 (Prescott, se. Washington; rare).
Bonasa umbellus var. umbelloides Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer,
Birds, iii, 1874, 453, part.
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4,
1931, 81, part.— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 171, part (life hist.) . —
Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 37, part. — Gabrielson and Jewett,
Birds Oregon, 1940, 214 part (Blue Mountains, Oreg. ; descr. ; habits).— Hell-
mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 216, part.
B[onasa] u[mbellus ] umbelloides Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 128, part. — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, ii, 1903, 742, part.
B[onasa] u[mbella ] umbelloides Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, rev. ed., 1896, 585,
part.
Bonasa umbellus Hand, Condor, xliii, 1941, 225 (St. Joe National Forest, Idaho).
Bonasa umbellus phaios Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943, 98 (Priest
River, Idaho; crit. ; tax.; descr.; distr.).
BONASA UMBELLUS INCANA Aldrich and Friedmann
Hoary Ruffed Grouse
Adult (brown phase). — A very ashy bird, similar not to the brown
but to the gray phase of Bonasa umbellus umbellus, but paler and, except
83 Thirty-four specimens from Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.
MTen specimens from Washington and Idaho.
180
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
for the tail, less brownish, more like that of B. u. umbelloides but paler,
and less brownish on the interscapulars, back, and upper surface of wings ;
the general color of the forehead, crown, occiput, nape, upper back, and
upper wing coverts, light neutral gray tinged or mixed with from pale light
brownish olive to pale tawny-olive, the head and nape with very little
of this brownish wash ; interscapulars with large fuscous to black blotches
on the feathers which are otherwise ashy tilleul buff, basally washed with
pale ochraceous-tawny ; feathers of lower back, rump, and upper tail
coverts snuff brown, tipped, edged, and vermiculated with ashy light
neutral gray and with subterminal large tear-shaped tilleul buff to whitish
shaft spots laterally narrowly edged with black and sparingly speckled
with the same, rectrices cinnamon-buff to pale clay color, the lateral
feathers the palest, the terminal inch pale smoke gray traversed by a
broad band of dark dull sepia and sparingly speckled with fuscous, the
broad dark band occupying more than half the width of the gray area,
and breaking up into a mass of frecklings on the median pair of rectrices;
below as in B. u. umbellus but the barrings more numerous, especially
on the abdomen, and averaging paler— pale ashy buffy drab, and the
tarsus more fully feathered.
Adult (gray phase). — Similar to the brown phase but with the tail
feathers smoke gray with no buffy tone ; ventral barrings duskier — light
brownish olive darkening to sepia on the sides and flanks.
Juvenal. — None seen.
Dozvny young. — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 172-191 (181); tail 138-164 (151.8); oilmen
from base 25.3-28.8 (27.0) ; tarsus 40.3-14.9 (42.6) ; middle toe without
claw 35.0-39.9 (37.4) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 12.0-22.5 (17.4 mm.).85
Adidt female.— Wing 165-178 (171.5) ; tail 120-147 (133.2) ; oilmen
from base 25.0-27.8 (26.3) ; tarsus 36.9-44.7 (39.8) ; middle toe without
claw 33.2-38.8 (35.0) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 13.8-21.7 (17.3 mm.).86
Range. — Subclimax deciduous woodland and thickets (cottonwood and
willow communities) chiefly of the Rocky Mountain montane forest
(western yellow-pine consociation) of the Transition Zone, but to some
extent also in similar subclimax deciduous communities in the upper
fringe of the grassland biome of the Upper Austral Zone, east of the
Rocky Mountains; from west-central and central-northern Utah, south¬
eastern Idaho, and central-western Wyoming northeastward across
Wyoming and the Dakotas to northeastern North Dakota (Walhalla).
Bonasa umbellus incana intergrades with umbelloides in northwestern
Wyoming, and probably also in the intervening areas wherever the species
occurs, and in southern Manitoba in the aspen parklands and along
85 Twenty specimens from Wyoming, Utah, North Dakota, and southeastern Idaho.
80 Eight specimens from Utah, North Dakota, and southeastern Idaho.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
1S1
cottonwood-bordered streams. This race probably extends to the southern
limits of the species’ range in the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains
region in southwestern and north-central Colorado (Nucla and Estes
Park) ; southeastern and central southern South Dakota (Custer State
Park and Rosebud). No specimens have been seen to definitely establish
this, however.
Type locality. — Barclay, 15 miles east of Salt Lake, Utah.
Bonasa umbellus var. umbelloides Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv. ix, 1858, 925
(Fort Bridger, Wyo.). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 188 (Colorado) ;
vii, 1875, 39 (Nevada). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 453, part.
Bmasa umbellus umbelloides Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1875, 34 (Parleys
Park, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds,
i, 1892, 67 part (North Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado).— Cooke, Colorado
State Agr. Coll. Bull. No. 37, 1897, 70 (Colorado; rare); No. 44, 1898, 159
(Colorado; Denver); No. 56, 1900, 202 (Colorado; Estes Park).— Visher,
Auk, xxvi, 1909, 147 (w. South Dakota, brood seen) ; xxviii, 1911, 10 (Harding
County, S. Dak.). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 222,
part. — Sclater, Hist. Birds Colorado, 1912, 147 (Colorado; very rare resident
at lower elevations in the mountains). — Over and Thoms, Birds South Dakota,
1921, 76 (South Dakota; abundant in Black Hills).— Wood, Misc. Publ. Mus.
Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 10, 1923, 35 (North Dakota; common; specs.).—
Williams, Wils. Bull., xxxviii, 1926, 29 (Red River Valley, ne. North Dakota).
— Fuller and Bole, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., i, 1930, 50 (Wyo¬
ming).— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 81, part.—
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 171, part (life hist.).— Stanford, Proc.
Utah Acad. Sci., ix, 1932, 73 (Logan Canyon, Utah; spec.).— Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 39 part.— Miller, Wils. Bull., xlvi, 1934, 159 (near
Experiment Station, s. Utah). — Alexander, Univ. Colorado Stud., xxiv, 1937,
87 (Boulder County, Colo.; hypothetical). — Niedrach and Rockwell, Birds
Denver and Mountain Parks, 1939, 61 (probably now extinct, last record 1898).
—Fox, Auk, lvii, 1940, 109 in text (North Dakota; feeding habits).— Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 216 part (syn. ; distr . ) .
Bonasa umbellus (3 umbelloides Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 319 (Wahsatch
Mountains, Utah).
B[onasa] u[mbellus] umbelloides Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 128, part. — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, 1903, ii, 742, part. —
Conover, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 204 in text (crit.), 206 part (spec.; North
Dakota, Utah, Manitoba).
Bonasa unvbella umbelloides Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 17 (Colorado).
B[onasa\ u[mbella] umbelloides Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, rev. ed., 1896, 585,
part.
Bonasa umbellus Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 131 (mountains of Colo¬
rado, Wyoming, and Utah). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892,
59, part (North and South Dakota, se. Nebraska).— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 85, part (Deadwood, Dakota) ; Handb. Game Birds, i,
1896, 71, part (Utah, Colorado). — Reagan, Auk, xxv, 1908, 464 (Rosebud
Reservation, S. Dak.; rare).— Fox, Auk, lvii, 1940, 109 in text (food habits,
North Dakota).
Bonasa umbellus togata Grave and Walker, Birds Wyoming, 1913, 39 (Wyoming).—
American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 81, part.
•653008° — 46 - 13
182
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bonasa umbellus incanus Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943, 99 (Barclay,
15 miles e. of Salt Lake City, Utah; distr. ; descr. ; tax.).- — Behle, Condor,
xlvi, 1944, 72 (Utah).
BONASA UMBELLUS YUKONENSIS Grinnell
Yukon Ruffed Grouse
Adult (gray phase). — Similar to that of Bonasa umbellus umbellus but
much paler, the palest of all the races of the species, the whitish areas
above more extensive and purer white, less washed with huffy; nearest
to the gray phase of incana but paler, with more white, and with the
most extensive tarsal feathering of all the subspecies ; the gray areas
of the upperparts of head, body, wings, and tail pale neutral gray to
smoke gray, the brown, restricted to the top of the head, the inter¬
scapulars, wings, and middle of the back, is pale tawny-olive to pale
Saccardo’s umber; below as in umbellus but more abundantly barred
with huffy drab.
Adult (brown phase). — Similar to the gray phase but with the tail
between sayal brown and Saccardo’s umber distally vermiculated and
washed with smoke gray, with the feathers of the interscapulars, back,
and rump with very broad transverse subterminal bands of mummy brown
(these bands present but concealed in the gray phase), and with the
ventral barrings darker — Dresden brown to mummy brown.
Juvenal (female only seen). — Above much grayer than any seen of
B. u. umbellus, nearest to that of B. u. phaia, the general coloration of
the upper side of the head, body, and wings being drab to hair brown,
the interscapulars, scapulars, crown, and upper back being broadly trans¬
versely blotched with fuscous to black, and with pale tilleul-buff shaft
streaks and narrow cross bars of slightly darker tilleul buff ; rectrices as
in phaios but slightly more washed with drab.
Doivny young. — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 174-190 (182); tail 129-168 (148.5); oilmen
from base 24.9-29.1 (26.8) ; tarsus 38.3-45.0 (42.4) ; middle toe without
claw 34—38.5 (36.7); unfeathered part of tarsus 8.8-15.7 (11.2 mm.).87
Adult female. — Wing 170-182 (177.6) ; tail 127-137 (130.8) ; oilmen
from base 24—27.9 ( 26.6) ; tarsus 38.8—43.5 (41.2) ; middle toe without
claw 33-37 (34.9) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 7.3-14.9 (11.0 mm.).88
Range. — Subclimax deciduous woodlands (aspen, poplar, and willow
communities) chiefly in the white-spruce, pine, and larch association, in
the ecotone, between the northern coniferous and tundra biomes (Hudson-
ian Life Zone) ; from western Alaska (Akiak and Nulato) eastward
across Alaska, chiefly in the valleys of the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers,
87 Thirty-four specimens from Alaska, Mackenzie, and northern Alberta.
88 Ten specimens Alaska, Mackenzie, and northern Alberta,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
183
across Yukon from Selkirk and the Lewes River Valley, north to La
Pierre House, east at least to Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabaska,
and southward along the Liard River, at least t© Fort Liard, Mackenzie,
and along the Athabaska River to Fort McMurray, Alberta. There are
records of ruffed grouse from farther east in the Hudsonian Zone of
northern Manitoba (Brochet and York Factory) which may also belong
to this race, but specimens have not been seen to substantiate this.
Although primarily a Hudsonian Zone form, yukonensis apparently in¬
cludes within its range a sizable area characterized by pure coniferous
forest climax (Canadian Zone) in southwestern Mackenzie and northern
Alberta.
Type locality. — Forty-mile, Yukon, on Yukon River, near Alaska
boundary.
Tetrao umbellus (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Sabine, Append. Franklins Journ., 1823,
697, part. — Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., ii, 1831 (1932),
342, part.
Bonasa umbellus Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 287
(Nulato, Alaska). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 85, part
(Nulato, Fort Simpson) ; Handb. Game Birds, i, 1896, 71, part (Alaska).
B[onasa\ umbellus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, 1903, ii, 741, part.
T[etrao] umbelloides Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 148 in text,
part.
B[onasa] umbelloides Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 319 (Alaska).
Bonasa umbellus var. umbelloides Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 453, part.
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides Nelson, Cruise Corwin in 1881 (1883), 80 (Bering
Sea coast of Alaska— Bristol Bay).— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check¬
list, 1686, 172, No. 300b, part. — Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 152
(Yukon Valley). — Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 131 (lower Yukon
Valley; ICoviak Peninsula).— Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892,
67, part (Yukon River) .— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 203, part (Alaska).
— Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 1, 1900, 75 (Kotzebue Sound region;
a few; Kowak River). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909,
222, part. — Grinnell, Condor, xi, 1909, 204 (Forty Mile, Yukon Territory;
spec.); xii, 1910, 42 (Russian Mission, lower Yukon; Fort Yukon; spec.).—
Preble, North Amer. Fauna, No. 27, 1909, 340, part (n. Mackenzie to lat.
63° N.).
B[onasa] umbellus umbelloides Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 198, part
(Yukon valley).
Bonasa umbellus sabini Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 223, part.
Bonasa umbellus yukonensis Grinnell, Condor, xviii, 1916, 166 (orig. descr., Forty-
mile, Yukon Territory; crit. ; meas. ; distr.).— [Stone], Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 426
(Yukon Territory).— American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xl, 1923, 517
(interior of Yukon Territory and Alaska) ; Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 81 (distr.).
Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 167, in text. — -Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 162, 1932, 177 (habits).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 39-
Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 155 in text. — Todd, Auk, lvii, 1940, 396 (distr.).
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 217 (distr.; syn.).
Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943, 100 (tax.; distr.; descr.).
184
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
B[onasa ] u[mbellus ] yukonensis Conover, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 204 in text (crit.) ,
206 (spec., Yukon Territory). — Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 75, 76 in text (tarsal
feathering) .
[Bonasa] [ umbellus ] yukonensis Todd, Auk, lvii, 1940, 394 in text. — Uttal, Auk, lviii,
1941, 76, 77, 78 in text (tarsal feathering).
BONASA UMBELLUS UMBELLOIDES (Douglas)
Gray Ruffed Grouse
Adult (gray phase). — Similar to the corresponding phase of Bonasa
umbellus umbellus but much less brownish, more grayish and darker,
being closest in appearance to the gray phase of phaia from which it
differs in being paler gray (and the brown areas paler also) above, less
heavily barred below, and with a longer part of the tarsus feathered.
1 he gray of the feathers of the nape, back, rump, upper tail coverts,
and the tail smoke gray lightly vermiculated with fuscous to blackish ;
the brown areas of the interscapulars cinnamon-brown to russet heavily
blotched with black ; the brown of the upper surface of the wings dull
Saccardo’s umber speckled and washed with grayish ; below more heavily
banded than umbellus, less so than phaia, the brown bands averaging
slightly darker than in umbellus — pale tawny-olive darkening on the
sides and flanks to sepia; tarsus feathered for more than half its length.
Adult (brown phase). — Similar to the gray phase but with the tail
tawny-olive instead of gray and interscapulars and upper surface of the
wings slightly more extensively brownish, and the breast and upper ab¬
domen averaging more washed with tawny-buff.
Juvenal (brown phase). — Similar to the corresponding plumage of
B. u. umbellus but less rufescent, more grayish, the general color of the
upperparts of the head, body, and wings being buffy brown to grayish
olive-brown, the rectrices between wood brown and drab; ventral barring
darker — grayish buffy brown.
Juvenal (gray phase). — Like the brown phase but gray — the ground
color of the upperparts of the body and wings and tail being grayish drab
to ashy hair brown; ventral barrings darker — mummy brown, the under¬
parts less washed with buffy.
Downy young. — Not distinguishable from that of the nominate race.
Adult male. Wing 1/1—195 (182.6) ; tail 144—174 (157.7) ; culmen
from base 24.4—29.4 (26.3) ; tarsus 39-45.5 (42.5) ; middle toe without
claw 35.0-40.6 (37.5) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 10.9-24.0 (17.7) mm.).89
Adult female.— Wing 169-180 (174.6) ; tail 125-134 (130.4); culmen
from base 2 3.6-27.6 (25.6) ; tarsus 37.5-43.2 (41.0) ; middle toe without
claw 33.8-36.3 (34.9) ; unfeathered part of tarsus 10.9-17.8 (15.3 mm.).90
H9 Forty-three specimens from Alberta, northern British Columbia, and Montana.
“Eleven specimens from Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, and northwestern
Wyoming.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
185
Range. — Subclimax deciduous woodland (aspen, poplar, and willow
communities) of the Rocky Mountain subalpine forest (Engelmann
spruce— alpine fir association) and the northern coniferous forest (white
spruce-balsam fir association) in the Canadian Life Zone; from north¬
western British Columbia (Atlin) southward along the east slopes of
the Rocky Mountains to central eastern Idaho and northwestern Wyo¬
ming; eastward through the aspen parkland and spruce-fir forest of the
prairie provinces of Canada, north to middle Manitoba (Oxford House)
and south to southwestern Ontario (Lake of the Woods), across On¬
tario between Lake Superior and James Bay and across Quebec to the
north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.91
Type locality. — Henry House, Alberta.
Tetrao wnbellus (not of Linnaeus) Wilson, Amer. Orn., vi, 1812, 45, part (Moose
Fort, Hudson Bay ; also the mountains that divide the waters of the Columbia
and the Missouri Rivers). — Sabine, Append. Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 697, part. —
Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. -Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 342, part. —
Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., ii, 1832 (printed by Whittaker, Treacher,
and Arnot) 249, part; ii, 1832 (?) (printed by Cassell, Fetter, and Galpin)
251, part (Moose Fort, Hudson Bay). — Jardine, Nat. Libr., Orn., iv, Gallina¬
ceous Birds, pt. ii, Game birds, 1834, 149, part (banks of the Saskatchewan). —
Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 202, part (Saskatchewan to Labrador) ; Orn. Biogr.,
v, 1839, 560, part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 72, part (banks of Sas¬
katchewan). — Wilson, Amer. Orn., ed. by Brewer, 1840, 430, part.
T[etrao] wnbellus Wilson and Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., ii, 1871, 265, part (Moose
Fort, Hudson Bay).
Bonasa umbellus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 630, part (Hudson Bay
Territory). — Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 1860,
630 in table, part (Red River, Hudson Bay Territory). — Blakiston, Ibis, 1863,
127 (forks of Saskatchewan to Hudson Bay).— Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
viii, 1885, 245 (Labrador). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893,
85, part (Hudson Bay) ; Handb. Game Birds, i, 1896, 71, part. — Nutting, Bull.
Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 266 (Lower Saskatchewan River).—
Coubeaux, Ottawa Nat., 1909, 27 (s. Saskatchewan) .—Taverner, Auk, xxxvi,
1919, 13 (Red Deer River, Alberta) 264 in text (Miquelon Lake, near Camrose,
Alberta); Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 50, 1928, 92 (near Belvedere, Alberta).—
Shortt and Waller, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 10, 1937, 17 (Lake
81 Although specimens from northern Ontario and middle Quebec average slightly
darker and have a greater proportion of the tarsus unfeathered than typical
umbelloides from the east slopes of the Canadian Rockies, the difference seems to
be too slight to recognize as a distinct subspecies. These characters merely indicate
the trend toward intergradation between umbelloides and togata. Therefore,
cancscens Todd becomes a synonym of umbelloides. Ruffed grouse recorded farther
east in Quebec (Anticosti Island, Natashquan, and Wolf Bay) and in south¬
eastern Labrador (Hamilton Inlet and Sandwich Bay) may belong to this race
also, but no specimens from these regions have been examined in the present study.
Specimens from southern Manitoba (Shoal Lake and Carberry) are intermediate
between umbelloides, incana, and mediana, but on average characters, particularly
relatively short unfeathered tarsus, they seem a little closer to umbelloides.
186
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
St. Martin region, Manitoba).— Clarke, Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 96, 1940, 48
(Thelon Game Sanctuary, northwestern Canada).
B[onasa] umbellus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, ii, 1903, 741, part.
Bonasa umbellus subsp. Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894, 302 (Taylors
Fork, Mont.).— Betts, Condor, xviii, 1916, 162 (Flathead River, Mont.).—
Austin, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 7, 1932, 73 (Newfoundland Labrador).
Bonasa umbellus var. umbellus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 448, 453, part.
T[etrao] umbelloides Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 148, in text,
part (“valleys of the Rocky Mountains, 54° North latitude . . .”).
Bonasa umbelloides Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, 23, part;
Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 2 and text, part.
Bonasa umbellus var. umbelloides Merriam, 6th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr.,
1873, 699 (e. Idaho and w. Wyoming). — Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 425,
part— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 448,
part, pi. 61, fig. 10.
[Bonasa umbellus] var. umbelloides, Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 235, part.
[Bonasa umbellus] b. var. umbelloides Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 421 part.
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 198, part. —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 172, No. 300b; ed. 2, 1895,
112; ed. 3, 1910, 140, part; ed. 4, 1931, 81, part. — Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xiii, 1891, 509 (w. Manitoba). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i,
1892, 67, part. — Fannin, Check List British Columbia Birds, 1898, 32 (British
Columbia; Rocky Mountain district). — Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 145 (plum, and
molt). — Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 203 (Manitoba and Alberta.) — Brooks,
Auk, xx, 1903, 281 (Cariboo District, British Columbia). — Kermode, Cat. British
Columbia Birds, 1904, 26 (British Columbia; Rocky Mountains). — Preble, North
Amer. Fauna, No. 27, 1908, 340, part (Alberta). — Coubeaux, Ottawa Nat., 1909,
27 (s. Saskatchewan).— Stansell, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 393 (nw. Edmonton, Al¬
berta; very common). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 222,
Part. — Ferry, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 198 (Prince Albert, Saskatchewan; common),
204 (Quill Lake, Saskatchewan). — DuBois, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 468 (e. Alberta).
— Riley, Can. Alpine Journ., 1912, 57 (Henry House, Alberta). — Grave and
Walker, Birds Wyoming, 1913, 39 (fairly common; nw. Wyoming). — Saun¬
ders, Condor, xvi, 1914, 131 (n. Montana, 4,500-6,000 feet) ; Pacific Coast Avif.,
No. 14, 1921, 57 (Montana; habits; distr.). — Grinnell, Condor, xviii, 1916, 166
in text (crit.). — Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxx, 1926, 85 (Atlin
region, British Columbia). — Skinner, Condor, xxx, 1928, 237 (Yellowstone
Park). — Kemsies, Wils. Bull., xlii, 1930, 204 (Yellowstone Park, Wyo.). —
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 171, part (habits, etc.). — Peters, Check¬
list Birds World, ii, 1934, 39, part. — Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 155 in text,
part. — Cowan, Occ. Pap. British Columbia Prov. Mus., No. 1, 1939, 27 (Peace
River district, British Columbia; abundant; eggs; young; spec.) — Todd, Auk,
lvii, 1940, 394, in text (crit.), 396 (distr.). — Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 74, figure
(tarsal feathering). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
216, part. — Aldrich and Friedmann, Condor, xlv, 1943, 99 (tax.; descr. ; distr.).
Bonasa umbella umbelloides Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No.
566, part ; Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 585, part.
Bonasa u[mbellus] umbelloides Allen, Auk, x, 1893, 126.
B[onasa] umbellus umbelloides Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 198, part.
B[onasa] u[mbellus] umbelloides. — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 128, part (distr.; descr.). — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 5, ii, 1903,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
187
742, part. — Saunders, Condor, xiv, 1912, 25 in text (sw. Montana, at lower
elevations) .—Conover, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 204 in text, 206, part (spec.; Al¬
berta; British Columbia; Manitoba, Saskatchewan). — Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941,
75, 76 in text (tarsal feathering).
B[onasa] u[mbella] umbelloides Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, rev. ed., 1896, 585,
part.
[Bonasa umbellus ] umbelloides Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 75, 76, 77, 78 in text (tarsal
feathering).
Bonasa umbellus togata Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 64, part. —
Nutting, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 266 (lower Sas¬
katchewan River). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895,
111 ; ed. 3, 1910, 140, part; ed. 4, 1931, 81, part.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900,
202, part. — Fleming, Auk, xviii, 1901, 37 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, Ontario;
plentiful). — Bailey, Handbook Birds Western United States, 1902, 127, part. —
Brooks, Auk, xx, 1903, 281 (Cariboo District, British Columbia). — Seton, Auk,
xxv, 1908, 71 (Fort Resolution; not seen or heard east of Great Slave Delta). —
Stansell, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 393 (nw. Edmonton, Alberta; very common).—
Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 220, part (Cariboo District,
British Columbia). — Townsend and Bent, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 13 (Natashquan and
Betchewun, Labrador). — Saunders, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 35 (Gallatin County,
Mont.; abundant) ; Condor, xiv, 1912, 25 (sw. Montana; common) ; xviii, 1916,
86 in text (Flathead Lake, Montana) ; Pacific Coast Avif., No. 14, 1921, 57
(Montana; common; distr. ; habits).— Macnamara, Ottawa Nat., xxvi, 1912,
101, in text, part.— Townsend, Auk, xxx, 1913, 6 (Labrador, Natashquan River).
— Rust, Condor, xix, 1917, 32 (Freemont County, Idaho — Little Dry Creek
Canyon, and near Rea Post Office).— Burleigh, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 553 (War-
land, Lincoln County, Mont.; common in the valleys). — Rowan, Auk, xxxix,
1922, 227 (Indian Bay, Lake of the Woods, Manitoba) .—Mitchell, Can. Field
Nat., xxxviii, 1924, 108 (Saskatchewan; common resident). — Taverner, Birds
Western Canada, 1926, 167 in text, part; Birds Canada, 1934, 155 in text, part.—
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 166, part (Manitoba).— Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 214, part (n. Quebec, n. Ontario).
B[onasa\ umbellus togata Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 198, part (Moose
Factory).
B[onasa] u[mbellus] togata Saunders, Condor, xvi, 1914, 131 in text (s. Montana). —
Taverner, Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 50, 1928, 92 (near Belvedere, Alberta; spec.).
Bonasa umbellus canescens Todd (not “Bonasa canescens Sparrm.” Menzbier, Vdg.
Russl., i, 1895, 480) , Auk, lvii, 1940, 395 (Abitibi River, n. Ontario ; descr. ; distr. ;
crit.), 396 (distr.).
B[onasa] u[mbelhis] canescens Uttal, Auk, lviii, 1941, 74 in text (tarsal feathering).
Genus PEDIOECETES Baird
Pedioecetes Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, xxi, xliv. (Type, by monotypy,
Tetrao phasianellus Linnaeus.)
Pedioecetes (emendation) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 625.
Pediaecaetes (emendation) Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864, 23.
Pedieccetes (emendation) Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, Introd., 5.
Pedioccetus (emendation) Sundevall, Tentamen, 1873, 114.
Pediocoetus (emendation) Sundevall, Tentamen, 1873, 176.
Pedioecetes (emendation) Sclater, Ibis, 1863, 109, footnote.
Medium-sized terrestrial grouse (length about 381-483 mm.) with
neither elongated feathers nor air sacs on sides of neck and with the
188
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
tail (not including elongated middle rectrices) much less than half as
long as wing, strongly graduated, the middle pair of rectrices projecting
much beyond the next, narrow, with parallel edges and subtruncate tips.
Bill relatively small (from frontal antiae about one-fourth as long
as rest of head), its depth at frontal antiae about equal to or slightly
exceeding its width at same point ; culmen rounded (not ridged) ; maxil¬
lary tomium distinctly and regularly concave or arched; rhamphotheca
wholly smooth. Wing moderate, strongly concave beneath, the longest
primaries exceeding longest secondaries by about one-fourth the length
of wing; third and fourth primaries longest, the first (outermost) inter¬
mediate between sixth and seventh; outer primaries distinctly bowed or
incurved, the inner web of four or five outer ones distinctly emarginate.
Tail much less than half as long as wing (not including elongated middle
rectrices), strongly graduated almost wholly concealed by coverts, the
middle pair of rectrices projecting much beyond the next pair, rather
narrow, with parallel edges and subtruncate tips; rectrices (18) rather
soft. Tarsus between one-fourth and one-fifth as long as wing, com¬
pletely clothed with long, soft, hair-like feathers, these, in winter plumage,
concealing basal half or more of toes; middle toe slightly shorter than
tarsus92 ; lateral toes extending to or a little beyond penultimate articulation
of middle toe ; hallux about as long as second phalanx of middle toe ;
upper side of toes with a continuous series of transverse scutella, with
92 Owing to the extensive and dense feathering, it is very difficult to make accurate
measurements of length of tarsus and middle toe.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
189
a row of rather long scutella along each side, outside of which are long
fringelike processes or pectinations (at least in winter) ; claws relatively
long and slender, slightly curved.
Plumage and coloration. — Feathers of crown distinctly elongated, cle-
curved, forming, when erected, a rather conspicuous crest; no elongated
feathers on sides of neck, and no obvious cervical air sacs ; plumage
in general rather soft, the feathers of upperparts distinctly outlined,
rounded, the plumage of lower abdomen, anal region, etc., soft, hairlike,
and blended. Upperparts variegated with tawny-brown and blackish,
the scapulars and wings spotted with white or huffy; rectrices (except
two middle pairs) mostly white distally; underparts white, the breast
and sides with V-shaped markings of dusky, the chin, throat, and fore
neck mostly buff.
Range. — Open districts of northwestern and central North America,
from prairies of upper Mississippi Valley, north side of Lake Superior,
northwestern Ontario, and western Ungava to central Alberta, north¬
western British Columbia, northeastern California, Utah, and Colorado.
(Monotypic.)
KEY TO THE FORMS OF PEDIOECETES PHASIANELLUS (LINNAEUS)
a. Darker above, the black or dark fuscous areas predominating, giving an appear¬
ance of a dark bird barred with buffy brown and spotted with white.
b. Upperparts very dark, the brownish barrings and edges and tips of feathers
of mantle and upper back much reduced, marks in inner portions of vanes
very narrow or absent ; feathers of breast dark buffy brown with only narrow
white shaft stripes (central and northern Mackenzie).
Pedioecetes phasianellus kennicottii (p. 193)
bb. Upperparts less dark, the brownish barrings and edges and tips of feathers well
developed.
c. White spots on upperparts much reduced ; feathers of breast pale buffy brown
with fairly broad white shaft stripes (Hudson’s Bay region).
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus (p. 194)
cc. White spots on the upperparts large and prominent ; feathers of breast white,
merely edged with dark olive-brown (Alaska, the Yukon district to ex¬
treme northern British Colombia) .
Pedioecetes phasianellus caurus (p. 190)
cia. Paler above, the brown areas larger, the blackish ones more hidden, giving the
appearance of a brownish bird mottled with blackish.
b. Brown of upperparts more rufescent— ochraceous-tawny to almost hazel (Illi¬
nois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and southern Manitoba).
Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris (p. 203)
bb. Brown of upperparts less rufescent — buckthorn brown to tawny-olive.
c. Smaller and paler; tail averaging less than 110 mm., height of bill at base
averaging 12 mm., brown of upperparts pale, grayish tawny-olive (from
north-central British Columbia to northern California (Modoc region),
Nevada, Utah, and southwestern Colorado).
Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus (p. 200)
190
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
cc. Larger and darker brown of upperparts buckthorn brown; tail averaging
over 115 mm., height of bill at base averaging 13 mm. (Great Plains area
from north-central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, to (all but extreme
western) Montana, the Dakotas, Wyoming, western Nebraska, and north¬
eastern Colorado) . Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi (p. 196)
PEDIOECETES PHASIANELLUS CAURUS Friedmann
Alaskan Sharp-tailed Grouse
Adult male (autumn). — Forehead fuscous to fuscous-black, the feathers
tipped with dark snuff brown ; feathers of the crown and occiput similar
but crossed with widely spaced whitish bars and tipped with cinnamon-
buff; the pale bars more abundant, less widely spaced on the lateral
coronal feathers, and blending into a fairly definite whitish or buffy
whitish superciliary stripe on each side ; nape like the sides of the crown
but washed with pale ochraceous-buff ; “mantle,” i. e., interscapulars,
fuscous-black broadly barred with white, the more distal bars, especially
on the more posterior feathers, washed with pale ochraceous-buff; feathers
of sides of neck and of breast similar to anterior interscapulars ; back,
rump, and upper tail coverts fuscous-black, broadly but incompletely
barred with cinnamon-buff to tawny-olive, the latter color often sparsely
vermiculated with fuscous-black, and broadly tipped with pale cinnamon-
buff to pinkish buff, darkest on the back and becoming paler on the
rump and upper tail coverts ; scapulars and inner median and greater
upper wing coverts like the upper back but with the brownish areas
more extensive (at the expense of the blackish parts) and each feather
with a large terminal white wedge-shaped spot ; rest of the upper wing
coverts and the secondaries grayish olive-brown externally incompletely
and sparsely barred with white, the coverts with terminal white spots
on their outer webs, the secondaries completely edged with white on
the tips of both webs; primaries grayish olive-brown with white spots
on the outer webs ; median rectrices pinkish buff longitudinally and trans¬
versely marbled with fuscous-black; the next pair largely fuscous-black
tipped with white and with their outer webs mixed with white; lateral
recti ices white with dusky smudges along the shafts; circumocular region
fuscous-black ; lores, subocular stripe, cheeks, and auriculars pale ochra¬
ceous-buff dappled with dusky ; the dusky markings concentrating on
either side to form a fairly distinct malar stripe ; the auriculars tipped
with fuscous-black; chin and upper throat whitish suffused with pale
ochraceous-buff and with many small pale clove-brown spots ; lower throat
white, the feathers narrowly edged with dark olive-brown ; breast feathers
white with heavy margins of dark olive-brown; feathers of sides and
flanks white barred with dark olive-brown, the more posterior of these
feathei s with considerable tawny-olive on their outer webs and with the
dark bars darker — clove brown to almost fuscous ; upper abdomen and
sides of lower abdomen white with a few small dark olive-brown sub-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
191
terminal V-shaped marks; center of abdomen and under tail coverts
white, sometimes tinged with pale ashy buff ; thighs pale light cinnamon-
drab, the distal tarsal plumes paler, more whitish and very long, covering
all but the claw of the middle toe.
Adult male (spring). — Similar to the fresh autumn plumage but gen¬
erally darker, the pale tips and margins of the feathers reduced by wear ;
the tarsal plumes shorter (also because of wear).
Adult female. — Very similar to the plumage of the male in comparable
degree of freshness or abrasion, but with the median rectrices more strictly
transversely barred, less longitudinally marbled.
JuvenaP3.- — Crown and occiput hazel with a median, longitudinal,
posteriorly broadening black stripe ; interscapulars, scapulars, greater and
median upper wing coverts, and inner secondaries irregularly barred and
blotched with fuscous-black and cinnamon-buff to tawny-olive as in the
adults but with prominent white shaft stripes and without white bars
or spots ; the upper wing coverts with the brownish areas duller than
the interscapulars ; primaries and outer secondaries similar to the adult
but terminally more pointed ; back, lower back, rump, and upper tail
coverts generally similar to the adult ; rectrices as in the adult but the
median ones shorter, and all, especially the lateral ones, less whitish,
more buffy, and more mottled and speckled with dusky brownish ; the
median two pairs with a broad buffy whitish median stripe ; chin, throat,
and sides of head cream buff to colonial buff ; lower throat, breast, and
upper abdomen dirty white spotted with clove brown and sepia, the
feathers of the sides of the neck similar but with white shaft stripes ;
sides and flanks similar but with the spots paler drab to somewhat tawny-
drab ; abdomen dirty white almost unspotted ; thighs tinged strongly with
colonial buff.
Downy young. — Forehead, crown, occiput, and nape mustard yellow,
tinged on the occiput and nape with pale ochraceous-buff ; a black median
line, beginning as a spot on the base of the oilmen extending back to
the crown where it bifurcates forming a loop on the occiput, the two
branches reuniting on the nape ; a few small black spots lateral to this
on the anterior part of the occiput and on the nape; rest of upperparts
straw yellow tinged strongly on the middorsal line with ochraceous-
tawny, and blotched and streaked broadly with black, these markings
more or less confining the ochraceous spinal areas and also forming semi-
transverse humeral lines ; sides of head bright light mustard yellow, with
a black spot on the auriculars ; underparts bright straw yellow, tinged
with mustard yellow on the chin, throat, and side.
Adult male.— Wing 196—212 (203.2); tail 113-125 (118.7); culmen,
from anterior end of nostril, 10.3-11.8 (10.9) ; tarsus 40.4—44.3 (42.3) ;
03 Female only seen, but sexes undoubtedly alike.
192
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
middle toe without claw 36-39.2 (38.1) ; height of bill at base 10.3-12.4
(11.5 mm,).94
Adult female. — Wing 190-202 (196.3) ; tail 107-119 (111.9) ; oilmen
from anterior end of nostril 9.9-11.9 (10.8); tarsus 39.2-42.8 (41.2);
middle toe without claw 35.7-39.3 (37.5) ; height of bill at base 10.9-
12.5 (11.8 mm.).95
Range. — Resident from north-central Alaska (Circle, Fairbanks, Tan-
ana, Tanana- Crossing, north fork of Kuskokwim River, Delta and Taklat
Rivers) to southern Yukon (Tagish Lake on the Yukon River—
British Columbia border) and to extreme northeastern Alberta (Fort
Chippewyan, Smith Landing, Fort Smith, and Peace Point).
Type locality. — Fairbanks, Alaska.
Pedioecetes phasianellus Dall and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869
28 7 (Nulato to Fort Yukon).
Pedioecetes phasianellus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No,
308, part.— Nelson, Birds Alaska, 1887, 139 part (Alaska; nesting).’
Pediocaetes phasianellus Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 97, part 1.
Pedioecetes phasianellus Osgood, North Amer. Fauna, No. 30, 1907, 87 (Yukon
1 erritory , Macmillan River; Thirtymile River, Seltark, and Pelly region).
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 3, 1910, 144 part (central Alaska). — Brooks and Swarth, Pacific Coast
Avif., No. 17, 1925, 52 (extreme northwestern British Columbia; Tagish Lake,
and Hudson’s Hope, upper Peace River).
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 172
in text, part; Birds Canada, 1934, 161, in text, part. — American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 86, part (central Alaska). — Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 40 part.
[Tetrao] columbianus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, No. 9830 part (?).
P[ediocostes] phasianellus columbicmus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887,
204, part (Fort Yukon, Alaska).
Pediocetes phasianellus columbianus Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States
1902, 132, part (Alaska).
Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 2, 1895, 116 part (central Alaska).
Pedioecetes phasianellus kennicottii Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, biol. serv., No. 40,
1935, 4, 48, part (monogr., crit.) ; Occ. Pap. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool, No. 2,
1935, 2, part (monogr.).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 221 part (syn., distr.).
P[edioecetes] p[hasianellus\ kennicottii Snyder, Auk, lvi, 1939, 184, part (distr.).
P[ediocetes\ p[hasianellus ] kennicotti Cowan, Occ. Papers, British Columbia Prov.
Mus., No. 1, 1939, 27 (Peace River district, British Columbia).
Pedioecetes phasianellus counts Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii,
1943, 190 (Fairbanks, Alaska; descr. ; distr.; crit.).
04 Thirteen specimens from Alaska, Yukon, and extreme northern Alberta.
90 Thirty-three specimens from Alaska.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
193
PEDIOECETES PHASIANELLUS KENN1COTTII Suckley
Mackenzie Sharp-tailed Grouse
Adult male. — Much darker and less barred and spotted than P. p.
caurus; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape mummy brown to dark sepia ;
a narrow whitish loreal-superciliary stripe on each side running posteriory
in a somewhat broken line to the sides of the nape, the feathers of the
forehead, sides of crown, the occiput, and nape narrowly edged and nar¬
rowly barred with Saccardo’s umber ; interscapulars dark sepia with
hidden, small, incomplete and very sparse whitish shaft marks and with
a few tawny-buffy subterminal spots, the feathers narrowly tipped with
tawny-olive; scapulars similar to the interscapulars but much moie ex¬
tensively banded and vermiculated with tawny-olive to buckthorn brown
and each feather with a conspicuous, large, median, terminal, white
elongated spot; innermost secondaries like the scapulars; primaries and
outer secondaries and upper wing coverts as in P . p. caurus , back, lower
back, rump, and upper tail coverts as in P. p. caurus but the dark mummy
brown to fuscous areas more extensive and more noticeable, the transverse
spots and the tips of cinnamon-buff (a few almost whitish) to tawny-
olive narrower; rectrices as in P. p. caurus , sides of head, chin, and upper
throat as in P. p. caurus but with the dusky markings larger and more
abundant ; feathers of the breast dark buffy brown with only narrow white
shaft stripes, and fringed with whitish ; rest of underparts as in P. p .
caurus. The darkening, by abrasion of the pale tips, of the plumage from
fresh autumn to worn spring and early summer birds is comparable to
that in P. p. caurus.
Adult female.— Similar to the male but with the median rectrices less
marbled longitudinally, more barred transversely.
Juvenal. — Similar to that of P. p. caurus but with the dark spots on
the breast slightly paler.
Dcnvny young. — Indistinguishable from that of P. p. caurus.
Adult male.— Wing 198-211 (207); tail 118-135 (124.2); culmen
from anterior end of nostril 10.8-12.4 (11.5) ; tarsus 41.1-43.7 (42.2) ,
middle toe without claw 38.6—40.9 (39.5) ; height of bill at base 12.1—
13.5 (12.8 mm.).96
Adult female.— Wing 193-198 (195.7) ; tail 108-114 (111.7) ; culmen
from anterior end of nostril 10.8—11.5 (11.2) ; tarsus 39.9—40.5 (40.3) ,
middle toe without claw 37.9—39.6 (38./ ) ; height of bill at base 11.7—
12.0 (11.8 mm.).97
Range. — Northern Mackenzie (Fort Rae, Big Island, Great Slave
Lake; to Fort Simpson).
Type locality. — Fort Rae and Big Island, near Great Slave Lake.
w Five specimens from Fort Rae and Fort Simpson, Mackenzie.
07 Three specimens from Fort Simpson, Mackenzie.
194
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Tetrao urogallus p Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 273 (Fort Rae and Big
Island, Great Slave Lake).
Tetrao pliasianellus Sabine, Append. Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 681, part.— Audubon,
Orn., Biogr., iv, 1838, 539 part; Synopsis, 1839, 205, part (Slave Lake); Birds
Amer., 8vo ed, 1842, v, 110, pi. 298, part.
Tetrao (Centrocercus) phasicmellus Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. -Amer.
ii, 1831 (1832), 361, part.
Centrocercus phasianellus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus, pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 46; pt. 5,
Gallinae, 1867, 87, part (Fort Simpson).
Pediocaetes phasianellus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philadelphia, 1862, 403, part.—
Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 97, part (life hist.).— Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, xxii, 1893, 82 part (Fort Simpson).
P edioccetes phasianellus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 308
part; ed. 2, 1895, 116, part (Fort Simpson) .—Nelson, Birds Alaska, 1887, 139,
part (along Mackenzie River).
Pedioecetes phasianellus Preble, North Amer. Fauna, No. 27, 1908, 348 (Fort Chip-
pewyan; Great Slave Lake, habits).
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 172
in text, part. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list ed. 4, 1931, 86,
Part- Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 161, in text, part. — Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 40, part.
Pedioecetes kennicottii Suckley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, 361 (Fort
Rae and Big Island, Great Slave Lake; descr.).
Pedioecetes phasianellus kennicottii DuMont, Auk, 1, 1933, 432 (Fort Rae, Great
Slave Lake, Mackenzie; crit.).— Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, biol. ser., No. 40,
1935, 4, 48, part (monogr.) ; Occ. Papers Roy. Ontario Mus. Zook, No. 2, 1935,
2, part (monogr.).— Hellm ayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
221, part (syn. ; distr.). — Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii,
1943, 191 (crit).
P[edioecetes ] p[hasianellus ] kennicotti Snyder, Auk, lvi, 1939, 184, part (distr.).
P[edioccetes] phasianellus columbianus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887,
204, part.
[Tetrao] columbianus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, No. 9830 part.
PEDIOECETES PHASIANELLUS PHASIANELLUS (Linnaeus)
Northern Sharp-tailed Grouse
Adult. — Similar to the corresponding sex (and season) of P. p. caurus
but with less white above, the white bars and spots much reduced, and
the tips of the dorsal feathers generally darker, more rufescent — -pale
tawny-olive, often with a pale cinnamon wash (instead of pale cinnamon-
buff to pinkish buff tips as in caurus ) ; feathers of the breast intermediate
in character between caurus and kennicottii — pale buffy brown with fairly
broad white shaft streaks ; thighs slightly darker cinnamon-drab than
in caurus.
Juvenal. — Not certainly distinguishable from that of P. p. caurus.
Downy young. — Not distinguishable from that of P. p. caurus.
Adult male.— Wing 205-212 (209.5); tail 110-124 (120.4); culmen
from anterior end of nostril 10.5-12.7 (11.6) ; tarsus 43.0-45.5 (43.9) ;
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
195
middle toe without claw 37.5—41.8 (39.8) ; height of bill at base 12.5
13.0 (12.7 mm.).98
Adult female. — Wing 195-208 (201.2) ; tail 113-126 (117.3) ; culmen
from anterior end of nostril 10.1-11.9 (11.3) ; tarsus 40.0-44.4 ( 42.8) ,
middle toe without claw 36.3-H0.5 (38.3) ; height of bill at base 12.2-13.1
(12.4 mm.).99
Range. — Resident in the Hudson and James Bay watersheds of noith-
eastern Manitoba (Norway House) northern Ontario and Quebec.
Type locality. — Canada=Hudson Bay.
Tetrao phasianeilus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 160 (based on Urogallus
minor foemina cauda longiore, Canadensis, Long-tailed grouse from Hudson s
Bay, Edwards, Nat. Hist, iii, pi. 117) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 273,-Forstee, Philos.
Trans., lxii, 1772, 394, 425 (Hudson Bay).— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788,
747, part. — Latham, Index Ornith., in 1790, 635, part. — Ord, in Guthrie s Geogr.,
2d Amer. ed., ii, 1815, 317.— Sabine, Append. Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 681, part.
—Bonaparte, Syn, 1828, 127, part; Amer. Orn., ii, 1828, 37, part.— Wilson and
Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., iii, 1832, 303, pi. 19.— Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States
and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 669, part.— Audubon, Orn. Biogr, iv, 1838, 539, pi.
382, part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 110, pi. 298, part.-MuRRAY, Proc. Phys.
Soc. Edinb., ii, 1859, 49 (Troutlake Station).
Tetrao [Centrocercus] phasianeilus Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.,
ii, 1831 (1832), 361, part. .
Centrocercus phasianeilus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 46 ,
pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 87, part.— Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlv, 1857, 428.
Pcdiocaetes phasianeilus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, 403, part;
Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 15, part.— American Ornithologists’ Union,
Check-list, 1886, No. 308, part; ed. 2, 1895, 116, part.— Bendire, Life Hist. North
Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 97, part— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 210 part.
P[ediocaetes] phasianelleus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 322.
Pedioecetes phasianeilus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 234, part; ed. 2, 1884,
581, part.— Gill, Auk, xvi, 1899, 23 (nomencl.).— [Nash], Check List Vert. On¬
tario- Birds, 1905, 35 (Ontario,' scarce) .— Baillie and Harrington, Contr.
Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool, No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 29, part (Ontario, more or less
common summer resident in extreme northern part).— Snyder, Trans. Roy. Can.
Inst, xxii, 1938, 186 (w. Rainy River District, Ontario, formerly common ; eggs ;
3 juv. spec.).
Pedicecetes phasianeilus Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 164 (molt). -Fleming, Auk, xvm,
1901, 37 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario) .—Preble, North Amer. Fauna,
No 22 1902, 104 (Norway House, Oxford House, Playgreen Lake, Hudson Bay
Region).— Eifrig, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 313 in text (Great Whale River, east coast
of Hudson Bay, 55° 30' N.).— Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1909,
230, part. .
Pediaecaetes phasianeilus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, text opposite pi. L
part.
Pedieccetes phasianeilus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, mtrod. 5, part.
Pedioecetes phasianeilus var. phasianeilus Baird, Brewer, and Ridcway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 434 part, pt. 69, fig. 3 (part, life hist., descr., distr.).
08 Seven specimens from Norway House, James Bay, and Churchill.
°° Eleven specimens from James Bay and Churchill.
196
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Pediocetes phasianellus phasianellus McLulich, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool.,
No. 13, 1938, 12 (Algonquin Prov. Park, Ontario, hypothetical).
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 172 in
text, part ; Birds Canada, 1934, 161 in text, part. — American Ornithologists'
Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 86, part (n. Manitoba, n. Ungava). — Bent, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 285 (habits; descr. ; monogr.). — Peters, Check-list
Biids of World, ii, 1934, 40, part. — Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, biol. ser.,
No. 40, 1935, 3, 4, 7, 40 in text (monogr.) ; Occ. Pap. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool.’
No. 2, 1935, 3 (monogr.; crit.).— Campbell, Bull. Toledo Mus. Sci., i, 1940, 62
(Lucas County, Ohio, introduced in 1939). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 219 (syn., distr.). — Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad.
Sci., xxxiii, 1943, 191 (crit.).
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list
ed. 3, 1910, 144, part.
Pedioecetes p[hasianellus] phasianellus Dery, Quebec Zool. Soc., Bull. 1, 1933, 3
(migr. in Quebec).
P[edioecetes] p[hasianellus] phasianellus Snyder, Auk, lvi, 1939, 184 (distr.).
[Pedioecetes] phasianellus phasianellus Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. On¬
tario Mus. Zool., No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 29 in text (Ontario; breeds in extreme
northern part).
[Pedioecetes phasianellus] phasianellus Dear, Trans. Roy. Can Inst xxiii pt 1
1940, 127 in text.
I edioccetes phasianellus Subsp. a. Pediocaetes columbianus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 83, part (Hudson’s Bay).
Pedioecetes p [hasianellus] phasianellus Stenhouse, Scottish Nat., 1930, 76 in text
(2 spec, ex Franklin’s First Exp.; from York Factory and from Cumberland
House, now in Roy. Scottish Mus.).
PEDIOECETES PHASIANELLUS JAMESI Lincoln
Great Plains Sharp-tailed Grouse
Adult. Similar to the corresponding sex (and season) of P. p. caurus
but paler above the brownish black areas reduced and more hidden, the
buffy-brown areas larger, paler — buckthorn brown, giving the bird the
appearance of a brown bird mottled with blackish, rather than a pre¬
dominantly blackish bird mottled with brownish; the brown margins of
the breast feathers paler — tawny drab, the tarsal plumes relatively shorter,
and the chin and upper throat usually without dusky spots. Very worn
late spring and early summer birds are very much more grayish above,
the buckthorn brown fading to smoke gray with an ochraceous wash!
Juvenal. Similar to that of P. p. caurus but with the brownish areas
above paler and more grayish— very pale Saccardo’s umber, and the
top of the head less rufescent— deep ochraceous-tawny (instead of hazel).
Downy young.— Similar to that of P. p. caurus but slightly more ex¬
tensively tinged with ochraceous-buff above.
AduU male. — Wing 199^-223 (210.3); tail 111-135 (119.7); culmen
from anterior end of nostril 10.9-13.1 (12.1); tarsus 41.1-46 (43.8);
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
197
middle toe without claw 36.3-42.8 (39.1) ; height of bill at base 12.4-15.0
(13.4 mm.).1
Adult female.- Wing 195-221 (205.9) ; tail 103-130 (114.8) ; culmen
from anterior end of culmen 10.4-13.0 (12.0) ; tarsus 40.0-46.2 (43.2) ;
middle toe without claw 35.6-41.8 (38.5) ; height of bill at base 11.4-14.3
(12.7 mm.).2
Range. — Resident in the Great Plains from north-central Alberta (Lac
La Biche, Sturgeon River, Saskatchewan River, Athabaska Lake, Ed¬
monton, etc.); north-central Saskatchewan (Cumberland House, St.
Louis) and the southwestern part of Manitoba (Carberry) ; south
through Montana (except the extreme western part) and the Dakotas,
Wyoming to western Nebraska and east-central Colorado, and, formerly
to western Kansas and the “Panhandle” of northwestern Oklahoma.
Type locality. — Castle Rock, Douglas County, Colo.
Tetrao phasianellus Sabine, Append. Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 681, part. Bonaparte,
Syn., 1828, 127, part. — Audubon, Orn. Biogr., iv, 1838, 569, part, pi. 382 ; Synop¬
sis, 1839, 205, part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., 1842, v, 110, pi. 298, part. Maxi¬
milian, Journ. fur Orn., 1858, 435 (Missouri River).
[ Tetrao ] columbianm Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, no. 9830, part.
Pedioecetes phasianellus Snow, Cat. Birds Kansas, 1873, ed. 2, reprint, 9 (centra
and western Kansas).— Youngs worth, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 217 (Fort Sis-
seton, S. Dak.; present in small numbers) .—Clarice, Nat. Mus. Canada, Bull.
96 1940 49 (Thelon Game Sanctuary, northwestern Canada).
Pedioecetes ’phasianellus Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, 8 (Forks of the Saskatchewan ).-
Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1909, 230, part. Stan sell, Auk, xxvi,
1909, 393, (central Alberta) .—Taverner, Auk, xxxvi, 1919, 13 (Red Deer River,
Alberta). ^
Pediocaetes phasianellus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 626, part.-BAiRD,
Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 1860, 626, part— Elliot, 1 roc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, 403, part.— Snow, Cat. Birds Kansas, ed. 2,
1872 12 (Kansas; common) .—Trippe, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xv, 1872,
240 in text (Iowa; Nebraska).— Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 189..,
97, part. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 82, pait.
Pedioecetes phasianellus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list 1886 No.
308, part; ed. 2, 1895, 116, part.— Nutting, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., State Umv.
Iowa, ii, 1893, 26 7 (Lower Saskatchewan River; abundant; plum, of young).—
Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 210, part.
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 3, 1910, 144, part.
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 172
in text, part ; Birds Canada, 1934, 161 in text, part.
? Pedioecetes uro phasianellus Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, 127. ^ iQno
Pediocetes phasianellus campestris Cooke, Colorado State Agr. o . u . ,
203 (Colorado; Middle Park; breeds; distr.). -Cowan, Occ. Pap. British Co-
1 Thirty-four specimens from Albeita,
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Montana, the
Dakotas, and Nebraska.
1 Fifty- two specimens
and the Dakotas.
from Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Montana, Wyoming,
653008° — 46 - 14
198
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
lumbia Prov. Mus. No. 1, 1939, 27 (Peace River District, British Columbia;
spec. ; young).
Pediocaetes phasianellus campestris Cooke, Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 37, 1897,
71 (Colorado; not common) ; Bull. 44, 1898, 159 (Colorado; not uncommon in
northwestern part of the state).
Pedioccetes phasianellus campestris American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list,
1886, No. 308b, part; ed. 2, 1895, 117, part; ed. 3, 1910, 144, part.— Ridgway’
Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 204, part.— Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Val¬
ley, 1888, 106, part.— Bendire, Auk, vi, 1889, 301 in text (Fort Custer, Mont.) ;
Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 101, part. — Thorne, Auk, xii, 1895, 213
(Fort Keogh, Mont.).— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 213, part (plains of
U. S. and northward) .— Sclater, Hist. Birds Colorado, 1912, 152, part (Colo¬
rado; not common, chiefly east of the mountains).
Pedioccetes phasianellus campestris ? Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894 302
(Montana).
P[edioccetes] phasianellus campestris Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 204,
part.
Pediocaetes phasianellus campestris Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 228 (Kansas;
habits; descr.).
Pedioeceies phasianellus campestris Zimmer, Proc. Nebraska Orn. Union, v, pt. 2,
1911, 21 (Nebraska; Dawes County Forest Reserve; young), — Grave and
Walker, Birds Wyoming, 1913, 40 (Wyoming; common in eastern and north¬
western parts).— Saunders, Pacific Coast Avif. No. 14, 1921, 59 (Montana;
intergrades with columbianus in western part of state). — Over and Thoms,
Birds South Dakota, 1921, 77 (South Dakota) .—Wood, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zook
Univ. Michigan, No. 10, 1923, 36 (North Dakota; common). — Mitchell, Can.
Field Nat., xxxviii, 1924, 108 (Saskatchewan; common resident). — Gabrielson
and Jewett, Auk, xli, 1924, 297 (in badlands and brakes of Missouri River, N.
Dak.). Nice and Nice, Birds Oklahoma, 1924, 37 (Oklahoma Panhandle; for¬
mer resident, now nearly extirpated) .—Lincoln, Auk, xlii, 1925, 60 (Turtle and
Devils Lakes, N. Dak.; food).— Williams, Wils. Bull., xxxviii, 1926, 30 (Red
River Valley, ne. N. Dak.).— Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 172 in
text, part; Birds Canada, 1934, 161 in text, part. — Larson, Wils. Bull., xl, 1928,
46 (e. McKenzie County, N. Dak.).— American Ornithologists' Union, Check¬
list, ed. 4, 1931, 86, part.— Nice, Birds Oklahoma, rev. ed., 1931, 81 (Oklahoma
Panhandle, former resident, now nearly extirpated) —Harrold, Wils. Bull, xlv,
1933, 19 (Lake Johnston, Saskatchewan). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 41, part.— Johnson, Wils. Bull., xlvi, 1934, 8 (nw. Manitoba; habits;
migr.).— McCreary and Mickey, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 129 in text (se. Wyo. ;
resident).— Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, biol. ser., No. 40, 1935, 4, 7, 40 in
text, 55 (crit. ; monogr.) ; Occ. Papers Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 2, 1935, 5
(monogr.).— Weydemeyer and Marsh, Condor, xxxviii, 1936, 194 (Lake Bow-
doin, Mont.). Fox, Auk, liv, 1937, 534 in text (North Dakota; feeding on wild
plum).— Alexander, Univ. Colorado Studies Zool, xxiv, 1937, 91 (Boulder
County, Colo.; correction; no recent records). — Long, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
xliii, 1940, 440 (Kansas; common formerly, now probably extirpated). — Hell-
mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., 1, No. 1, 1942, 219 part (syn. ; distr.).—
Wright and Hiatt, Auk, lx, 1943, 265 in text (age indicators in plum.; Mon¬
tana).
Pedioccetes phasianellus campestris Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., for 1896-1897
(1899), 254 (Kansas; common in western part).— Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 232
(Black Hills, S. Dak.).— Snow, Cat. Birds Kansas, ed. 5, 1903, 15 (w. Kansas;
common). — Bent, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 428 (sw. Saskatchewan; nests and eggs). —
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
199
Cameron, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 256, pi. ix, fig. 1 (Custer and Davenport Counties,
Mont.; habits; nesting; photo) ; xxv, 1908, 260, in text (Montana; common) .-
Reagan, Auk, xxv, 1908, 464 (Rosebud Reservation, S. Dak.) .—Visher, Auk,
xxvi, 1909, 147 (w. South Dakota; abundant) ; xxviii, 1911, 10 (Harding County,
S. Dak.).— Cooke, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 411 (ne. Colorado).— Macoun and Macoun,
Cat Can Birds, 1909, 232 (abundant from Manitoba westward, but not high up
in the mountains). -Ferry, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 198 (Saskatchewan) .-Saunders,
Auk xxviii, 1911, 35 (Galatin County, Mont.) .—Brooks and Cobb, Auk, xxviu,
1911, 468 (e. Alberta). — Visher, Auk, xxx, 1913, 567 (Sanborn County,
Dak.).
P[edioecetes] p[hasianellus ] phasianellus Bailey, Handb. Birds Western U. S., 1902
132 part.-DuMoNT, Auk, 1, 1933, 432 in text (spec.; Nebraska and South
Dakota; Elbert County, Colo.).— Snyder, Auk, lvi, 1939, 184, part (Montana;
c. Alberta; Saskatchewan). .
Pediocaetes columbianus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862 403, pa .
Holden and Aiken, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 208 (e. Wyoming
and Colorado). , .. ,
Pedioccetes phasianellus columbianus American Ornithologists Union, Check-list,
ed.2, 1895, 116, part;ed. 3, 1910, 144, part. UA -a- a irr7
Pedioccetes] phasianellus columbianus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 188/,
Pedioccetes phasianellus Subsp. a Pedioccetes columbianus, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 83, part (Atkinson, Nebr.).
Pedieccetes columbianus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865 mtrod., 5, part.
Pediaecaetes columbianus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, text opp. pi. 14, part.
Pedioecetes columbianus Ridgway, Field and Forest, 1877, 209 (Colorado)
Pediocaetes phasianellus var. columbianus Ridgway, Bull. Essex ns ., v,
Pedioecetes phasianellus var. columbianus Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zooh, in, 1872
181, part (Colorado; Wyoming) .-Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 436, part.
Pediascetes phasianellus var. columbianus Cooes, Birds Northwest 1874, 407. 5"'-
Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat, Hist, xvii, 1874, 36 (Missour. R.ver to the Mus-
selshell River; occas.). -d- j0 1R72
[Pedioecetes phasianellus] var. columbianus Coues, Key North Amer.
234, part; Check-list North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 383a, part _
Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus Grave and Walker, Birds Wyoming 19
(Wyoming; rather uncommon but reported by most observers m northern part
of State) -Williams, Wils. Bull., xxxviii, 1926, 30 (Red River Valley ne.
North Dakota) .-Kemsies, Wils. Bull., xlii ,1930, 204 (Yel owstone Par ^
Niedrach and Rockwell, Birds Denver and Mountain Parks, 1939, 62 (Den
ver; Colorado; uncommon). tt 0 _ T * ™ „ ;;; irqo 106
Pedieccetes phasianellus columbianus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. u ., > •
part; Norn. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 478a, part.-DREW Auk, u, 1885 17
(Colorado; 7,000 feet).— Agersborg, Auk, u, 1885, 285 (se. Dakota). et ,
Auk, iii, 1886, 153 (w. Manitoba; very abundant resident; in praJ”eS
summer and in woods in the winter) .—Cameron, Auk, xxn, 1905, 6
(Montana).-PREBLE, North Amer. Fauna, No. 27, 1908, 350 (n. central Al-
PUdiwcet'es] phasianellus' ] columbianus Coues Check-hst North Amer. Birds, ed.
2, 1882, No. 562, part; Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 581, pa .
Auk, 1, 1933, 432 in text, part (Pincher Creek, Alberta).
200
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Pedtoecetes phasianellus jamesi Lincoln, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxx, 1917 84
r County, Colo.; descr. ; crit.).— Peters, Check-list Birds
f 40 (C‘ and e' CoIorad°) --Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies, biol
M" 7°' f’xT V t6Xt’ 56 (crit; mon°gr-) i Occ. Papers Roy. Ontario
lus ZooL, No. 2, 1935, 6 (crit; monogr.).— Friedmann, Journ. Washington
Acad. Sci, xxxni, 1943, 191 (crit.).
Pedvacetes phasianellus jamesi Oberholser, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 206 (foothills of
Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Wyoming) .
P[edioecetes\ p[hasianellus] jamesi Snyder, Auk, lvi, 1939, 185 (distr.).— Niedrach
and Rockwell, Birds Denver and Mountain Parks, 1939, 64, in text.
PEDIOECETES PHASIANELLUS COLUMBIANUS (Ord)
Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse
Adult Similar to the corresponding sex of P. p. jamesi but usually
c u er, the brown areas above pale, grayish tawny-olive instead of buck-
thorn brown the bill smaller and the tail shorter; iris hazel inclining to
olive; “comb” medium cadmium; maxilla dusky brownish; mandible with
basal half huffy ; toes brownish gray ; claws dusky brown.
Juvenal. Indistinguishable from that of P. p. jamesi.
Downy young.— Indistinguishable from that of P. p. jamesi
Adult male. Wing 194-210 (202.4); tail 103-117 (1092)- oilmen
from anterior end of nostril 10.5-12.1 (11.3) ; tarsus 40.8-W.o’ (42.0) •
nndcUe toe and claw 37.1-40.2 (38.3); height of bill at base 11.5-12 8
(12.1 mm.).3
Adult female.— Wing 18^201 (194.5); tail 92-113 (104 2)- oilmen
from anterior end of nostril 10.0-13.0 (11.1) ; tarsus 38.5-42 o’ (40 5) •
middle toe without claw 35.3-38.8 (37.0) ; height of bill at base 11.3-12 8
(12.0 mm.).4
Range. Resident from British Columbia (except extreme northern
e ge ; rom Cariboo District to the Okanagan region, Kamloops, etc,
m the lowlands of the interior between the Cascades and the Rocky Moun-
tains), south through extreme western Montana, Idaho (Blue Springs
Hills; Fort Lapwai), Washington and Oregon east of the Cascades to
northeastern California (Modoc County— formerly) ; northeastern
Nevada (Elko County; Bull Run Mountains; Upper Humboldt Valley
rout Creek, Clover Mountains) ; western and the southern half or so
of Utah (Wasatch Mountains, Salt Lake City, etc.) to western to south-
central Colorado (Routt County south to Garfield, San Miguel, Dolores
Montezuma, and Archuleta Counties), to New Mexico.
Introduced into Lucas County, Ohio.
Type locality.—- Great Plains of the Columbia River.
3 Fifteen specimens from Washington, Oregon, Idaho; western Montana; Colo-
ido; and California. ’
* Twelve specimens from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
201
Tetrao phasianellus (not of Linnaeus) Ord, Guthrie’s Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., ii, 1815,
317. — Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., iii, 1828, pi. 19, part. — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United
States and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 669, part (Oregon; Rocky Mountains).—
Audubon, Orn. Biogr., iv, 1838, 569 part, pi. 382; Synopsis, 1839, 205, pait,
Birds Amer., 8vo ed., 1842, v, 110, pi. 298, part.— Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., vi, 1857, 94.
Tetrao uro phasianellus Hall, Murrelet, xv, 1934, 13, in text (ex Douglas Journ. ,
Washington; Columbia River).
T[etrao] uro phasianellus Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc, London, xvi, 1829, 136 (Plains
of the Columbia and interior of northern California) ; Douglas’s Journal, 1914,
62.— Hall, Murrelet, xv, 1934, 7, 8 in text (Washington; Columbia River; hist.).
Centrocercus phasianellus Jardine, Nat. Libr., Orn., iv, 1834, lo6, pi. 16, pait.
C en tracer cus columbianus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 88 (west
side of Rocky Mountains).
Phasianus columbianus Ord, Guthrie’s Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., ii, 1815, 317 (basec
on Columbian Pheasant Lewis and Clark, ii, 180). — Hall, Murrelet, xiv, 1933,
66 (hist.).
Pedioecetes columbianus Baird, in Cooper, Ora, California, 1870, 532.
[ Tetrao ] columb-icmus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, No. 9830, part.
Pediaecaetes columbianus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, text opp. pi. 14, part.
Pediecates columbianus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, mtrod, 5, part.
Pediocaetes columbianus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, 403, part;
Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 14.
Pediocetes phasianellus var. columbianus Nelson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvn,
1875, 347 (Salt Lake City).
Pediocaetes phasianellus var. columbianus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst, v, 18/3, 1<. 6
(Colorado; rye grass meadows).
Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst, vii, 1875, 22 (Upper
Humboldt Valley) ; vii, 1875, 31 (Salt Lake Valley), 34 (Parley’s Peak, Wa¬
satch Mountains, Utah) .--American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, 1886,
No. 308a, part; ed. 2, 1895, 116, part; ed. 3, 1910, 144, part— Merrill, Auk, v,
1888, 145 (Fort Klamath, Oreg.) ; xiv, 1897, 352 (Fort Sherman, Idaho; com¬
mon). — Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, 93 (Idaho; Lemhi Indian
Agency; Fort Hall, Portaeuf River, Snake River, Fort Lapwai).— Dawson,
Auk, xiv, 1897, 173 (Okanogan County, Wash.; common).— Macoun, Cat. Can.
Birds, 1900, 212, part (east of Coast Range, w. Canada).— Sclater, Hist. Birds
Colorado, 1912, 151 (Colorado, Hahn’s Park; n. Routt County; San Miguel,
Dolores, Montezuma, and Archuleta Counties).
Pediocaetes phas[ianellus ] columbianus Allen, Auk, x, 1893, 134.
P[ediocce!es] phasianellus columbianus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, L 7,
part (New Mexico). . r
Pedioecetes columbianus Bendire, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877, 139 (Camp
Harney, Oreg. ; fairly common; also at Fort Lapwai, Idaho).
[Pedioecetes phasianellus var. columbianus] b. columbianus Coues, Birds Northwest,
Pedioecetes phasianellus /3 columbianus Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 599
(upper Humboldt Valley, Nevada; Wasatch District, Utah).
[Pedioecetes phasianellus] Subsp. a. Pediocaetes columbianus Ogilvie- Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 83 (part).
Pedioecetes phasianellus var. columbianus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 436, part.
Pedicccetes phasianellus var. columbianus Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 407, part
(life hist.). — Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 39 (Nevada).
202
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
[Pedioecetes phasianellus] var. columbianus Coves, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872,
234, part; Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 383a, part.
1 edioecetes phasianellus columbianus Mearns, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 197
(Fort Klamath, Oreg.) —Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 2 27, 233
(Walla Walla, Wash.; crit.) .—Bailey, Handb., Birds Western United States,
1902, 132, part; Birds New Mexico, 1928, 209 (New Mexico) .—Dawson and
Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909, 596 (Washington; habits; distr.). — Grin-
nell, Pacific Coast Avif, No. 8, 1912, 10 (California) ; No. 11, 1915, 61 (Cali¬
fornia; distr.).— Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Birds California, 1918,
558 (descr. ; habits; distr.; California). — Saunders, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 14,
1921, 58 (Montana; fairly common in western part; intergrades with campestris
( — jamesi ) in central part).— Dawson, Birds California (stud, ed.), iii, 1923,
1599 (California).— Gabrielson, Auk, xli, 1924, 555 (Wallowa County, Oreg.).’
—Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 172 in text (southern British Colum¬
bia) .— Mailliard, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xvi, 1927, 295 (Modoc
County, Calif.).— Fuller and Bole, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 1,
1930, 50 (Wyoming).— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed.’ 4,'
1931, 86, part (distr.).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 288 (life hist.).—
Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 40.— Snyder, Univ. Toronto Studies,
biol. ser., No. 40, 1935, 4, 7, 40 in text, 53 (crit.; monogr.) ; Occ. Papers Roy.
Ontario Mus. Zook, No. 2, 1935, 2 (crit.; monogr.). — McCreary and Mickey,
Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 129, in text (se. Wyoming). — Linsdale, Pacific Coast
Avif, No. 23, 1936, 48 (Nevada; Elko County; Bull Run Mountains; Upper
Humboldt Valley; Trout Creek; Clover Mountains). — Groebbels, Der Vogel,
ii, 1937, 166 (breeding biology). — Campbell, Bull. Toledo Mus. Sci, i, 1940, 62
(Lucas County, Ohio; introduced 1939). — Dalquest, Murrelet, xxi, 1940, 10, in
text (Washington; Okanogan County).— Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds
Oregon, 1940, 216 (Oregon; distr.; descr.; habits) .— Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer, i, No. 1, 1942, 221 (syn. ; distr.). — Friedmann, Journ. Wash¬
ington Acad. Sci, xxxiii, 1943, 191 (crit.). — Behle, Condor, xlvi, 1944, 72
(Utah).
Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst, vii, 1875 22
(Upper Humboldt Valley, Nev.), 31 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah), 34* (Parley’s
Park, Utah); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, iii, 1880, 196, part; Norn.’ North Amer.
Birds, 1881, No. 478a, part; Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 204, part.— Ameri¬
can Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 308a, part —Townsend
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, x, 1887, 200, 235 (ne. California) .-Bendire, Life Hist
North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 98, part.— Gill, Auk, xvi, 1899, 23 (nomencl.).—
Snodgrass, Auk, xxi, 1904, 227 (abundant— Touchet Creek, Walla Walla
County, Wash.).— Cary, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 181 (w. Colorado).— Cooke, Auk,
xxvi, 1909, 411 (w. and sw. Colorado).— Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can!
Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 232 (abundant east of Coast Range, British Columbia: Mid¬
way, Meyers Creek, Similkameen River, Spence Bridge, Kamloops, Quesnel
150-Mile House),— Dice, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 44 (se. Washington).— Brooks and
Swarth, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 17, 1925, 52 (British Columbia; common
locally from southern part n. to Cariboo District) .—Taverner, Birds Canada,
1934, 161, in text (distr.).
Pedioecetes phasainellus columbianus Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 3, 1902
30 (California; fairly common in northeastern part of state).
Pedicccetes phasianellus columbianus Brooks, Auk, xx, 1903, 281 (Cariboo Distr.
British Columbia).
P[cdioecetes] p[hasianellus ] phasianellus Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds,
ed. 2, 1882, No. 562, part; Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 581, part.—
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
203
Cooke, Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, 71 (Colorado; Routt County).
—Cowan, Occ. Pap. British Columbia Prov. Mus., No. 1, 1939, 27 (mentioned).
— Snyder, Auk, lvi, 1939, 184 (distr.). ...
Pedioecetes p[hasianellus] columbianus Brooks, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 167, pi. 4 (hybrid).
[Pedioecetes phasianellus ] columbianus Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 164 (molt).
Pediocaetes phasianellus (not of Linnaeus) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. .R. Surv->
1858, 626, part. — Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
626, part— Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xn, book 2, pt. 3,
1860, 223 (plains of the Columbia River, Wash.).
Pedioecetes phasianellus Munro, Condor, xlii, 1940, 168 (young eaten by sharp-
shinned hawk; Brit. Columbia).— Hand, Condor, xliii, 1941, 225 (St. Joe
Natl. Forest, Idaho). ~ .
Pediocaetes phasianellus campestris American Ornithologists Union Check-1
1886 No. 308b, part.— Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 204, par .
Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 101, part— Sclater, Hist.
Birds Colorado, 1912, 152, part (sw. Colorado).
PEDIOECETES PHASIANELLUS CAMPESTRIS Ridgway
Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse
Adult— The most rufescent of all the races of the species; similar to
the corresponding sex (and season) of P. p. jarnesi but much more ru¬
fescent above, the buckthorn brown of the latter form being replaced
by ochraceous-tawny to hazel in the present race, and with the write
marks and spots greatly reduced.
Juvenal. — Similar to that of P. p. jamesi but the upperparts somewhat
more rufescent — ochraceous-tawny.
Downy young. — None seen.
Adult male. — Wing 194-216 (206.2) ; tail 109-112 (110.5) ; cuhnen
from anterior end of nostril 11.1-12.8 (12.0) ; tarsus 45.1-48.6 (' • ) >
middle toe without claw 39.5-42.7 (41.3) ; height of bill at base 12.2-
13 5 ( 12.8 mm.).5 ,
Adult female. — Wing 199-210 (202.5) ; tail 116-116 (116); cu men
from anterior end of nostril 11.6-12.3 (11.9) ; tarsus 44.5-45.0 (44.7) ;
middle toe without claw 38.7-40.2 (39.4) ; height of bill at base 11.9-13.0
(12.5 mm.).6
Range. — Resident from southeastern Manitoba, southern and western
Ontario, east to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and south throughout
Minnesota (now chiefly in the northern half of the State) and north¬
western Wisconsin (Pitcher Lake, Marston), and (formerly) to northern
Illinois. In winter to northwestern Iowa (Polk, Tama, Bremer, But er,
Franklin, Webster, Kossuth, and O’Brien Counties). One record for
Indiana (Tremont). .
Type locality. — Illinois, and Rosebud Creek, Montana— Illinois.
5 Fourteen specimens from Wisconsin and Minnesota.
' Four specimens from Wisconsin and Illinois.
204
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Tctrao phasianellus ( not of Linnaeus) Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and
Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 669, part (Lake Superior).— Audubon, Orn. Biogr.,
iv, 1838, 569, pi. 382, part; Synopsis, 1839, 205, part (Illinois) ; Birds Amer., 8vo
ed., 1842, v, 110, pi. 298, part. — Trippe, Comm. Essex Inst., vi, 1-871 118 (Min¬
nesota) .
T[etrao] phasianellus Barry, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1854, 9 (Wisconsin;
occasional).— Trippe, Comm. Essex Inst, vi, 1871, 118 (Minnesota; very
common) .
Pediocactes phasianellus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv, ix, 1858, 626, part.-BAiRD
Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv, 1860, 626, part.
Pedioecetes phasianellus Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 210, part.
P[cdioccetcs] phasianellus Hatch, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci, 1874, 62 (Minne¬
sota; common locally).
Pedioecetes phasianellus Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool,
No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 29, part (Ontario; extreme western part). — Shortt and
Waller, Contr. Roy. Ont. Mus. Zool, No. 10, 1937, 18 (Lake St. Martin
region, Manitoba; not common). — Ricker and Clarke, Contr. Roy. Ont. Mus.
Zool, No. 16, 1939, 8 (Lake Nipissing, Ontario; migr.).
Pedioecetes phasianellus Gibbs, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr, Bull. 5
1879, 496 (n. Illinois).— Nash, Check List Birds Ontario, 1900, 27, part —
Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 230, part.
Pedioecetes phasianellus (?) Wood, Auk, xxii, 1905, 177 (Isle Royale, Mich.).
Pediocaetes phasianellus campestris Hatch, Notes Birds Minnesota,’ 1892 168 460
(Minnesota; distr. ; descr. ; abundant).
Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list
1886 No. 308b, part; ed. 2, 1895, 117, part; ed. 3, 1910, 144, part.-RircwAY, Man’.
oi th Amer. Birds, 1887, 204, part. — Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Valley, 1888,
106 (Mississippi Valley, records and range) .— Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer.’
Birds, i, 1892, 101, part.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 213, part (prairie n to
Manitoba).
P[ediocwtes] phasianellus campestris Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds 1887 204
part. ’ ’
Pedioecetes phas[ianellus ] campestris Allen, Auk, x, 1893, 134.
Pedioecetes p[hasianellus] campestris Shufeldt, Auk, x, 1893, 281, 283 in text
(meas.).
Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, ii, 1884
93 (Illinois and Rosebud Creek, Mont.; descr.; crit. ; spec.).
[Pedioecetes phasianellus ] campestris Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 164 (molt).
Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris Gill, Auk, xvi, 1899, 23 (nomencl.).— Schorger,
Auk, xhi, 1925, 65 (between Pitcher Lake and Marston, Wis • habits) —
Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 172 in text, part; Birds Canada 1034
161 in text, part.— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list ed 4 1931 86
part.-BENT, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 291 (habits).- (?) Benn’itt’
Umv Missouri Studies, vii, No. 3, 1932, 25, footnote (New Boston, Linn County’
Mo (?) .-Roberts, Birds Minnesota, i, 1932, 395 (habits, etc., Minnesota; cob
fig.). Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 41, part.— DuMont, Birds
„™a’ i, 57 <\r.are wmter migrant in northwestern part of Iowa).— Schmidt
Vuls. Bull., xlviu, 1936, 187 (winter food in Wisconsin) .— Bagg and Eliot’
Birds of Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, 1937, 172 (status; habits- food)!
— jroebbels Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 166 (data on breeding biology) .—Van Tyne,
Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Umv. Michigan, No. 379, 1938, 11 (Michigan; breeds) —
Hamerstrom, Wils. Bull., Ii, 1939, 105 in text (Wisconsin; life hist.).-
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
205
Dear, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xxiii, pt. 1, 1940, 126 (Thunder Bay, Lake
Superior, Ontario; very local). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 219, part (syn. ; distr. ) . — Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad.
Sci., xxxiii, 1943, 191 (crit.).
Pedicecetes p[hasianellus] campestris Brennan, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 75 (Tremont,
Ind.).
P[edioecetes phasianellus ] campestris Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 132, part.- — Snyder, Auk, lvi, 1939, 184, part (Upper Peninsula; Michigan,
formerly s. to nw. Illinois).
[Pedioecetes phasianellus ] campestris Dear, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xxiii, pt. 1,
1940, 127 in test.
[Pedioecetes] phasianellus campestris Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario
Mus. Zook, No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 29 in text (extreme western Ontario).
Pedioecetes phasianellus Subsp. a. Pedioecetes columbianus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 83, part (Minnesota).
P ediocaetes phasianellus var. columbianus Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 121,
153 (n. Illinois).
P[ediocaetes] phasianellus var. columbianus Ridgway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New
York, x, 1874, 382 (Illinois).
Pedioecetes phasianellus var. columbianus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 436, part.
Pedicecetes phasianellus var. columbianus Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 407, part.
P[edioccetcs] phasianellus var. columbianus Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876,
121 (ne. Illinois; extremely rare).
[Pedioecetes phasianellus] var. columbianus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1S72,
234, part; Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 383a; part.
? Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 212, part
(Manitoba).
Pedicecetes phasianellus columbianus Roberts and Benner, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club,
v, 1880, 17 (Minnesota). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part;
Nomencl. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 478a, part.— Coale, Auk, xxix, 1912,
238 (Oconto County, Wash.).
P[edioecetes] p[hasianellus] columbianus Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds,
ed. 2, 1882, No. 562, part; Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 581, part.
Pediocetes columbianus Elliot, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, 403, part.
Pedicecetes columbianus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, introd., 5, part.
Pediocaetes columbianus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 14.
Pcdiaecaetes columbianus Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, text opp. pi. 14.
Pedicecetes columbianus Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 40 (spec. ; probably
Illinois).
Pediocetes phasianellus phasianellus Beebe, Wils. Bull., xlv, 1933, 121 (Isle Royal,
Lake Superior).
Pedioecetes phasianellus Honeywill, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 85 (Ox Meadow; Minnesota).
Pedioecetes phasianellus phasianellus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 4, 1931, 86, part. — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 40, part
(s. Ontario).
P[cdioccctcs] p[hasianellus] phasianellus Du Mont, Auk, 1, 1933, 432 in text (spec.;
Grand Rapids, Lake Winnipeg; and Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn.; plum.;
crit.) .
Pedioecetes phasianellus campisylvicola Snyder, Occ. Pap. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool.,
No. 2, 1935, 4 (St. Charles, Manitoba; descr. ; crit.; distr.).
206
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
[ Pedioecetes ] phasianellus campisylvicola Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy.
Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 29 in text. — Snyder, Trans. Roy. Can.
Inst., xxii, 1938, 186, in text (w. Rainy River district, Ontario).
P[edioecetes ] p[hasianellus] campisylvicola Snyder, Auk, lvi, 1939, 184, in text
(crit.).
Genus TYMPANUCHUS Gloger
Tympanuchus Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch, 1842 (1841), 396. (Type, by monotypy,
Tetrao cupido Linnaeus.)
Cupidonia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. Vbg., 1853, xxix. (Type, by monotypy,
Tetrao cupido Linnaeus.)
Cupidinea (emendation) Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, 94.
Bonasa Stone, Auk, xxiv, April 1907, 198 (thought to be transferable to Tetrao
cupido Linnaeus under the “first species” rule).
Medium-sized terrestrial grouse (length about 381-483 mm.), with
tail decidedly less than half as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices (18)
broad, rigid, and with broadly rounded tips, the longer under tail coverts
reaching to or slightly beyond its tip ; sides of neck with an inflatable
air sac (much less developed in females), overhung in adult males by
a tuft of long, rather narrow, rigid feathers with tips obtusely pointed
or narrowly rounded.
Bill relatively small (less than one-third as long as rest of head), its
depth at frontal antiae about equal to its width at same point ; culmen
rounded to indistinctly ridged ; rhamphotheca completely smooth ; maxil¬
lary tomium moderately concave or arched, smooth. Wing moderate,
strongly concave beneath, the longest primaries exceeding longest sec¬
ondaries by more than one-fourth to nearly if not quite one-third the
length of wing; third to fifth primaries longest, the first (outermost)
nearly equal to, sometimes longer than, seventh; outer primary moder¬
ately bowed or incurved, the four or five outer ones distinctly emarginate
or sinuate basally. Tail decidedly less than half as long as wing, rounded,
the rather broad and rigid rectrices (18) with broadly rounded or sub¬
truncate tips. Tarsus one-fifth to considerably more than one-fifth as
long as wing, completely clothed in winter with soft hairlike feathers ex¬
cept on heel and part of planta tarsi, in summer with short feathers only
on acrotarsium, the planta tarsi covered with small and rather indistinct
roundish and hexagonal scales ; middle toe slightly shorter to about as
long as tarsus ; lateral toes about equal, reaching to about penultimate
articulation of middle toe; hallux about as long as second phalanx of mid¬
dle toe ; upper surface of toes with a continuous series of transverse
scutella, bordered along each side by a row of smaller subquadrate scutella,
edged (in winter) with a fringe of horny pectinations; claws moderate
in size, rather slightly curved, moderately acute or slightly blunt.
Plumage and coloration.— Feathers of crown elongated, decurved, form¬
ing, when erected, a conspicuous crest (less distinct in females) ; a very
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
207
narrow nude superciliary space ; sides of neck with an inflatable air sac
(less developed in females, large in males, and bright orange-colored in
breeding season), males having also on each side of neck, immediately
above the air sac, a conspicuous erectile tuft of much elongated, rather
rigid narrow feathers with obtusely pointed or narrowly rounded tips ;
plumage in general compact, the feathers broad and rounded, except on
lower abdomen, anal region, etc., where soft, hairlike, and blended.
Upperparts barred with tawny-brown, buffy, and blackish, the tail plain
grayish brown (darker distally) narrowly tipped with whitish or buffy
(narrowly barred with buffy in females) ; underparts pale buffy or whitish,
barred, more or less broadly, with grayish brown ; the under side of head
buffy with a cluster of grayish brown spots or bars on posterior portion
of malar region.
Range. — Open districts of eastern North America, from western por¬
tion of the Great Plains to the Atlantic coast (locally) and from Texas
and southwestern Louisiana (formerly also Virginia?) northward to
coast of Massachusetts, southwestern Ontario, southern Manitoba, and
southwestern Saskatchewan. (Two species.)
KEY TO THE FORMS (ADULTS) OF THE GENUS TYMPANUCHUS
a. Darker bars of back and rump very broad, solid blackish brown ; feathers of
breast brown with tips and subtcrminal band whitish ; brown bars on sides
and flanks unicolored.
b. Scapulars with large and very conspicuous terminal spots of buffy whitish ;
neck tufts or pinnae of adult male composed of not more than 10 lanceolate,
208
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
pointed feathers ; dark buffy brown bars on underparts broad averaging
about 5 mm. (coastal plain from New England and Long Island to Potomac
River; now extinct) . Tympanuchus cupido cupido (p. 208)
bb. Scapulars without conspicuous buffy whitish terminal spots; pinnae of male
composed of more than 10 elongate feathers with nearly truncated tips ;
dark bars on underparts narrower — averaging about 2.5 mm.
c. Tarsi feathered to base of toes, without an exposed bare strip on posterior
side except in summer (central Alberta to Manitoba and south to
Colorado, northeastern Texas, Arkansas, and Indiana, and probably
originally to Kentucky) . Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus (p. 212)
cc. Tarsi with lower portion in front and a wide strip on posterior side always
bare (coast region of Texas and southwestern Louisiana).
Tympanuchus cupido attwateri (p. 217)
aa. Darker bars of back and rump divided, containing a continuous brown bar
enclosed between two narrower blackish ones; feathers of breast with four
to six. alternate bars of brown and white ; darker bars of sides and flanks
bicolored, the broader light brown bar being enclosed between two narrower
dusky ones (Great Plains from Kansas to New Mexico and west-central
Texas) . Tympanuchus pallidicintus (p. 219)
TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO CUPIDO (Linnaeus)
Heath Hen
Adult male. — Forehead Brussels brown; feathers of the median portion
of the crown black with concealed cinnamon-rufous patches and tipped
with pale ochraceous-tawny ; feathers of sides of the crown and of the
whole occiput and hindneck pale ochraceous-tawny banded with dusky
clove brown7 ; interscapulars broadly banded clove brown and pale ochra¬
ceous-tawny to ochraceous-buff ; back, lower back, rump, and upper tail
coverts similar but with the pale terminal bands more yellowish — pale
tawny-olive to yellow-ocher; scapulars and inner secondaries like the
interscapulars but with large terminal spots of buffy white; upper wing
coverts and outer secondaries olive-brown to pale clove brown banded and
tipped with buffy white, the pale bands more widely spaced on the outer
coverts than on the inner ones ; primaries olive-brown to pale clove brown
with buffy-white spots on the outer webs only; rectrices olive-brown to
pale clove brown narrowly tipped with whitish, the median ones with
some irregular pale cinnamomeous markings ; lores, upper throat, and
lower cheeks light warm buff ; feathers of sides of neck and lower throat
cinnamon-rufous incompletely crossed by blackish lines and with elongated
terminal shaft streaks or spots of light warm buff; elongated pinnae with
five or six wholly black feathers and four or five that have broad pale
warm-buff stripes occupying most of the inner,' dorsal web, the inner
webs of these feathers narrowly edged with cinnamon and sometimes
irregularly toothed with blackish-brown diagonal marks ; malar stripe and
7 In no specimen examined have I seen anything comparable to the description
taken from living birds by Gross (Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1928, 563), who
found the tips of these feathers to be white.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
209
auriculars cinnamon-brown mottled with blackish ; feathers of the breast,
sides, flanks, and abdomen buffy brown to dark bufify brown, washed
with cinnamomeous anteriorly and broadly banded with white ; these
white bands somewhat tinged with ochraceous-tawny or cinnamon on the
sides and flanks ; thighs and tarsi pale, buffy brown to pale drab with a
grayish tinge and indistinctly barred with darker ; under tail coverts
white with broad, largely concealed, basal areas of olive-brown more or
less tinged or mottled with ochraceous-tawny ; under wing coverts barred
white and buffy brown on the outer ones, the inner ones and the axillars
almost wholly white; iris Verona brown; bill light to dark olive-gray,
paler at the tip; toes ochraceous-buff to ochraceous-orange ; superciliary
comb orange, very brilliant in the breeding season ; vocal sacs ochraceous
orange when deflated but approaching pure orange when inflated; the
edges of the sacs with a narrow margin of scarlet.8
Adult female. — Similar to the adult male but slightly smaller, the
pinnae shorter and without the stiff feathers, the vocal sacs not developed,
the superciliary comb lacking.9
First-winter plumage. — Like that of the adult of corresponding sex
but with the upperparts somewhat more rufescent and with the throat
cinnamon-buff instead of warm buff and without the stiffened elongated
pinnae.
Juvenal. — Apparently unknown.10
Dozany young11.— Underparts cream buff, the throat and middle of
abdomen approaching colonial buff ; sides of head marguerite yellow with
three small black spots back of the eye; upperparts tawny-olive to Isabella
color, turning to snuff brown and russet on the rump, and variously
marked with black, the markings most prominent on the nape and the
middle of the back ; a conspicuous black mark on the forehead.
Adult male.— Wing 215-225 (222.2); tail 115-128 (121.7); culmen
from the base 24—26 (25.2) ; tarsus 41.50 (44.1) ; pinna 66-72 (69.3
mm.).12
Adult female. — Wing 201-219 (209.2) ; tail 100-115 (107.5) ; culmen
from the base 21-24 (22.7); tarsus 41-49 (45.1); pinna 27-32 (29.9
mm.).13
Range. — Formerly resident in suitable areas, chiefly brushy plains,
from southern Maine, Massachusetts, southern New England, and Long
8 Colors of soft parts ex Gross, cit. supra, p. 564.
• Adults in worn, spring plumage tend to be less rufescent, more grayish than
autumn fresh plumaged birds.
10 Not only were no specimens in this stage available in the present study, but
Gross was unable to find any when writing his monograph on this bird.
“Taken from Gross, cit. supra, p. 568.
18 Ten specimens, ex Gross, p. 567.
11 Ten specimens, ex Gross, p. 567.
210
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Island south along the Atlantic seaboard through New Jersey and eastern
Pennsylvania to the Potomac River (Washington, D. C.) and possibly
into Virginia and the Carolinas14; since 1830 confined to the island of
Marthas Vineyard, reduced to a single bird in 1932 ; now extinct.
Type locality. — “Virginia” (ex Catesby).
[Tetrao] cupido Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 160 (“Virginia,” i.e., Penn¬
sylvania or New York? based on Urogallus minor, muscns, etc., Catesby, Nat.
Hist. Carolina, iii, 1, p’l. 1 ; Brisson, Orn., i, 212) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 274. — Gmelin,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 751. — Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 638. — Reichen-
bach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinacae, 1848, pi. 217, fig. 1896-1898.
Tetrao cupido Wilson, Amer. Orn., iii, 1811, 104, part, pi. 27, fig. 1.— Temminck,
Pig. et Gallin., iii, 1815, 161, 703, part. — Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat.,
xxxiii, 1819, 448, part (Long Island; New Jersey; Pennsylvania) .—Vieillot
and Oudakt, Gal. Ois., ii, 1825, 55, pi. 219. — Emmons, Cat. Birds Massachusetts,
1825, 4. — Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826, 126, part; ii,
1828, 442, part; Contr. Maclurean Lyc., i, 1827, 23; Amer. Philos. Trans., iii,
1830, 302, part; Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 44, part. — Lesson, Traite d’Orn.,
1831, 500. — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds, 1832,
662, part; ed. 2, 1840, 799, part. — Audubon, Orn. Biogr., ii, 1834, 490, part; v,
1839, 559, part; Synopsis, 1839, 204 part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 93,
part. — Peabody, Rep. Orn. Massachusetts, 1839, 355. — Lindsley, Amer. Journ.
Sci. and Arts, 1843, 264 (Connecticut). — DeKay, Zool. New York, 1844, 205. —
Giraud, Birds Long Island, 1844, 195 (Long Island, N. Y. ; nearly extinct;
habits). — Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1855, 154 (Long Island). —
Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 229 (Massachusetts).
Tetra cupido Bladgen, in Farley, Auk, xl, 1933, 322 in text (Long Island, N. Y.,
in letter of 1758).
T[etrao] cupido Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, pt. 2, 1825, 267,
part; Obs. Wilson’s Orn., 1826, [126], part.
Bonasa cupido Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xi, pt. 2, 1819, 299 (“Carolina”;
New Jersey; Long Island).
Cupidonia cupido Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 628, part (Pocono
Mountains, Pa.; Long Island; “Eastern Coast”) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859,
No. 464, part.- — Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vii, 1861, 291
(Long Island). — Samuels, App. Sec. Rep. Orn. Massachusetts, 1864, 11
(Marthas Vineyard and Naushon Islands). — Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864,
85 (Massachusetts) ; Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, i, 1876, 53 in text (Massachusetts;
becoming scarce); Bull. Essex Inst., x, 1878, 22 (Massachusetts; extirpated
except on Marthas Vineyard). — Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 39 part (New
England; soon to become extinct); 287 (Massachusetts); Check List North
Amer. Birds, 1873, No. 384, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 419, part (in syn¬
onymy). — Turnbull, Birds Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey', 1869, 27
(Monroe and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania; New Jersey plains). —
Maynard, Naturalists’ Guide, 1870, 138 (Marthas Vineyard at Naushon island,
11 Doubt has been cast on the southern records for this bird, but in all fairness
it should be pointed out that no actual specimens exist from any part of its range
other than Marthas Vineyard, Nashawena Island, and from Burlington County,
N. J. It is only an assumption that the records from the mainland of New England
were of this form and not of the inland prairie chicken, but an assumption that
has been generally accepted.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
211
Mass.)- — Brewer, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 12 (New England).
— Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 82 (crit. ; descr. ; Marthas Vineyard). — Smith, Auk,
iii, 1886, 139 in text (District of Columbia).
[ Cupidonia ] cupido Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 234, part (“New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Long Island, Nantucket and Marthas Vineyard,
etc.”).
C[upidonia] cupido Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 583, part.
Cupidonia cupido, var. cupido Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 440, part.
Cupidonia cupido cupido Goode, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 20, 1883, 316.
Tympanuchus cupido Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355. — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 306 ; ed. 2, 1895, No. 306 ; ed. 3,
1910, p. 143.— Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 402 (nomencl.).— Bendire, Life Hist.
North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 93.— Marshall, Auk, ix, 1892, 203, in text
(Marthas Vineyard; spec.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893,
77 _Allen, Auk, x, 1893, 133.— Dutcher, Auk, x, 1893, 272 (plains near Comae
Hills, Long Island, in 1836; “not plentiful”).— Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24,
1905, 18, 19 (range, food, etc.). — Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club No. 3,
1905, 64, in text, 203 in text (Essex County, Mass.; hist.) ; Mem. Nuttall Orn.
Club, No. 5, 1920, 97 (Essex County, Mass.; extinct).— Brewster, Mem. Nut¬
tall Orn. Club, No. 4, 1906, 172 (Cambridge region, Mass.) .—Stone, Birds
New Jersey, 1908, 151 (New Jersey; hist.).— Eaton, Birds New York, i, 1910,
376. — Forbush, Game Birds, Wild-fowl, and Shore Birds, 1912, 385 (history,
etc.) ; Amer. Mus. Journ., xviii, No. 4, 1918, [279-285], 6 text cuts from
photographs (history, habits, etc.) ; Birds Massachusetts and Other New
England States, ii, 1927, 39, pi. 35 (fig.; descr.; habits; New England).—
Swales, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxxii, 1919, 198 (Washington, D. C.,
April 10, 1846). — Burns, Orn. Chester County, Pa., 1919, 48 (Chester County,
Pa.; hist.). — Phillips, Verh. 6th Internat. Orn. Kongr., 1929, 507 (Marthas
Vineyard; on verge of extinction).— Cooke, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlii,
1929, 34 (Washington, D. C.).
T[ympanuchus] cupido Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 203— Goss, Hist.
'Birds Kansas, 1891, 225 (Marthas Vineyard).— Reichenow, Die Vogel, i,
1913, 320.
[Tympanuchus] cupido Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 20.
Cupidonia cupido brewsteri Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 3, 1887, 884, ed. 4,
1890, 884 (Marthas Vineyard, Mass.).
Tympanuchus cupido cupido Gross, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat Hist, vi, 1928, 491 in
text (syn., monogr.; col. pi.; etc.).— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check¬
list, ed. 4, 1931, 85.— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 264 (life hist.) . —
Burns, Wils. Bull., xliv, 1932, 28 (spec, ex Peale coll.).— Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 41 (extinct).— Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 160 in
text (extinct). — Stone, Bird Studies Cape May, i, 1937, 320 (New Jersey;
former status and hunting recollections). — Bagg and Eliot, Birds Connecticut
Valley in Massachusetts, 1937, 171 (habits; status; extinct).— Huber, Auk, lv,
1938, 527 in text (2 spec.; Burlington County, N. J.). — Hellmayr and Con¬
over, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 222 (syn.; distr.) .— Cruickshank, Birds
New York City, 1942, 151 (extinct; New York City area).
Tympanuchus c[upido ] cupido Groebbet.S, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 137 in text (dancing
of males), 139 in text (courtship), 166 (data on breeding) ; 238 in text (care
of eggs).
212
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO PINNATUS (Brewster)
Greater Prairie Hen
Adults. — Similar to that of the corresponding sex of the nominate
race but differing in having no conspicuous buffy-whitish terminal spots
on the scapulars ; the pinnae or neck tufts are composed of more than
10 feathers and the feathers are less pointed more abruptly truncate in
shape; the general tone of the upper parts averages less rufescent, the
broad tips of the feathers of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts
especially are less rufescent than in T. c. cupido, being pinkish buff (in¬
stead of pale tawny-olive), and the dark bars on the underparts are gen¬
erally narrower, and the thighs paler, the whole underparts seeming more
whitish15 iris raw umber ; “comb” deep cadmium ; gular sacs dark Indian
yellow tinged brownish and slightly veined with red; toes dark brownish
ocher, back of tarsi and lower surface of toes bright ocher-yellow; claws
blackish tipped with whitish on the outer claw only.
First-winter plumage. — Not certainly separable from the same stage
of the nominate race.
Juvenal. — Forehead, sides of crown, and occiput between russet and
Sudan brown; center of crown fuscous-blackish (formed by blackish
tips of the otherwise russet feathers, occiput speckled with blackish;
hindneck pinkish buff to pale pinkish buff, the feathers edged with fuscous,
giving a streaked appearance to the area, the more lateral feathers with
the buff more whitish ; scapulars and interscapulars as in the adult but
the pale bars paler — pinkish huff to cinnamon-buff and the feathers with
prominent white shaft streaks ; upper wing coverts and primaries as in
the adult, the latter feathers somewhat more pointed; secondaries with
the pale bars restricted to their outer webs except on the innermost
feathers, the brown areas broader than in the adults and somewhat
freckled and vermiculated with blackish; back, lower back, rump, and
uppei tail coverts as in adult but more rufescent, the pale tips cinnamon-
buff ; rectrices unlike the adult, fuscous to fuscous-black, crossed by seven
or eight narrow buffy-whitish to pale pinkish-buff bars and narrowly
tipped with the same, these bars largely restricted to the outer webs of
the lateral rectrices, the dark interspaces mottled with clay color the size
of the patches increasing distally10 ; lores, supraorbital, and supraauricular
band pale pinkish buff to whitish; malar stripe extending below the eye
to, and including, the auriculars, like the top of the head, mixed with
fuscous-black posterior to the front end of the eye; lower cheeks, chin,
16 Occasionally erythristic specimens occur, but these do not constitute a “normal”
plumage.
The rectricial pattern is the easiest character by which young Tympcmuchus
may be told from young Pedioecetes. In the latter, the median rectrices have longi¬
tudinal pale median stripes.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
213
and throat less ochraceous than in adult — pale pinkish buff to whitish;
feathers of breast whitish tinged with pale ochraceous-buff and trans¬
versely spotted (the bars broken into spots) with Prout’s brown to clove
brown, the spots tending to coalesce into bars on the more posterior
breast feathers ; sides and flanks pale ochraceous-buff heavily barred with
dark huffy brown to sepia; abdomen and thighs whitish barred with bully
brown to pale huffy brown, the bars faint and small on the middle of the
abdomen ; under tail coverts white with transverse spots of dark huffy
brown.
Downy young. — Similar to that of the nominate race but richer yellow
below — straw yellow, the breast washed with yellow ocher ; the top of
head ochraceous-tawny (Isabella color in T. c. cupido), and lower back
and rump ochraceous-buff to ochraceous-tawny; the dark markings as in
the nominate race.
Adult male.— Wing 217-241 (226); tail 90-103 (96.2); exposed
culmen 16-21 (18.7) ; tarsus 46.5-51.5 (49.7) ; middle toe without claw
43-47 (45) ; height of bill at base 9.5-13.5 (11.4 mm.).17
Adult jctnale.— Wing 208-220 (219) ; tail 87.5-93.5 (90.3) ; exposed
oilmen 17-19.5 (18.6); tarsus 46-52 (49.1); middle toe without claw
41-44.6 (43) ; height of bill at base 10-12 (11.3 mm.).18
Range. — Resident in the prairie districts of the Mississippi Valley from
central Alberta (Edmonton; casually as far north as Lac la Biche), south¬
ern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba south through the Dakotas,
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan and southern Ontario (Wallace-
burg) to southeastern Michigan, western and southern Indiana, north¬
western Ohio, and (probably, formerly) western Kentucky in the east,19
and through Nebraska and central Kansas to eastern Colorado (Barton
and Barr), southeastern Wyoming (Chugwater), and to Oklahoma
(where now largely gone) and to extreme northern Texas (Gainesville,
Cooke County, and Tascosa).
Occasional in Montana (1 record— near Huntley) ; in winter to
Arkansas. While this form does migrate to some extent, the limits of
its winter range are largely contained within the breeding range ; it occurs
casually in winter in northern Louisiana.
Type locality. — Vermillion, S. Dak.
Tctrao cupido (not of Linnaeus) Wilson, Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 104, part, pi. 27,
fig. 1. — Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., xxxiii, 1819, 448, part (Kentucky;
“plains of the Columbia River”).— Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York,
ii, pt. 1, 1826, 126, part; ii, 1828, 442, part; Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 44, part.
17 Seventeen specimens from Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, and northern
T exas.
18 Eleven specimens from Michigan, North Dakota, Nebraska, and northern Texas.
» The subspecific status of the Kentucky birds is uncertain ; the species is extinct
there and no local specimens appear to have been preserved.
053008° — 46 - 15
214
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
— Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 662, part ;
ed. 2, 1840, 799, part— Audubon, Orn. Biogr., ii, 1834, 490, part, pi. 186; v, 1839,
559, part; Synopsis, 1839, 204, part; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, part, pi. 296.
— Reichenbach, Synop. Av, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 217, figs. 1896-1898.— Wood-
house, Rep. Sitgreaves Expl. Zuni and Colorado R., 1853, 96, part (Arkansas).
T[etrao] cupido Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, pt. ii, 1825,
267, part; Obs. Wilson’s Orn., 1826, [126].- — Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
xvi, 1829, 148 (between Red River and Pembina, lat. 49° N.). — Barry, Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1854, 9 (Wisconsin; common). — Maximilian, Journ.
fur Orn., 1858, 439 (upper Missouri River).
Cupidonia cupido Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 628, part (Missouri;
Tremont, Illinois; mouth of Running Water River; Big Sioux River); Cat.
North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 464, part.— Wheaton, Ohio Agr. Rep., 1860,
No. 178 (nw. Ohio) ; Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 62 (near Columbus,
Ohio, Nov. 16, 1898); Rep. Birds Ohio, 1882, 445, 579 (Ohio; syn. ; descr. ;
distr. ; spec.) —Hayden, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, 1862, 172 (upper
Missouri to the Niobrara River). — Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 16,
and text, part.— Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 39 part (spec.; Illinois);
Check List North Amer. Birds, 1873, No. 384, part; ed. 2, 1882, No. 563, part;
Birds Northwest, 1874, 419, part.— Allen, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i,
1868, 500 (w. Iowa) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, iii, 1872, 130 (Leavenworth,
Kans.), 141 (Fort Hays, w. Kansas), 144 (Coyote, nw. Kansas), 181 (e. and
middle Kansas).— Trippe, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 240 (Iowa).
— Snow, Cat. Birds Kansas, ed. 2, reprint, 1873, 9. — Ridgway, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1874, 23 (lower Wabash Valley). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part; Nom. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 477, part;
Forest and Stream, xxiv, No. 11, 1885, 204 (District of Columbia, 1 spec.,
introduced or offspring of introduced parents). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, pi. 61, figs. 1, 7. — Hoffman, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1875, 174 (Grand River Agency, Dakota Territory;
abundant).— Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 66 in text (hybrid);
1882, 59 in text (spec., ex market, from Iowa; plum.). — Nelson, Bull. Essex
Inst., ix, 1877, 65 (s. Illinois). — Gibbs, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr.
Bull. 5, 1879, 491 (Michigan; common). — Langdon, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat.
Hist., 1879, 15 (Cincinnati, Ohio; formerly; few still in nw. Ohio). — Roberts
and Benner, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, v, 1880, 18 (Grant County, Minn.).—
Cooke, Auk, i, 1884, 247 (Minnesota; Chippewa Indian name). — Drew, Auk,
ii, 1885, 17 (vertical range in Colorado). — Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 285 (se.
South Dakota, abundant).
C[upidonia ] cupido Ridgway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, x, 1874, 382 (Illinois).
—Hatch, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, 62 (Minnesota; abundant).—
Deane, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, i, 1876, 22 in text (albinism). — Nelson, Bull.
Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 121 (ne. Illinois, formerly abundant). — Coues, Key North
Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, No. 583, part.
C[apidonia ] cupido Boies, Cat. Birds Southern Michigan, 1875, No. 146 (s.
Michigan).
[Cupidonia cupido] var. cupido Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 199, in text.
Cupidonia cupido, var. cupido Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 440, part.
Cupidonia cupido cupido Goode, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 20, 1883, 316, part.
Bonasa cupido Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 88 (North
America).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
215
[Bonasa] cupido Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 277, No. 9831.
Tympanuchus cupido Taverner, Can. Water Birds, 1939, 172 (field chars.; Canada).
— Shetter, Wils. Bull., li, 1939, 46, in text (Michigan; speed of flight).—
Petrides, Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 318 in text (age indi
cators in plumage).
Cupidonia americana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xiv, 1857, 428.
Tympanuchus cupido americanus American Ornithologists Union, Check-list,
ed. 4, 1931, 85. — Baerg, Univ. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 258, 1931, 53
(Arkansas; distr. ; descr.).— Nice, Birds Oklahoma, rev. ed., 1931, 79 (Okla¬
homa).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 242 (life hist.; distr.).—
Roberts, Birds Minnesota, i, 1932, 385 (Minnesota; habits; distr.). DuMont,
Wils. Bull., xliv, 1932, 237 (Iowa; spec.).— Harrold, Wils. Bull., xlv, 1933, 19
(Lake Johnston, Saskatchewan).— Youngsworth, Auk, 1, 1933, 124 (Sioux
City, Iowa; numerous in autumn; breeds). — Esten, Auk, 1, 1933, 356 in text
(Indiana; 150 birds seen at Jasper-Pulaski Game Reserve) .—Johnson, Wils.
Bull., xlvi, 1934, 3 (habits, nw. Minnesota).— Monson, Wils. Bull., xlvi, 1934,
43 (Cass County, N. Dak.; common) .—Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 160, in
text, pi. 19a (col. fig.; distr.; characters).— Breckenridge, Condor, xxxvii, 1935,
269 (Minnesota).— McCreary and Mickey, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 130 in text
(se. Wyoming; rare). — Youngworth, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 217 (nests, Fort
Sisseton, S. Dak.).— Long, Bull. Univ. Kansas Sci., xxxvi, 1935, 232 (w. Kansas,
November).— Trautman, Auk, lii, 1935, 321 (Ohio).— Schmidt, Wils. Bull.,
xlviii, 1936, 196 (Wisconsin; winter food).— Alexander, Univ. Colorado Stud.
Zool., xxiv, 1937, 87 (Boulder County, Colo.; hypothetical) .—Beebe, Wils. Bull.,
xlix, 1937, 35 (Upper Peninsula Michigan, recently spread).— Groebbels, Der
Vogel, ii, 1937, 137 in text (courtship dance), 166 (data on breeding), 239 in
text (number of eggs), 397 in text (time of day of hatching) .— Bagg and
Eliot, Birds of Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, 1937, 172 (introduced
unsuccessfully).— Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxvii, 1938, 178 (Tarrant
County, Tex.; probably breeds).— Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana, 1938, 190
(Louisiana; casual winter visitor). — Todd, Auk, lv, 1938, 274 in text (old w.
Pennsylvania record erroneous; should be Kentucky).— Bennett, Blue-winged
Teal, 1938, 38 in text (market hunting). — Niedrach and Rockwell, Birds of
Denver and Mountain Parks, 1939, 61 (c. Colorado; rare; food habits; spec.).—
Hammerstrom, Wils. Bull., li, 1939, 105 in text (Wisconsin; life hist.) . —
Campbell, Bull. Toledo Mus. Sci., i, 1940, 61 (Lucas County, Ohio; extirpated
by 1880).— Long, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xliii, 1940, 440 (Kansas; formerly
abundant; now rare in east, and uncommon in western part). — Goodpaster,
Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., xxii, 1941, 13 (sw. Ohio; almost extirpated).
_ Hamerstrom, Hopkins, and Rinzel, Wils. Bull., liii, 1941, 185, footnote
(winter food).
[Tympanuchus] cupido americanus Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 139 in text
(courtship), 238 in text (covers eggs).
Tympanuchus cupido americus Bennitt, Univ. Missouri Studies, vn, No. 3, 1932,
25 (Missouri; uncommon resident).
Tympanuchus americanus Ridgway, Auk, iii, 1886, 133 (nomencl.).— American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check List, 1886, No. 305, part; ed. 2, 1895, No. 305,
part.— Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 153 (Winnipeg and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba),
329 (Westboume, w. Manitoba).— Evermann, Auk, v, 1888, 349 (Carroll
County, Indiana; rare).— Thompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xm, 1891, 514
(Winnipeg and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba; claimed to be of recent occur¬
rence and increasing). -Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 225 (Kansas; common;
216
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ts ’ descu)-— -Hatch, Notes Birds Minnesota, 1892, 167, 463 (Minnesota;
/T ’’ eS£r^‘ ^UTTING> Bul1- Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 267
18HW78 Saskat,c^ewiarn River) .-Ocilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii,
1893, 78 part (Rockford and Richland Counties, Ill,; Iowa; Moody County
S. Dak.) .—Brewster, Auk, xii, 1895, 99, pi. 2 (descr. and colored pi. of rufescent
4°iwTwr4 °f unknown Reality); Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No.
1 \9°h6’ (Cambridge, Mass.; liberated in 1885).-Jones, Auk, xii, 1895, 236
n table (Ohio; migr.) ; Birds Ohio, Rev. Cat, 1903, 221 (Ohio, extinct) —
Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci, 1895, 151 (Wabash, Ind.) -
Cooke, Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 44, 1898, 159 (e. Colorado; rare and
^ ; BUIL 56’ 19°°- 202 (Wyoming, resident breeding) .-
utler, Rep. State Geol. Indiana for 1897 (1898), 755 (Indiana; reported as
occurring within recent years in Newton, Stark, Carroll, Steuben, Boone,
v ox, Chnton, Wabash, Lake, Laporte, Benton, Allen, De Kalb, and Noble
counties ).— Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci, 1896-97 (1899), 254 (Kansas-
common, oimerly abundant) .—Nash, Check List Birds Ontario, 1900 26
(Ontario; now extinct). -Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 163 (molt).-MACouN Cat
Can. Birds, 1900, 210 (Ontario and Manitoba). -Bailey, Handb. Birds Western
Bunle inol’ 27°mm fkstr-)-WooDCOCK. Oregon Agr. Exp. Stat.
Bull. 68, 1902, 27 (Dayton, Oreg, Oct, 1892).-Kumlien and Hollister, Bull
Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc, iii, 1903, 57 (Wisconsin; habits). -Dawson Birds
ed ? 1Qf)3 k’/y 52’ 652 ( 0hi°; deSCr‘: extinct).-SNOW, Cat. Birds Kansas,
a. 6, 1903, 15 (Kansas; common; formerly abundant) .— [Nash], Check List
Bidl 190S’ f (0ntario; -tinct). -Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv.
xvT- ' t ’ (^nge’ f°°d’ eC°nomic value- etc.). -Wilson, Wils. Bull,
X 87 IT (f j CuUrn^’ IOWa’ C0mm0n resident). -Fleming, Auk, xxiv,
907, 87 (Toronto; doubtful).— Widmann, Birds Missouri, 1907 81 (once com-
mon, now rare) .-Woodruff, Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull, vi, 1907, 84 (vicinitv
of Chicago, formerly abundant, now rare).— Roberts, in Wilcox, Hist Becker
County, Minn, 1907, 170 (nearly all parts of Minnesota). -Anderson, Proc
Davenport Acad. Sci, xi, 1907, 233 (Iowa; habits). -Beyer, Allison, and
1908M464 IB ’ w’p1908’ 439’ m tGXt (W- Louisiana) .-Reagan, Auk, xxv,
1908 464 (Rosebud Reservation, S. Dak. ) .-Macoun and Macoun, Cat Can
BirdM 2’19®9' 229 (Hamilton Beach, Ontario; Manitoba) .-Visher, Auk,
XXVI ,1909, 147 (w. South Dakota; west to Kadoka) ; xxviii, 1911, 10 (Harding
County, S. Dak fairly abundant).— Cooke, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 411 (e. Colorado-
bieeds west to Yuma, Wray County; also near Barr).— Cory, Publ. Field Mus’.
iir’’ •’ 131, \9°9’ 439 (Illinois! Wisconsin).— Hess, Auk, xxvii, 1910,
2 (c. Illinois; eggs).— Wood and Tinker, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 131 (Michigan-
Tirmerlycommon nea.r Ann Arbor; Fourmile Lake).— Ferry, Auk, xxvii, 191o[
J78 (Uuill Lalce, Saskatchewan; breeds) —Howell (A.H.), U S Biol Surv’
?“?• 38’ 191!’ 34 in°'W m°Stly extirPated in Arkansas).— Lano,' Auk’ xxix,'
yi2, 239, in text (Minnesota; eaten by gyrfalcon) ; xxxviii, 1921 112 (8 miles
”• ,°f )rk" 1 N“ 15. 1919). — Sclater, Hist. Birds Colorado,
> _ (Colorado; uncommon in ne. part).— Isely, Auk, xxix, 1912, 28
(Sedgwick County, Kans.; formerly abundant but “not been seen for many
years ).— Zimmer, Proc. Nebraska Orn. Union, v, pt. 5, 1913, 70 (Nebraska;
Ihomas County; nests and young).— Jensen, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 344 (Wahpeton
N. Dak. breeding) .-Horsbaugh, Ibis, 1918, 483 (Buffalo Lake, Alberta’
1 spec., Dec. 26 1914).-Taverner, Auk, xxxvi, 1919, 13 (near Red Deer,
Alberta, Dec. 26 1914) ; Ottawa Nat., xxxii, 1919, 161 (Shoal Lake, Manitoba;
first nests found in 1899; increasing); Birds W. Canada, 1926, 171, pi. 23A,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
217
(dcscr. ; habits; distr. ; Canada). — Larson, Wils. Bull., xl, 1928, 46 (e. McKenzie
County, N. Dak.).— Hicks, Wils. Bull, xli, 1929, 43 (Bay Point, Ohio).— Caum,
Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, 16 (Hawaii; introduced unsuccessfully).
— Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 384 in text (infertile eggs).
[Tympanuchus] americanus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 203, part. —
Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 320.
[ Tympcmuchus ] americanus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 20.
Tympcmuchus americanus americanus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check
List, ed. 3, 1910, 143. — Barrows, Michigan Bird Life, 1912, 229 (s. Michigan).—
Bunker, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., vii, 1913, 146 (w. Kansas, mostly). — Visiier,
Auk, xxx, 1913, 567 (Sanborn County, S. Dak., resident).— Tinker, Auk, xxxi,
1914, 77 (Clay and Palo Alto Counties, Iowa; nearly exterminated).— Honey-
will, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 85 (Minnesota; Cass and Crow Wing Counties). -
Cooke, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 478 (Oklahoma; near Caddo; common).— Horsbaugii,
Ibis, 1916, 682 (Alix and Buffalo Lake district, Alberta, fairly numerous).—
Harris, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1919, 257 (extirpated in Jackson County,
Missouri). — Saunders, Pacific Coast Avif. No. 14, 1921, 58 (Montana; Hervey
Beach; spec.). — Over and Thoms, Birds South Dakota, 1921, 76. — Wood, Misc.
Publ. Univ. Michigan Mus. Zook, No. 10, 1923, 35 (Red River Valley, Medora,
etc., N. Dak.).— Koelz, Wils. Bull., xxxv, 1923, 38 (Jackson County, Michigan;
common). — Mitchell, Canad. Field Nat., xxxviii, 1924, 108 (Saskatchewan;
resident). — Nice and Nice, Birds Oklahoma, 1924, 36 (Oklahoma).— Pindar,
Wils. Bull., xxxvi, 1924, 204 (e. Arkansas).— Gabrielson and Jewett, Auk, xli,
1924, 297 (Fort Clark, N. Dak.).— Wheeler, Birds Arkansas, 1925, 39, xiv,
xx (descr. ; nest; eggs; Arkansas) —Larson, Wils. Bull., xxxvii, 1925, 28
(Sioux Falls, S. Dak. ) —Rowan, Auk, xliii, 1926, 333, pi. xvi (hybrid; Alberta).
—Williams, Wils. Bull., xxxviii, 1926, 29 (Red River Valley, N. Dak.).—
Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 172, in text. — Linsdale, Auk, xliv,
1927, 52 (Kansas; between Shields and Gove) —Linsdale and Hall, Wils.
Bull.’, xxxix, 1927, 96 (s. of Lawrence, ICans.).— Cahn, Wils. Bull., xxxix, 1927,
27 (summer, Vilas County, Wisconsin) .—Gardner, Condor, xxx, 1928, 128 in
text (eaten by horned owls). — Pierce, Wils. Bull., xlii, 1930, 266 (Buchanan
County, Iowa, status).
Tympcmuchus a[mcricanus ] americanus Lincoln, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1915, 6 (Yuma County, Colo., resident) .—Stoddard, Wils. Bull., xxxiv, 1922, 72
(Sauk Prairie, s. Wisconsin; habits).
Cupidonia pinrnta Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 82 (Vermillion, South Dakota; coll.
William Brewster).— Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, lxx, 1930, 155 (type
spec, in Mus. Comp. Zook).
Tympanuchus pinnatus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355.
Tympcmuchus cupido pinnatus Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 41 —
Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zook Univ. Michigan, No. 379, 1938, 11 (Michigan;
resident in Lower Peninsula and west in Upper Peninsula to Sidnaw ; breeding
records).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 223 (syn.;
distr.).
TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO ATTWATERI Bcndlre
Louisiana Prairie Hen
Adult . — Similar to that of the corresponding sex and wear of T. c.
pinnatus but smaller, darker in general coloration, tawnier above, usually
with more pronounced cinnamon-rufous on the neck ; light-colored spots
218
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
on the upper wing coverts smaller and tawnier ; tarsi longer and much
more scantily feathered ; the feathers much shorter and never extending
down to the base of the toes, even in front, the posterior side of the tarsus
always (even in winter) with a broad exposed naked strip (much the
greater part of the tarsus naked in summer). From the nominate form
this race differs in lacking the conspicuous pale terminal spots on the
scapulars, in having the pinnae composed of more than 10 feathers which
are abruptly truncated and not pointed, and in having the ventral bars
somewhat narrower (but nearer to T. c. cupido than to T. c. pinnatus
in this respect) and considerably paler — drab to pale buffy brown, and
in having the upper breast washed with cinnamon to cinnamon-rufous.
Juvenal. — None seen.
Downy young. — Not certainly distinguishable from that of T. c. pin¬
natus but apparently very slightly darker in its general tone above.
Adult male. Wing 202—213 (209) ; tail 84—90 (87.5) ; exposed culmen
18-21 (19.5) ; tarsus 50-52 (51) ; middle toe without claw 44-46 ( 44.7) ;
height of bill at base 11-12.5 (12.0 mm.).20
Adult female.— Wing 195-206 (202) ; tail 78-83 (80.8) ; exposed
culmen 17—20 (18.2) ; tarsus 47—50 (49) ; middle toe without claw 42—46
(43.4) ; height of .bill at base 11-11.5 (11 .2 mm.).21
Range. — Resident in the coastal prairies of southwestern Louisiana (a
small area in the western parts of Cameron and Calcasieu Parishes ;
formerly east of Bayon Teche, Opelousas, and Abbeville) and in coastal
Texas (north to Austin, where now scarce; Refugio, Aransas, and Jeffer¬
son Counties; to within 30 miles of the Rio Grande — Miradores Ranch).
Type locality. — Refugio County, Tex.
Tetrao cupido (not of Linnaeus) Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves Expl. Zuni and Colo¬
rado R., 1853, 96, part (e. Texas).
Cupidonia cupido Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 629, part (Calcasieu
Pass, La.) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 464, part. — Nehrling, Bull.
Nuttall Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 175 (se. Texas).
Cupidonia cupido, var. cupido Baird, Brewer, and Ridcway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 440, part.
Cupidonia cupido, var. pallidicincta (not of Ridgway, 1873) Merrill, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 159 (prairies near coast 30 miles n. of Fort Brown, Tex.).
Tympanuchus attwateri Bendire, Forest and Stream, xl, No. 20, 1893, 425 (Refugio
County, Tex.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Elliot, Gallin. Game Birds North
Amer., 1897, 122.
[Tympanuchus] attwateri Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 20.
Tympanuchus americanus attwateri American Ornithologists' Union, Auk, xi,
1894, 46 ; Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, No. 305a (ex Bendire, manuscript) ; ed. 3, 1910,
p. 143. Bendire, Auk, xi, 1894, 130-132 (diagnosis, measurements, etc.; Calca¬
sieu, La,; Orange, Refugio, Aransas, and Jefferson Counties, Tex.). — Ridgway,
Man. North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1896, 589.— Carroll, Auk, xvii, 1900, 341 (Re-
30 Five specimens including the type.
21 Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
219
fugio County, Tex.) —Simmons, Auk, xxxii, 1915, 322 (Harris County, Tex.;
Aldine; adults and young seen); Birds Austin Region, 192o, 82 (Austin, Tex.,
habits; descr.). — Cahn, Wils. Bull., xxxiii, 1921, 171 (near Marshall, ne. 1 exas ;
nearly extirpated). — Figgins, Auk, xl, 1923, 674 (Black Bayou, La.; rare;
winter and spring) .— Griscom and Crosby, Auk, xliii, 1926, 34 (Brownsville,
Tex.). Bailey and Wright, Wils. Bull., xliii, 1931, 201 (Cameron Parish,
La.).— Arthur, Birds Louisiana, 1931, 214 (descr., status, Louisiana).
T[ympanuchus ] americanus atlwateri Blyer, Allison, and Kopman, Auk, xxv, 1908,
439, in text (w. Louisiana).
Tlympanuchus] a[mericanus\ attwateri Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United
States, 1902, 131 (descr. ; habits) .
[Tympanuchus americanus] attwateri Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 163 (molt).
Tympanuchus cupido attwateri American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list North
Amer. Birds, ed. 4, 1931, 86 (distr.) .—Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 263
(life hist.; distr.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 41. Ober-
holser. Bird Life Louisiana, 1938, 190 (Louisiana, common on coastal prairies
formerly; now rare) .— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
223 (syn. ; distr.). — McIlhenny, Auk, lx, 1943, 544 (s. Louisiana).
T[ympanuchus] c[upido] attwateri Hamerstrom, Wils. Bull., li, 1939, 115, in text
(nesting habits).
Tympanuchus cupido americanus Lowery, Bull. Louisiana Polytech. Inst., xxix, 1931,
22 (spec. ; ne. of Ruston, La. ; December 20, 1925).
Tympanuchus americanus (not Cupidonia arnericana Reichenbach) Beyer, Proc.
Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 98 (sw. Louisiana).
TYMPANUCHUS PALLIDICINCTUS (Ridgway)
Lesser Prairie Hen
Adult male.— Similar to Tympanuchus cupido but differs in having the
darker bars of the back and rump divided, containing a continuous brown
bar enclosed between two narrower blackish ones; the feathers of the
breast with four to six alternate bars of brown and white ; the darker bars
of the sides and flanks bicolored — the broader light brown bar being
enclosed between two narrower dusky ones; forehead and anteiior part
of crown pale cartridge buff, the feathers mummy brown on their con¬
cealed basal portions ; rest of crown feathers dark mummy brown broadly
tipped with cartridge buff to light ochraceous-buff and subterminally
banded with light ochraceous-salmon and still more basally spotted with
the same ; occiput and nape similar but with the dark mummy brown areas
reduced to narrow bars, the tips more strongly ochraceous ; interscapulars,
back, lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts buffy brown to pale olive-
brown narrowly banded with pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff and with
dark clove brown to fuscous-black, the subterminal fuscous-black bars
divided lengthwise to include a continuous pale olive-brown to pale
cinnamon-buffy band bordered by narrower fuscous-black ones ; the tips
of these feathers becoming somewhat more grayish on the lower rump
and upper tail coverts; scapulars, lesser upper wing coverts, and sec¬
ondaries tawny-olive to olive-brown barred with pinkish buff to whitish,
220
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
these pale bars edged with fuscous on the scapulars and secondaries and
with clove brown on the upper coverts ; the scapulars and secondaries
broadly tipped with pale pinkish buff ; median and greater upper wing
coverts and primaries buffy brown, the coverts banded with buffy white,
the primaries spotted transversely on their outer webs with pale pinkish
buff ; rectrices clove brown paling on the lateral feathers to dark olive-
brown, and all narrowly tipped with pale pinkish buff; lores, chin, upper
throat, and sides of head cartridge buff, tinged especially on the sides of
the head with pale chamois ; a dark subocular band Saccardo’s umber, the
feathers tipped with clove brown ; the lower cheeks with a mass of closely
packed dark clove-brown spots; feathers of the sides of neck and the
lower throat ochraceous-tawny (chiefly on the concealed parts of the
feathers) broadly tipped with white and edged with fuscous-black, the
ochraceous-tawny showing much more on the lower throat than on the
sides of the neck; pinnae composed mostly of black, abruptly truncated
feathers, a few of the lateral ones with various widths of huffy-white shaft
stripes, these pale areas edged with ochraceous-buffy and these feathers
with considerable ochraceous-tawny basally, their upper coverts, largely
ochraceous-tawny and buffy white; breast, upper abdomen, sides, and
flanks, whitish, each feather crossed by several fairly narrow bars of
buffy brown to olive-brown, these bars becoming broader and darker on
the sides and flanks, where they are bicolored, paler in the middle and
darker on the margins; middle and lower abdomen with the dark bars
greatly reduced in breadth and darkness or wanting; under tail coverts
clove brown very broadly tipped with ochraceous-tawny on their inner
webs ; under wing coverts whitish, the outer ones terminally spotted with
drab to pale buffy brown, bill dark brown ; iris brown, gular sacs, yellow
in the breeding season; toes yellowish, claws brownish black.22
Adult female. — Similar to the adult male, but averaging smaller.
First-winter plumage. — Like the adult but with the outer two primaries
more pointed than the others (juvenal feathers that are retained in the
postjuvenal molt, all the juvenal primaries being rather pointed).
Juvenal — Much more rufescent than the adult, more rufescent than
the juvenal of T. cupido; forehead, crown, and occiput bright ochraceous-
tawny, with some of the largely concealed basal blackish showing through
as spots, especially on the midcrown ; interscapulars and scapulars bright
tawny-olive with no white shaft stripes and with less (narrower and
rowly edged with blackish, all these feathers with conspicuous white shaft
stripes; feathers of back, lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts bright
tawny-olive with not white shaft stripes and with less (narrower and
22 As in the other members of its genus, in worn plumage the tips of the dorsal
feathers seem to become bleached as well as abraded and are more grayish than in
freshly plumaged specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
221
paler) blackish barring and less difference between the paler bars (which
are cinnamon-buff to pale cinnamon-buff) and the interspaces of tawny-
olive, the tips paler and grayer; upper wing coverts dull olive-brown to
clove brown banded with pale pinkish buff ; secondaries pale clove brown,
their outer webs olive-brown barred with pale pinkish buff, these pale
bars margined with dark clove brown; primaries pale clove brown, their
outer webs spotted transversely with pale pinkish buff; rectrices bright
tawny-olive with terminal tear-shaped whitish shaft streaks, and barred
with pale cinnamon-buff each huffy bar distally edged narrowly, and
proximally much more broadly, with blackish; lores, chin, and upper
throat whitish ; a pale cinnamon-buffy superciliary stripe from the lores
to the posterolateral angle of the occiput ; cheeks ochraceous-buffy, the
auriculars tawny-olive; feathers of breast and sides light tawny-olive in¬
completely barred with clove brown and with white shaft stripes ; feathers
of sides and flanks similar but the dark bars complete ; abdomen whitish
barred with pale olive-brown to drab ; thighs whitish tinged with drab ;
under tail coverts white, basally spotted and splotched with olive-brown.
Dozvny young. — Apparently unknown.
Adult male.— Wing 207-220 (212.0) ; tail 88-95 (92.4) ; exposed
culmen 16.5-18 (17.1); tarsus 43-47 ( 44.4); middle toe without claw
36.5-40 (39.0); height of bill at base 9.5-11 (10.5 mm.).23
Adult female. — Wing 195-201 (198) ; tail 81-87 (84.2) ; exposed cul¬
men 42-43 (42.3) ; middle toe without claw 36-40 (38.4) ; height of bill
at base 9.5-10.5 (10.0 mm.).24
Range. — Breeds from southeastern Colorado (Gaumes Ranch, Baca
County, and Holly, Powers County, north to the Arkansas River),
Nebraska (formerly), and southwestern Kansas (Cimarron, Neosho
Falls), south through southwestern Oklahoma (near Arnett, Fort Cobb,
Ivanhoe Lake, Fort Reno) to northern Texas (Mobeetie, Alanreed)
and to east-central New Mexico (Portales and Staked Plains).28
Winters chiefly in central Texas, from Colorado City, Monahans, and
Midland, north to Bandera, Fort Clark, Concho and Tom Green Counties,
and the Davis Mountains.
Casual in southern and southwestern Missouri (Pierce County and
Lawrence County), central Kansas (Oakley and Garnett).
Recorded in fossil state from Oregon (Pleistocene).
Type locality. — Prairies of Texas (near lat. 32° N.).
23 Five specimens from New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma.
24 Four specimens from Nebraska and Oklahoma.
25 Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 285, writes that while this species has been
reported from Nebraska there are no specimens to substantiate this claim. In the
U. S. National Museum are three birds obtained in the Fulton Market, New York,
said to have been killed in Nebraska.
222
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Tetrao cupido (not of Linnaeus) McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1851,
222 (between Lavaca, Victoria, and Goliad, Tex.).
(?) Cupidonia cupido Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 628, part (Texas) ;
Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 464, part.
Cupidonia cupido, var. pallidicincta Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 199 (“South¬
western prairies — Staked plains?” Coll., U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Cupidonia cupido . . , var. pallidicincta Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874,
133, No. 384a.
C[[upidonia] c[upido] pallidicincta Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2,
1882, 584.
Cupidonia cupido, var. pallidicinctus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 446. — Lawrence, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 52
(Pierce City, sw. Missouri; weight).
[Cupidonia cupido] b? pallidicinctus Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 420.
Cupidonia cupido pallidicincta Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196; Nom.
North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 477a. — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds,
ed. 2, 1882, No. 564.
Cupidonia cupido pallidicinctus Goode, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 20, 1883, 316.
[Cupidonia cupido] pallidicinctus Wheaton, Rep. Birds Ohio, 1882, 446 (distr.).
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355. —
American Ornithologists'’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 307; ed. 2, 1895, No.
307; ed. 3, 1910, p. 144; ed. 4, 1931, 86 (distr.). — Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 187 (Con¬
cho County, Middle Concho in Tom Green County, and Colorado City, Mitchell
County, w. Tex.). — Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Valley, 1888, 106 (geogr.
range) .—Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 227 (Kansas; rare; descr.). — Shu-
feldt, Auk, viii, 1891, 367, in text (fossil bones). — Bendire, Life Hist. North
Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 96. — Allen, Auk, x, 1893, 344, in text (fossil, Oregon). —
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 80 (Kansas). — Lantz, Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 254 (Neosho Falls, Kans.). — Bailey,
Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 131 (descr.; distr.). — Snow, Cat.
Birds Kansas, ed. 5, 1903, 15 (sw. Kansas; rare). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull.
24, 1905, 19, 20 (range, food, etc.). — Widmann, Birds Missouri, 1907, 82 (s. and
sw. Missouri; no recent records). — Cooke, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 411 (sw. Baca
County, Colorado). — Lacey, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 206 (Kerrville, Tex.; none seen
since 1886). — Bunker, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull, vii, 1913, 146 (sw. Kansas, rare
resident). — Lincoln, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 236 (Baca County, Colo., May, Sept, near
Holly, Prowers County, Colo. ; Arkansas River is northern boundary of the
range of the species). — Nice and Nice, Birds Oklahoma, 1924, 36 (Oklahoma). — -
Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xlvii, 1927, 141 (spec.; melanistic mutant). —
Bailey, Birds New Mexico, 1928, 207 (New Mexico). — Nice, Birds Oklahoma,
rev. ed., 1931, 80 (Oklahoma). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull 162, 1932, 280 (life
hist.; distr.). — Wetmore, Condor, xxxiv, 1932, 142 (remains; cave deposits n.
of Carlsbad, New Mexico). — Bennitt, Univ. Missouri Studies, vii, No. 3, 1932,
25 (southwestern Missouri; formerly uncommon; now probably extinct). —
Howard and Miller, Condor, xxxv, 1933, 16 (bones; New Mexico cave de¬
posits). — Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxiv, 1934, 11 (w. Panhandle of Okla¬
homa; near Arnett; molt).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 41.—
Long, Bull. Univ. Kans. Sci., xxxvi, 1935, 232 (w. Kansas; November). — Long,
Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xliii, 1940, 440 (Kansas; formerly common resident
in south and west; now rare).— Imler, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xxxix, 1936,
301 (Rooks County, Kansas; occasional). — Tiemeier, Auk, lviii, 1941, 359 in text
(healing of bone injuries). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 224 (syn. ; distr.).
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
223
T[ympanuchus] pallidicinctus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 203. —
Petrides, Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 318 in text (age indi¬
cators in plumage).
[Tympanuchus] pallidicinctus Sharpe, Handlist, i, 1899, 20. — Dwight, Auk, xvii,
1900, 163 (molt).
(?) Tympanuchus americanus Lacey, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 206 (Kerrville, Tex., 1885,
1886).
Genus CENTROCERCUS Swainson
Centrocercus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. -Amer., ii, 1831
(1832), 358, 496. (Type, by monotypy, Tetrao urophasianus Bonaparte.)
Centrocircus (emendation) Swainson, Classif. Birds, i, 1836, 110.
Large terrestrial Tetraonidae (wing about 266—331 mm.) with tarsus
longer than middle toe with claw ; internasal portion of culmen longer
than apical portion, and tail about as long as wing, strongly graduated,
consisting of 18 narrow, attenuated, rigid rectrices; adult males with
an inflatable air sac on sides of neck and with feathers of lower neck,
224 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
laterally and in front, short, very rigid, and with spinous tips, as if much
abraded, some of the feathers with filamentous tips ; stomach membranous.
Coloration. — Upperparts irregularly variegated with grayish brown,
buffy, and black ; the tertials with whitish terminal margins and wing
coverts with white medial streaks ; under parts mostly whitish, broken
by a large black abdominal area.
Range. — Sagebrush plains of western North America, from north¬
western North Dakota and Nebraska to middle eastern California, and
from northwestern New Mexico to southern Saskatchewan and southern
British Columbia. (Monotypic.)
CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS (Bonaparte)
Sage Grouse
Adult male. — Narial tufts pale raw umber; feathers of the forehead,
crown, and occiput light drab to light wood brown, the feathers crossed
by narrow bars of dark clove brown to black, and basally dark olive-
brown; nape ashy tilleul buff narrowly banded with dark buffy brown to
olive-brown; interscapulars similar but with the dark bars and the inter¬
spaces much broader, and the dark bars darker — dark clove brown to black¬
ish — and with the pale tips and interspaces slightly more ochraceous-buffy,
much broader, and the dark bars darker — dark clove brown to blackish —
and with the pale tips and interspaces slightly more ochraceous-buffy,
the tips more or less vermiculated with blackish; scapulars, lesser upper
wing coverts, back, lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts pale ochra-
ceous-tawny to tawny-olive with a grayish tinge and with white tips on
scapulars and upper wing coverts and ashy gray tips on the feathers of
the back, lower back and rump, and upper tail coverts; the feathers
vermiculated with black, basally very extensively fuscous-brown to almost
black, some of the feathers with subterminal blackish bands, which border
proximally on pale pinkish buff ones, which, in turn, also border proxi-
mally on black areas ; these broad bars rather zigzag in shape and the
pale terminal areas extending proximally along the margins of the
feathers ; inner secondaries like the scapulars ; outer secondaries dull
olive-brown narrowly tipped with white and transversely flecked with
white on their outer webs; primaries plain dull olive-brown, the outer
webs with indistinct frecklings of paler ; median upper wing coverts
similar to the lesser ones but with narrow white shafts and with con¬
cealed whitish or buffy whitish zigzag bars on their covered central and
basal portions, and averaging more grayish, less tawny ; the greater upper
wing coverts plain dull olive-brown with merely a hint of white on the
shafts ; central tail feathers broad and rather abruptly pointed, dull olive-
brown tipped with grayish tilleul buff, and crossed ,by numerous zigzag
bands of the same; the dark interspaces broader than the pale bands
and the more distal of these interspaces darkening to fuscous and to
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
225
fuscous-black ; other tail feathers with long attenuated narrowly pointed
tips extending far beyond (75 mm. or more) the central rectrices, dark
dull olive-brown in color, with lengthwise irregular and incomplete wavy
markings of tilleul buff on the outer webs and close to the shafts on
the inner webs, these pale markings reduced or almost absent on the
protruding narrow terminal portions of the feathers; lores, circumocular
area, and auriculars mummy brown; a discontinuous white line from the
gape to the front and below the eye ; lower eyelid largely whitish ; cheeks
whitish splotched and speckled with mummy brown ; chin and upper throat
white thickly speckled with dark buffy brown, the more lateral of these
markings darker — approaching mummy brown; following this a white
V-shaped band across the throat to the auriculars; lower throat forming
a broad band of pinkish buff, the feathers crossed by narrow bars of
fuscous ; immediately posterior to this band the feathers are white tipped
with dark buffy brown to dark olive-brown; two large bare gular sacs
on lower throat completely surrounded with white feathers with narrow
mummy brown tips; posterior to these feathers on each side, but not on
the midventral area, are patches of very stiff, short, white feathers with
strong yellowish-white shafts and reduced white vanes ; on each side of
neck is a patch of fluffy, soft, long, white feathers, and at the anterior
end of this are a number of long black hairlike feathers, the shortest
about 75 mm. and the longest twice that length (by July these are worn
down to mere stubs, but in fresh nuptial plumage they are very striking) ;
breast feathers long, white, tipped with fuscous-black and with narrow
blackish shafts, some of which protrude beyond the vanes giving a hair¬
like appearance, the more anterior of these feathers with the blackish
“tips” actually terminally edged with white and very small in size, the
more posterior ones with no such white edges and with the dark spots
large; sides with the upper (dorsal) vane of the feathers similar to
those of the back but with a coarser pattern, the lower (more ventral)
vane solid fuscous-black broadly tipped with white ; flanks like the lower
back; abdomen solid fuscous to fuscous-black; under tail coverts similar
but broadly tipped with white ; thighs drab obscurely barred and speckled
with dusky buffy brown; under wing coverts white; iris light brown,
the pupils bluish black ; bill black ; gular sacs olive-green ; toes and
claws black.
Adult female. — Similar to the adult male but smaller and without the
four long stiff black feathers on each side of the neck, without gular
sacs and the patches of short stiff white feathers on each side; the chin
and upper throat without dusky brown specklings, the lower throat and
breast light pinkish buff crossed with narrow bars of blackish, the posterior
pectoral and anterior abdominal feathers white tipped with black but with
white shafts (black in male), and lower abdomen and vent drab barred
with dark buffy brown to olive-brown like the thighs ; lores, suboculars.
226
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
and auriculars paler than in male — pale pinkish buff barred narrowly
with huffy brown.
Immature (sexes alike).— Similar to the adult female but paler, the
blackish marks on the upper parts smaller, the browns less ochraceous,
ashier, very pale huffy brown, the scapulars and the inner lesser and
median upper wing coverts with conspicuous white shaft stripes ; rec-
trices pale huffy brown crossed by eight or more wavy white bars each
of which is margined narrowly by fuscous, the broad .brown interspaces
sparsely freckled and vermiculated with fuscous, the shafts dusky; breast
as in adult female but the dark tips of the feathers paler, huffy brown;
abdomen paler — dark hair brown to chaetura drab and fuscous ; under
tail coverts drab to dusky hair brown broadly tipped with whitish huffy,
the whitish areas banded sparingly with hair brown.
Juvenal. — Similar to the immature but with the ground color of the
breast less buffy, more whitish ; the abdominal feathers tipped with white,
basally broadly dusky hair brown ; the white shaft stripes of the feathers
of the upperparts more pronounced; the forehead, sides of head, and
superciliary area much paler — tilleul buff ; the tail very different — the
shafts white terminally, bordered on each side with blackish, the edges
of the feathers broadly pale tawny olive freckled with blackish ; the white
shaft stripes spreading out into narrow terminal white fringes.
Natal down.- — “Crown, back, and rump are mottled and marbled with
black, dull browns, pale buff, and dull white ; the sides of the head and
neck are boldly spotted and striped with black; there are two large spots
of sayal brown bordered with black on the foreneck or chest; underparts
grayish white, suffused with buff on the chest.”26
Adult male. — Wing 286-323 (303.9) ; tail 297-332 (315.3) ; culmen
from base 38.3-41.6 (40.1) ; tarsus 53.1-59.0 (56.3) ; middle toe without
claw 45.5-51.4 (48.0 mm.).27
Adult female. — Wing 251-273 (260.6) ; tail 188-213 (198.9) ; culmen
from base 33.0-37.5 (35.0) ; tarsus 44.0-49.6 (47.2) ; middle toe without
claw 36.6-41.9 (40.3 mm.).28
Range. — Originally resident in the prairie areas where the sagebrush
( Artemisia tridentata ) grows; now extirpated or greatly reduced in parts
of its range: Extreme western Kansas (formerly), extreme north¬
western Nebraska (formerly), Colorado (formerly nearly everywhere
except high in the mountains, now found chiefly in Rio Blanco, Moffat,
Routt, and Jackson Counties), South Dakota (in western part), North
Dakota (still found in Billings County, south of Sentinel Butte) ; Wyo-
20 Ex Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 304.
27 Seventeen specimens from Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Oregon, and
Idaho.
K Ten specimens from Montana, Oregon, Nevada, and Wyoming.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
227
ming (all except eastern part, where rare) ; Utah (whole northwestern
half of State) ; New Mexico (Tierra Amarillas; Tres Piedras ; no recent
records) ; Nevada (the northern two-thirds of the State) ; California
(extreme eastern and northeastern parts only) ; Oregon (formerly over
all of eastern part with the possible exception of Wallowa County, now
restricted to the southeastern part of the State) ; Washington (a narrow
belt east of the Cascades in central part north to the Canadian border) ;
Idaho (southern half only, to 20 miles north of Boise) and Montana
(east of Rocky Mountains), north to British Columbia (known only
from 2 records at Osoyoos Lake), and Saskatchewan (from Rocky Creek
west to Farewell Creek in the Cypress Hills).
Type locality. — Northwestern countries beyond the Mississippi, espe¬
cially on the Missouri=North Dakota.
Tetrao urophasianus Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., iii, 1828, 214 (“Northwestern coun¬
tries beyond the Mississippi, especially on the Missouri”) ; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
New York, ii, 1828, 442 (extensive plains near the source of the Missouri) ;
Amer. Orn., iii, 1830, 212, pi. 21 ; Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 44. — Wilson,
Illustr. Zool., 1831, pis. 26, 27. — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada,
Land Birds, 1832, 666 ; ed. 2, 1840, 803. — Audubon, Orn. Biogr., iv, 1838, 503, pi.
371 ; Synopsis, 1839, 205 ; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 106, pi. 297 . — Baird, Rep.
Stansbury’s Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 310 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah; Columbia
River). — Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. 4, 1857, 95 (Pitt River, se.
Oregon, etc.; habits). — Hall, Murrelet, xv, 1934, 7 in text (Washington; Co¬
lumbia River; history).
r[etrao] urophasianus Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 133 (arid
plains of Columbia River; interior n. California; crit.). — Maximilian, Journ.
fur Orn., 1858, 439 (upper Missouri River).
[Tetrao] urophasianus Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, 1848, pi. 216, figs. 1890-1892. —
Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 276, No. 9828.
Tetrao (Centrocercus) urophasianus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna
Bor.-Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 358. — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Can¬
ada, Water Birds, 1832, 613.
Centrocercus urophasianus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Amer., ii, 1831 (1832), 342, footnote (crit.), pi. 58. — Jardine, Nat. Libr., Orn. iv,
1834, 140, pi. 17: — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 624; x, pt. 2, 1859,
14 (Cochetops Pass) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 462; in Cooper, Orn.
Calif., Land Birds, 1870, 536. — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
xii, book 2, pt. 3, 1860, 222 (Washington and Oregon, e. of Cascade Mountain;
habits). — Elliot, Monogr. Tetraonidae, 1865, pi. 13 and text. — Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866. 94 (Mojave River, se. Calif.) ; Ibis, 1866, 265
(Soda Lake, se. Calif.) ; Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 40 (Colorado Mountains,
w. of Denver; spec.); Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 382; ed. 2,
1882, No. 560; Birds Northwest, 1874, 400. — Holden and Aiken, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 209 (Wyoming; Colorado). — Snow, Cat. Birds Kan¬
sas, ed. 2, 1872, No. 164 (w. Kansas) .— Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 186
(Colorado; on the Artemisia plains) ; vii, 1875, 11 (Carson Valley, Nev.), 16
(West Humboldt Mountains; common), 21 (e. slope Ruby Mountains; sum¬
mer), 24 (City of Rocks; s. Idaho), 31 (Salt Lake Valley), 34 (Parleys Peak,
Wahsatch Mountains), 39 (Nevada) ; Amer. Nat., viii, 1874, 240 (peculiar
228
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
structure of stomach) ; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 600 (locality in Nevada and
Utah; habits, measurements, etc.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196; Nom.
North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 479. — Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii,
1874, 35 (Montana and Dakota; fairly common on Yellowstone and Musselshell
Rivers; none seen east of the Little Missouri).— Henshaw, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
New York, xi, 1874, 10 (Utah, up to 7,000 feet). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 429, pi. 59, figs. 2, 4; pi. 61, fig. 6.— Bendire,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1875, 164 (Camp Harney, Oreg. ; numerous) ;
xix, 1877, 139 (e. Oregon; habits, etc.; descr. nest and eggs); Auk, v, 1888,
367 in text (Camp Harney, Oreg.) ; vi, 1889, 33 in text; Life Hist. North Amer.
Birds, i, 1892, 106, pi. 3, figs, 11-13. — Hoffman, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
xviii, 1875, 174, (Grand River Agency, Dakota Territory; not frequent). —
Nelson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 342 (Fort Bridger, Utah;
abundant), 347 (Salt Lake City), 351 (Elko, Mont.), 355 (25 miles north of
Elko, Nev.).— Brewer, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 96 (Twin Lakes, Colo.).
- — Mearns, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 197 (Fort Klamath, Oreg.; near
Linterville). — Drew, Auk, ii, 1885 (Colorado; vertical distr.). — American Or¬
nithologists'’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 309; ed. 2, 1895, No. 309; ed. 3,
1910, p. 145 ; ed. 4, 1931, 87.- — Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Valley, 1888, 107 (w.
Mississippi Valley records) ; Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, 71 (Colo¬
rado; common; distr.) ; 56, 1900, 203 (breeding up to 9,000 feet, migrating up
to 14,000 feet, Colorado). — Merriam, North Amer. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, 93 (sage¬
brush plains and valley of Idaho). — Fisher, North Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893,
31 (Mt. Magruder, head of Owens River, White Mountains, etc., sw. Nevada). —
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 81 (Fort Dufferin ; Middle
Fort Snake River, Idaho; Laramie River, Wyoming; Clear Fork, Nebr.). —
Richmond and Knowlton, Auk, xi, 1894, 302 (Montana; abundant). — Thorne,
Auk, xii, 1895, 214 (Fort Keogh, Mont.).- — Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 181 (Oka¬
nogan County, Wash.; formerly); Birds California (stud, ed.), iii, 1923, 1602
(California; habits). — Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 165 (molt; Wyoming). — Bond,
Auk, xvii, 1900, 325 in text, pi. 12 (nuptial display) ; Condor, xlii, 1940, 220
(Lincoln County, Nev.; Table Mountain, 8,500 feet). — Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds,
1900, 213 (Saskatchewan). — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902,
133 (descr.; distr.). — Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 3, 1902, 30 (Cali¬
fornia; arid Great Basin region east of Sierras; common); No. 8, 1912, 10
California; No. 11, 1915, 61 (arid parts of California from Modoc County w.
to Rhett Lake, s. along e. base of Sierra Nevada, through Lassen, Sierra, and
Alpine Counties to head of Owens River and White Mountains, Mono County ;
Fort Mojave?). — Woodcock, Oreg. Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 68, 1902, 28 (Oregon
range). — Snodgrass, Auk, xx, 1903, 204 (Grand Coulee, etc., c. Washington);
xxi, 1904, 227 (Douglas County, Wash.). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905,
23-25, pi. 2 (range, food, etc.).— Cameron, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 258 (Custer and
Davenport Counties, Mont.; habits; breeds). — Bent, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 428 (sw.
Saskatchewan; Skull Creek; White Mud River); U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162,
1932, 300 (habits; plum.; distr.). — Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii,
1909, 599 (Washington; habits; distr.). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds,
ed. 2, 1909, 233 (Saskatchewan ; Frenchman River Valley ; south of Wood Moun¬
tain; Oroyoos Lake; Skull Creek).— Visher, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 147 (w. South
Dakota) ; xxviii, 1911, 10 (Harding County, S. Dak.) ; Wils. Bull., 1913, 90, 91
(habits, etc.). — Kermode, (Visitors’ Guide) Publ. Provinc. Mus., 1909, 42
(Osoyoos Lake, British Columbia). — Saunders, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 35 (Gallatin
County, Mont.) ; Pacific Coast Avif., No. 14, 1921, 59 (Montana; distr.; nests and
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
229
eggs) . — Taylor, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vii, 1912, 362 (Humboldt County, Nev. ;
habits; etc.). — Sclater, Hist. Birds Colorado, 1912, 153 (Colorado; distr.).
Warren, Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 300 (Elk Mountain; Colorado). Howell, Condor,
xix, 1917, 187 (Big Pine, Mono County, Calif.).— Grinnell, Bryant, and
Storer, Game Birds California; 1918, 564 (descr. ; distr.; habits; California).
Dice, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 44 (se. Washington).— Willett, Condor, xxi, 1919, 202
(Clear Lake, Malheur Lake, etc., se. Oregon and ne. California).— Over and
Thoms, Birds South Dakota, 1921, 77 (formerly w. half of state, now limited
to Fall River, Butte, and Harding Counties).— Wood, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Michigan, No. 10, 1923, 36 ( 30 miles s. of Medora; near Marmarth,
Slope County, and 30 mi. s. of Sentinel Butte, Butte County, N. Dak.).—
Potter, Condor, xxv, 1923, 103 in text (sw. Saskatchewan; increasing.
Mitchell, Can. Field Nat., xxxviii, 1924, 108 (Saskatchewan; resident).—
Gabrielson and Jewett, Auk, xli, 1924, 298 (North Dakota; Sentinel Butte);
Birds Oregon, 1940, 217 (Oregon; distr.; descr.; habits). — Grinnell and
Storer, Animal Life in Yosemite, 1924, 275 (descr.; distr.; habits, Yosemite).
Nice and Nice, Birds Oklahoma, 1924, 37 (Oklahoma).— Jewett, Condor, xxvii,
1925, 115 (nesting; Siskiyou County, Calif.) ; Murrelet, xvii, 1936, 43 (Oregon;
Harney County). — Bailey, Condor, xxvii, 1925, 172 in text (segregation of
sexes). — Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 173 (fig.; descr.; distr.; w.
Canada) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 162 in text (descr.; distr.; habits) ; Can. Water
Birds, 1939, 174 (Canada; field marks).— Tanner, Condor, xxix, 1927, 198 (Pine
Valley Mountains; Utah) .— Maillaird, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xvi,
1927, 296 (Modoc County, Calif.; numbers) .—Bailey, Birds New Mexico, 1928,
211 (New Mexico). — Hendee, Condor, xxvi, 1929, 25 (Moffat County, Colo.). •
Phillips, Verh. 6th Internat. Orn. ICongr., 1929, 508 (range in detail).— Brooks,
Condor, xxxii, 1930, 205 (specialized feathers). — Grinnell, Dixon, and Lins-
dale, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., xxxv, 1930, 201 (Lassen Peak Region, n. Califor¬
nia). 1_Kemsies, Wils. Bull., xlii, 1930, 204 (Yellowstone Park, Wyoming) .—Ful¬
ler and Bole, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist, i, 1930, 49 (Wyoming).—
Nice, Birds Oklahoma, rev. ed, 1931, 81 (Oklahoma).— Howard and Miller,
Condor, xxxv, 1933, 16 (bones ex New Mexican cave deposits).— Hall, Murrelet,
xiv, 1933, 57 footnote, 70 (Washington ; Columbia River) ; xv, 1934, 12, 14 (Wash¬
ington; Columbia River).— Miller, Wils. Bull, xlvi, 1934, 160 (s. Utah; Fish
Lake).— Davis, Murrelet, xv, 1934, 71 (Idaho; Owyhee County; young).—
McCreary and Mickey, Wils. Bull, xlvii, 1935, 129 in text (se. Wyoming;
resident). — Linsdale, Pacific Coast Avif, No. 23, 1936, 23, 48 (Nevada; resident
in northern part; formerly commoner than now) ; Amer. Midi. Nat, xix, 1938, 53
(Joyabe Mountains, Nev.; nesting; many records).— Hanna, Condor, xxxviii,
1936, 38 (breeding at Fort Bidwell, Modoc County, Calif.).—' Weydemeyer and
Marsh Condor, xxxviii, 1936, 194 (Lake Bowdoin, Montana) .—Girard, Univ.
Wyoming Publ, iii, 2, 1937 1-56 (life hist.; food, etc.).— Groebbels, Der Vogel,
ii, 1937, 106 in text (polygyny), 113 in text (dancing grounds), 137 in text
(dancing of male), 139 in text (courtship), 167 data on breeding).— Huey, Auk,
Ivi, 1939, 321 (Arizona, near Nixon Spring, Mount Trumbull region, July 29).
— Borell, Condor, xli, 1939, 85 in text (Utah; killed by flying against telephone
covers). — Rowley, Condor, xli, 1939, 248 (Mono County, Calif.; near Virginia
Lakes; pair with young) .—Lack, Condor, xlii, 1940, 269 in text (pairing habits).
—Simon, Auk, lvii, 1940, 467 in text (mating performance; Kemmerer, Wyo¬
ming; photos).— Moos, Auk, lvii, 1941, 255 (Montana; Winnett; food).— Scott,
Auk, ’fix, 1942, 477, in text (mating behavior).— Petrides, Trans. 7th North
Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 318, in text (age indicators in plumage).— Behle,
653008°— 4i
16
230
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bull. Univ. Utah, xxxiv, 1943, 24, 37 (Pine Valley Mountain Region, Utah) ;
Condor, xlvi, 1944, 72 (Utah).
[ Centrocercus ] urophasianus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 233.— Sharp,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 20.
C[entrocercus] urophasianus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 580.—
Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 205. — Reichenow, Die Vogel i 1913
322.
Centrocercus phasianus Knowlton and Harmston, Auk, lx, 1943, 589 (Utah; food).
Family PHASIANIDAE : American Quails, Partridges, and Pheasants
XPhasianidae Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 609, 613 (includes Mele-
agrididae, and Numididae).— Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 323 (includes
Numididae).
<Phasianidae Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ixxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3 (excludes
Odontophorinae) .
<Phasianidae Sharpe, Rev. Recent. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 68; Hand-list, i, 1899,
x, 21 (Phasianinae only) .— Beddard, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 303, in
text (= Phasianinae).
=Phasianidae Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., lxxxvix, No. 13, 1934, 6; xcix, No.
7, 1940, 6.— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 42.
XPhasianidae Nitzsch, Syst. Pterylog., 1840 (includes Meleagris and Numida) .—
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 177 (includes Mele-
agrididae).
=Phasianidse Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1902, 286.
< Phasianinae Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 216, in text (genera Ithaginis,
Euplocomus, Lobiophasis, Thaumalea, and Phasianus). — Gadow, in Bronn,
Thier-Reich, Vog., ii, 1891, 172.— Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 304
(excludes Old World partridges and quails).
<5Phasianinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 323 (genera Lophophorus, Phasi¬
anus, Gallophasis, and Gallus).
<Perdicinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 322 (genera Caccabis, Tetraogallus,
Cryptonyx, Francolinus, Perdix, and Coturnix).
<Perdicinae, Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 42 (genera Lophortyx,
Ortyx, Francolinus, Perdix, Sterna, Bonasia, Tetrao, and Fagopus). — Coues,
Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 594 (genera Perdix, Coturnix, etc.).—
Elliot, Stand, Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 198, in text (genera Coturnix, Synoicus,
P erdicula, Ophrysia, Microperdix, Excalf actoria, Rollulus, Hcematortyx, Per¬
dix, Ammoperdix, Oreoperdix, Caccabis, Tetraogallus, Lerwa, Bambusicola,
Caloperdix, Francolinus, Pternistes, Ortygomis, Rhizothera, and Gallo perdix) .
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 94, in text (genera Lerwa,
Tetraogallus, Tetraophasis, Perdix, Caccabis, Francolinus, Pternistes, Arbo-
ricola, Caloperdix, Rollulus, Melanoperdix, Hcematortyx, Rhizothera, Micro¬
perdix, Perdicula, Ammoperdix, Margaroperdix, Coturnix, Synoicus, and Ex¬
cel f actoria) .—Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 299 (genera Bambusicola,
Galloperdix, Ptilopachys, Perdix, Lerwa, Tetraophasis, Tetraogallus, Caccabis,
Francolinus, Perdicula, Arboricola, and Coturnix).
XPerdicidae Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 638 (includes Odonto¬
phorinae and Turnicidae).
>Perdicidae, Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874,
466 (includes Odontophorinae).
>Perdicidae Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ixxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
231
<Lophophorinas, Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 223, in text (genera Lopho-
phorus, Ceriornis, and Pucrasia).
<Pavoninae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 324 (genera Pavo, Polyplectron,
Argusianus) .
<Pavoninae Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 59 (genera Polyplectron , Crossoptilon ,
and Pavo).
<Gallinas Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 215 in text ( G alius only).— Gadow,
in Bronn, Thier-Reich, Vog., ii, 1891, 172 (=Phasianinae) .
<Caccabininae, Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, 107 (genera Caccabis,
Alectoris, Ammoperdix, Tetraogallus, and Lerwa).
<Odontophorin£e Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, 107; Hand-list, ii,
1870, 271.— Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 236; ed. 2, 1884, 588.—
Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137. — Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist.,
iv, 1885, 198, 205, in text.— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxu, 1893,
99. — Ridgway, Orn. Illinois, ii, 1895, 14. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, iii 1902, 287. — Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 293.
< Odontophoridae Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, xi, 43.-American Ornithologists'
Union Committee, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 134. — Dubois, Rev. Frang. d Orn.
Nos. 49, 50, 1913 (3).
<Ortyginae Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 638. Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 466.
<Odontophorinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 321.
><Perdicidae Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 638 (includes Old World
partridges and quails and Turnicidae).
<Perdicidae Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874,
466 (includes Old World partridges and quails) .—Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att.
Classif. Birds, 1891, 68 (includes Old World partridges and quails).
Alectoropode galline birds with postacetabular region only moderately
broad; hypocleideum oval in contour; tarsometatarsus more than half
as long as tibia; tarsus never wholly feathered (rarely with upperpart
feathered), the planta tarsi frequently spurred (spurs 1-5) ; toes never
pectinated or feathered; nasal fossae wholly unfeathered (except, some¬
times, a narrow strip along lower posterior margin) ; neck never with
inflatable air sacs and mandibular tomium not serrated or toothed (except
in subfamily Odontophorinae) .
The Phasianidae comprise so many types of such diverse form that
it is difficult to frame a more detailed diagnosis of the group than that
given above. The group comprises over 50 genera and between 250
and 300 species and subspecies, ranging in size from the peacocks, the
males of which are 6 to nearly 7 feet long (including the long train ),
to the diminutive quails, some of which are less than 6 inches in total
length. Some, as the true pheasants, the monals or Impeyan pheasants,
and' the peacocks, are among the most magnificent of birds, the brilliant
and varied coloration of the males rivaling even that of the humming¬
birds and birds-of-paradise ; while many other groups are composed of
species as plainly colored as it is possible for birds to be.
With so great a number of excessively diverse forms, it is exceedingl)
difficult to classify the genera satisfactorily into trenchant subfamily and
232 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
other groups. No attempt will be made here, since so few of the genera
have any relation to the scope of the present work. It may, however,
be of interest to define, roughly, the major groups into which the family
may, for convenience, be divided, although some of these, at least, may be
purely artificial groups :
(1) Phasianinae (the true pheasants). These exquisite game birds
are characterized by a vaulted27 and greatly elongated and graduated
tail, the adult males being brilliant, more or less metallic colors, softened
and relieved by other hues in elegant pattern. The typical genus is
Phasianus (whence the English name pheasant and French faisan), of
which the so-called English pheasant (P. colchicus ) is a more or less
familiar example ; but the group includes besides several other genera, as
Chrysoloplms, including the golden pheasant (C. pictus) and Lad) Am¬
herst pheasant (C. amherstiae ) ; Gennaeus, represented by the silver
pheasant ( G . nycthemerus ) and more than half a dozen other species.
The subfamily Phasianinae may be divided into several subgroups :
(a) Gallinae (the junglefowls) . This group is composed of several
species of the genus Callus , from one or more of which, but chiefly from
one ( G . ferrugineus) , have been derived, by artificial selection, all the
varieties or “breeds” of our domestic fowls. They differ from the pheas¬
ants in having the tail more arched (or sickle-shaped) and in the
possession of a fleshy “comb” and wattles. The common or Bankiva
junglefowl ( G . ferrugineus ) is very similar to the ordinary red gamecock
and is undoubtedly the wild stock from which the latter and related
domestic breeds have been derived. It is a native of parts of India, Burma,
Assam, and the Malay countries, though to what extent its original range
has been extended by artificial means cannot now be ascertained.
(b) Lophopiioreae (the Impeyan pheasants, or monals, and the trago-
pans, or horned pheasants). This group comprises the genera Pucrasia
(Pucrus or Ivoklass pheasants), Ceriornis (tragopans), and Lophophorus
(Impeyan pheasants, or monals). They are heavy-bodied birds, with
comparatively short, rounded or slightly cuneate tails, all the feathers
of which lie in the same plane, like those of the various kinds of grouse
and most other birds, instead of being vaulted as in the true pheasants
and junglefowl. The tragopans have fleshy wattles, hornlike protuber¬
ances, or other appendages about the head, and their plumage is character¬
ized by variety and beauty of pattern, rather than brilliancy of colors.
There are about five species, found in the mountainous parts of India
and China. The monals, or Impeyan pheasants, are birds of about the
same size and general form as the tragopans (the males weighing about
4)4 to 5 pounds). They have no wattles or other fleshy appendages about
v A-shaped in transverse section.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
233
the head, which, however, is ornamented in males of at least two species
by a hawthorn crest, and the plumage is brilliant almost beyond compaiison.
“It is difficult by means of a written description to give any idea of the
magnificent appearance of these brilliant birds to anyone who has not
seen them. Their metallic hues of fiery red, green, purple, and gold
vie in beauty and in their iridescent quality with the brightest of those
seen among the hummingbirds, and if one could imagine one of these
small flying gems increased to the size of a fowl, something of the ap¬
pearance of these monauls might be conveyed to the mind.”
These birds inhabit the Himalayan Mountains, always near the snow¬
line, and in summer ascend to elevations of 14,000 to 16,000 feet above
sea level. Being thus inured to great cold, it is probable that these
splendid birds would thrive and increase if liberated on our higher western
mountains.
(c) Polyplectroneae (the peacock-pheasants). This group includes
a single genus ( Polyplcctron ) comprising six or seven species, inhabit¬
ing India, Burma, Cochin China, the Malay Peninsula, etc. They are
rather small size and are characterized by the presence of two or more
spurs on each leg and a broad, fan-shaped tail ornamented by large eye¬
like spots of metallic green, blue, or purple, the upper tail coverts and
wing coverts having similar markings. Some of the species are crested.
(d) Pavoneae (the peacocks). This group also includes a single
genus ( Pavo ), but with only two, possibly three, species. The common
peacock (P. cristatus), being domesticated, is too well known to require
description. It is a native of India and Ceylon. The Javan peacock
(P. muticus ) is similar in size and form and, to a certain degree, m
coloration, but has the neck and underparts green instead of blue and
the crest quite different, the feathers composing it being fully webbed.
It inhabits Burma, Ceylon, and some of the Malay countries as well
as Java.
(e) Argusianae (the argus pheasants). This group contains two
remarkable genera, one of only two or three species, the other monotypic.
The well-known argus pheasant ( Argusianus argus), the adult male
of which is 6 feet long (including the greatly elongated middle rectrices),
is distinguished by the enormous development, both in length and breadth,
of the secondary remiges, which are ornamented by exquisitely shaded
eyelike spots or ocelli, while the middle rectrices are also enormously
developed. The colors are not brilliant, consisting wholly of various hues
and tones of brown and gray, with minor markings of black, but the
exquisite shadings and pencilings, especially those on the secondaries,
produce an effect that is the envy of every artist. This remarkable bird
is a native of the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra, while the closely
related A. grayi inhabits Borneo. A third species, whose native country
is as yet a mystery, is known only from a single primary quill feather.
234
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
A second genus of the group, Rheinardia, contains a single species
(R. ocellata). This, which inhabits the interior of Tonkin, is much
like Argusianus in form, having equally elongated middle rectrices (the
adult male measuring about seven feet in total length), but the secondaries
are much less developed, being but little if any longer than the primaries,
and the coloration quite different.
(2) Perdicinae (the Old World quails). This group contains rela¬
tively plain-colored birds of small to medium size, with the bill relatively
shorter and stouter, the maxilla deeper and narrower (transversely) and
its tip less . produced, than in most true pheasants.
(3) Odontophorinue (New World quails). Galliform birds of small
to medium size (wing 95—165 mm.) with the mandibular tomia ser¬
rated or toothed subterminally. This group agrees in other characters
with the other members of the family, especially the Perdicinae, which
it represents in the Western Hemisphere. Besides the presence of the
serrations of the cutting edge of the mandible, possessed by all its members
and by none of the other groups of the family, the Odontophorinae have
the bill still stouter and shorter. None of them have spurs, though many
of the Perdicinae also do not. Additional characters are as follows : Tail
less than half as long as to slightly longer than wings, the rectrices (10—
14) never acuminate; tarsus less than one-fourth to more than one-third
as long as wing, the acrotarsium with a single row of broad, transverse
scutella, the planta tarsi with two or (usually) more definite rows of
moderately long scutella but partly covered with small scales.
The remaining members of the Phasianidae, comprising about 26 genera
and more than 175 species and subspecies, are not so easily classified.
Some of them are more or less nearly allied to one or another of the
groups described above ; but much the greater number are very different,
including the various partridges, francolins, and spurfowl, for the most
part rather plainly colored birds of small to very small size. These may
well be dismissed, in this connection, without further mention, since the
present work has to do directly only with the few forms introduced into
North America with the view to their naturalization.
The Phasiani are peculiar to Asia, including the outlying islands of
the Malay Archipelago, Japan, and Formosa. One species at present
occurs in Europe but is generally supposed, on the evidence of “what
passes for history, ~8 to have been introduced from western Asia into
continental Europe by the Argonauts, and into the British Islands by the
Romans. This, the so-called English pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus) ,
has been introduced into the United States and is already naturalized
locally, while several other very beautiful species have been introduced
into Oregon, Washington, and other parts of the Far West, with more
28 Alfred Newton, Dictionary of Birds, 1894, 713.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
235
or less success. Several of the smaller and less ornamental species have
also been introduced but, for the most part at least, with unsatisfactory
results.
The following “key” to the genera includes only those that are native
to our region or that have been introduced into North America. One
of the genera is known only in a domesticated state as far as our region
is concerned and therefore will not be further noticed in this work.
KEY TO THE NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICAN GENERA OF PHASIANIDAE29
a. Mandibular tomium serrated or toothed (Odontophorinae) .
b. Rectrices 12-14; tarsus little if any longer (usually shorter) than middle toe
with claw ; claws medium-sized to large, the longest as long as or longer
than second phalanx of middle toe ; chord of culmen much shorter than
combined length of first and second phalanges of middle toe ; planta tarsi
with more than 2 definite rows of scutella, or else if only 2 definite rows
the remaining scutella of planta tarsal area much smaller.
c. Tips of lateral claws extending little if any beyond base of middle claw,
the claws not noticeably elongated (that of middle toe usually much
less than one-third as long as tarsus) ; tail moderately long to very long,
always more than half as long as wing, its tip reaching to or beyond
extremities of outstretched feet.
d. Tarsus decidedly less than one-third as long as wing; outermost primary
not longer than ninth (from outside), usually longer than eighth.
e. Tail less than three-fifths as long as wing.
f. Scapulars, tertials, and rump spotted; flanks spotted or striped, not
banded; chest never plain slate-gray; crest (if obvious) always
shorter than head; sexes more or less different in color (coloration
of head always different); smaller (wing less than 110 mm.).
Colinus (p. 305)
ff. Scapulars, tertials, and rump unspotted ; flanks banded with chestnut,
white, and black; chest plain slate-gray; a conspicuous crest of
2 slender much-elongated plumes; sexes alike in color; larger
(wing 130-140 mm.) . Oreortyx (p. 253)
ee. Tail more than three-fifths as long as wing.
/. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; scapulars and tertials
spotted ; sides and flanks banded with black and white.
Philortyx (p. 272)
ff. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing; scapulars and tertials
unspotted ; sides and flanks not barred.
g. Tail three-fourths as long as wing, or more, of 12 rectrices; crest
longer, club-shaped, its plumes narrower basally, more rigid,
their webs conduplicate ; chest not squamated ; sexes conspicu¬
ously different in color . Lophortyx (p. 275)
gg. Tail less than three-fourths as long as wing, with 14 rectrices;
crest shorter, bushy, its plumes broad, softer and blended, their
webs not conduplicate; chest conspicuously squamated; sexes
alike in color . Callipepla (p. 264)
Including introduced genera.
236
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
dd. Tarsus very nearly one-third as long as wing or longer; outermost
primary shorted than ninth (from outside).
e. Tail less than one-half as long as wing . Odontophorus (p. 364)
ee. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing or longer. . . .Dendrortyx (p. 239)
cc. Tips of lateral claws extending far beyond base of middle claw, claws
elongated (that of middle toe more than one-third as long as tarsus) ;
tail very short (decidedly less than half as long as wing), its tip falling
far short of extremities of outstretched feet.
d. 1 arsus less than one-fourth as long as wing ; rectrices soft, narrower
terminally, hardly distinguishable from coverts ; crest occipital and
nuchal, very full or bushy, feathers blended; sides and flanks spotted
or barred; sexes wholly unlike in color . Cyrtonyx (p. 390)
dd. Tarsus more than one-fourth as long as wing; rectrices firm, broad and
rounded terminally, very distinct from coverts; crest coronal (vertical),
moderately developed, the feathers distinctly outlined ; sexes not con¬
spicuously different in color . Dactylortyx (p. 379)
bb. Rectrices 10; tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw; claws very small,
the longest much shorter than second phalanx of middle toe; chord of
culmen nearly equal to combined length of first two phalanges of middle
toe; planta tarsi with 2 definite rows (one on each side) of rather large,
oblique quadrate, transverse scutella . Rhynchortyx (p. 403)
aa. Mandibular tomium not serrated or toothed (Phasianinae).
b. Larger (wing not less than 177 mm.) ; tail at least three-fifths as long as
wing, more or less graduated (in adult males much longer than wing,
excessively graduated, the rectrices tapering toward their narrow tips) ;
sexes very different in coloration, adult males bright colored, the colors in
part metallic.
c. Plumage bright colored. (Males.)
d. Throat feathered; no “comb” on forehead; middle rectrices not strongly
falcate; feathers of rump broad and rounded or at least not linear or
lanceolate (Phasiani).
e. Loral and orbital regions partly feathered, the malar region completely
feathered; tail flat or moderately compressed; rectrices 18.
/. Tail flat; pileum not crested ; no nuchal “cape”. . . .Phasianus (p. 417)
//. Tail distinctly vaulted or compressed (A-shaped in cross section) ;
pileum crested; a conspicuous nuchal “cape” of very large, broad,
subtruncate feathers .. Chrysolophus (introduced unsuccessfully).30
“Chrysolophus Gray, Illustr. Indian Zook, ii, 1833-34, pi. 41, fig. 2 (type, by
monotypy, Phasianus pictus Linnaeus). — Thaumalea (not of Ruthe, 1831) Wagler,
Isis, 1832, 1227 (type, as designated by Gray, 1840, Phasianus pictus Linnaeus). —
Thaumelia (emendation) Eyton, Osteol. Avium, 1867, 168, 172. — Epomia Hodgson,
in Gray, Zool. Misc., No. 3, 1844, 85 (type, as designated by Elliot, 1872, Phasianus
pictus Linnaeus). — Epoima (emendation) Gray, Cat. Mamm. and Birds Nepal and
Thibet, 1846, 124. — Epomis (emendation) Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 497.
Two species of this genus, Chrysolophus pictus (Linnaeus) and Chrysolophus
amherstiae (Leadbeater), have occasionally either escaped from aviaries or been
liberated, but neither has ever succeeded in becoming established in the wild in
North America.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
237
ee. Loral, orbital, and malar region completely nude, the skin finely papillose
or granulated, developed on upper and lower edges into a conspicuous
free lobe ; tail excessively compressed ; rectrices 16.
Gennaeus (introduced unsuccessfully)31
del. Throat nude and wattled ; a median fleshy “comb” on forehead ; middle
rectrices strongly falcate ; feathers of rump elongated and linear, or
lanceolate . Gallus (extralimital)33
cc. Plumage dull-colored (brownish, more or less mottled or barred). (Females.)
d. Tail more than four-fifths as long as wing, usually much longer than
wing, excessively graduated (Phasiani).
c. Orbital region mostly feathered; rectrices narrower, distinctly tapering
toward their acuminate or subacuminate tips; rectrices 18.
/. Tail flat, with middle pair of rectrices not conspicuously longer than
next pair . Phasianus (p. 417)
ff. Tail distinctly compressed (A-shaped in cross section), with middle
pair of rectrices conspicuously longer than next pair.
Chrysolophus (unsuccessfully introduced)
ee. Orbital region extensively nude; rectrices much broader, only slightly
tapering to their rounded tips ; rectrices 16.
Gennaeus (unsuccessfully introduced)
dd. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, slightly graduated, or rounded.
Gallus (extralimital)
bb. Smaller (wing usually much less than 177 mm.)33; tail less than three-fifths
as long as wing, flat, slightly rounded ; adult males not brightly colored or
at least without metallic colors, the sexes alike or essentially alike in
coloration.
31 Gennaeus Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1228 (type, as designated by Gray, 1840, Phasianus
nycthemerus Linnaeus).— Gennceeus (emendation) Engel, Rev. Frang. d’Orn., iv,
1915, 73.— Nycthemerus Swainson, in Murray, Encycl. Geogr., 1834, 264; Amer. ed.
of 1837, i, 271, fig. 80 (type, by monotypy and tautonymy, N. argentatus Swamson =
Phasianus nycthemerus Linnaeus).-— Alectrophasis Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841,
78 (type, as designated by Gray, 1845, Lophophorus cuvieri Temminck). Alec-
torophasis (emendation) Agassiz, Index Zook, 1846, 13, 14 —Grammatophlus
Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. Vdg., 1853, xxx (type, by monotypy, Phasianus hneatus
Vigors). — Grammatoptilos (emendation) Elliot, Monogr. Phasianidae, ii, 1870, text
to pi. 21. . , £
One species, Gennaeus nycthemerus (Linnaeus), has occasionally escaped liom
aviaries or been liberated in North America but has never succeeded in becoming
established in the wild.
33 Gallus Brisson, Orn., i, 1760, 26, 166 (type, by tautonymy, “Gallus’ — Phasianus
varius Linnaeus) . — Ale dor Klein, Plist. Av. Prodr. 1750, 111 (not of Merrem).-
Alector Schrank, Fauna Boica, i, 1798, 135 .—Alector Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch,
i 1842, 384. — Creagrius Gloger, ibid., 387.
’ Indo-Malayan Region, Cochin China, Hainan, Philippine Islands, Palawan, Sumatra,
Java Timor Lombock, and Celebes. (Three established species and four forms
of doubtful status.) The type of this genus, Gallus gallus, the wild junglefowl of
India and the Malay countries, is the original stock of most if not all of our domestic
breeds of “chickens.” It resembles very closely the domesticated “red game variety.
Although introduced by the earliest colonists into America, it seems not to have
become “wild” or feral in any area.
33 These characters apply to the genera that have been introduced into the United
States, but not to many others of the group.
238
BULLETIN 5 0, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
c. Rectrices 14-18, firm, broad, with broadly rounded tips, the tail at least
half as long as wing, moderately rounded, and projecting considerably
beyond coverts; longer primaries exceeding longest (proximal) sec¬
ondaries by much less than length of tarsus; nearly straight (not dis¬
tinctly if at all bowed) ; outermost primary not longer (usually shorter)
than sixth (from outside), the third to fifth longest; bill relatively
much larger and thicker ; the culmen broad and rounded, the basal
portion (mesoihinium) broad, short, obtuse or rounded at posterior
end; legs and feet much stouter; size larger (wing 150 mm. or more)
(Perdicinae).
d. Rectrices 14 or more.
e. Rectrices 14.
/. Tail half or more than half as long as wing.
g. Tail less than three-fourths as long as wing.
Alectoris (introduced ; status uncertain)31
gg. Tail more than three-fourths the length of the wing.
Bambusicola (introduced unsuccessfully) sa
ee‘ Rectrices 16-18; outermost primary shorter than seventh (from outside) ;
bill relatively longer, smaller, and slenderer, the distance from anterior
margin of nasal fossa to tip of maxilla equal to or slightly more
than distance from former point to anterior angle of eye; tarsus
longer than middle toe with claw, without trace of rudimentary spur ;
upper parts conspicuously variegated . Perdix (p. 409)
cc. Rectrices less than 14.
d. Rectrices 8 . Excalfactoria (introduced unsuccessfully)30
Alectoris Kaup, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 180 (type, by monotypy, Perdix petrosa
auct., not of Gmelin = Perdix barbara Bonnaterre). — Caccabis Kaup, Naturl.
Syst., 1829, 183 (type, by monotypy, Perdix saxatilis Wolf and Meyer) .—Chacura
Hodgson, in Gray, Zool. Misc., 1844, 85 (type by monotypy, Perdix chukar Gray).
Pyctes Hodgson, in Gray, Zool. Misc., 1844, 85 (t}'pe by monotypy, Perdix chukar
Gray) .
Two species, Alectoris graeca (Meisner) and A. rufa (Linnaeus) have been
introduced in North America, but whether successfully or not remains to be deter¬
mined. At least three subspecies of the first species are involved in these intro¬
ductions, probably hopelessly mixed.
35 Bambusicola Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862 (1863), 285 (type, by
subsequent designation, Perdix thoracica Temminck) ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna,
iii, 1921, 1943-44; Stuart Baker, Fauna Brit. India, ed. 2, Birds, v, 1928, 365-367 ;
Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 105-106.
Introduced unsuccessfully in Stevens, Spokane, Yakima, and Garfield Counties
Wash.
Excalf actoiia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xhi, 1856, 881 (type, by tautonymy,
Tetrao chinensis Linnaeus [Coturnix excalfactoria Temminck in synonymy]). _
Compsortyx Heine, Norn. Mus. Hein. Ornith., 1890, 292 (new name for Excalfactoria
Bonaparte on grounds of purism) .— Excalf atoria (emendation) Gould, Handb. Birds
Australia, ii, 1865, 197. — Excalphatoria (emendation) A. Newton Diet Birds 1894
756.
A few specimens of the Australian form, Excalfactoria chinensis australis Gould,
were liberated near Alvarado, Calif., but apparently disappeared.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
239
dd. Rectrices 10-12, soft, narrow, with narrowly rounded tips, the tail only
one-third as long as wing, graduated, and hidden by coverLs; longei
primaries exceeding longest (proximal) secondaries by more than
length of tarsus, strongly bowed ; outermost primary as long as second
and third or else very little shorter, the second and third (from outside),
or first to third, longest ; bill relatively much smaller and weaker, the
culmen narrow and somewhat rigid, especially the basal portion
(mesorhinium), which is very narrow, distinctly ridged, and extended
much farther between the laterofrontal antiae, its posterior and acute,
or cuneate; legs and feet much slenderer; size much smaller (wings not
■ more than 117 mm.) . Coturnix (unsuccessfully introduced)31
Genus DENDRORTYX Gould
Dendrortyx Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 1, 1844, pi. 20 and text; pt. iii, 1850,
introd., p. 20. (Type by monotypy, Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby.)
Very large, long-tailed Odontophoridae (wing about 150-165 mm.,
the tail about two-thirds to quite as long) with outermost primary shorter
than tenth (from outside), the fourth to eighth (from outside), longest,
the tail graduated for half the length of tarsus to more than the taisal
length, and either with a continuous row of large transverse scutella on
outer side of planta tarsi, or with the planta tarsi largely covered by small
hexagonal scales with a continuous series of rather small transverse
scutella on upper portion of outer side only ( D . barbatus).
Bill relatively large and stout, the chord of culmen (from extreme
base) equal to decidedly more than one-third to nearly one-half the length
of tarsus; depth of bill at base equal to much more than distance from
anterior end of nasal fossa to tip of maxilla, and equal to or gieatei than
width of bill at rictus; culmen strongly convex, sometimes arched basally,
broadly rounded though more narrow basally ; gonys very broad, distinctly
to slightly convex, its basal angle prominent. Outermost primary shorter
than ninth or tenth (from outside), shorter than distal secondaries, the
fifth to eighth or fourth, fifth and sixth longest. Tail two-thirds to quite
as long as wing, graduated for from half length of tarsus to the length
of the tarsus, the rectrices (12) broad, with broadly rounded tips. Taisus
” Coturnix (ex Moehring) Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., i, 1791, lxxxvii, 216
(type, by tautonymy, C. communis Bonnaterre = Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus).
Ortygion Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1840, lxvi, 112, 202 (type, by
monotypy, Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus). — Perdortyx Montessus, Mem. Soc. Saone,
vi, 1886, 36 (type, by monotypy, P. lodoisice Montessus = Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus).
—Cotumyx (emendation) Marno, Zool. Garten, ix, 1868, 83.— Ortygimn (emenda¬
tion; not Ortygia Boie, 1828) Agassiz, Index Zool., 1846, 265 —Ortyx (emendation;
—not of Stephens, 1819) Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat. Ois., vi, 1854, 154.—
Maurotumix Mathews, Austral Avian Rec, ii, No. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, 112 (type, by
original designation and monotypy, Coturnix pectoralis Gould).
One species, Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus), was introduced in large num.ers
in New England, eastern Canada, Ohio, and Virginia, but after migrating south in
the autumn the birds were never heard of again.
240
BULLETIN 51), UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
nearly one-third as long as wing, equal to or slightly shorter or longer
than middle toe with claw, both sides of the planta tarsi either with a
posterior continuous row of large, transverse scutella, or mostly covered
with rather small hexagonal scales but with larger obliquely transverse
scutella on the upper posterior part of outer side.
Plumage and coloration. — Feathers of pileum more or less elongated,
forming, when erected, a bushy crest of rather narrow to moderately broad
soft and decumbent, or decurved feathers, with plane surface and rounded
tips; orbital region and lores more or less extensively naked, especially
postocular portion of the former. Coloration rather dull, olive and ru-
fescent hues predominantly on upperparts, hindneck striped with chestnut,
underparts dull olive-grayish more or less streaked with chestnut or
dusky, the throat uniform black, gray, white, or buffy white. Sexes alike
in coloration.
Range. Southern Mexico to highlands of Costa Rica. (Three species
with eight races.)
KEY TO THE ADULTS OP THE FORMS OF DENDRORTYX
a. Chin and throat gray, breast uniform chestnut (mountain forest of Veracruz).
D. barbatus (p. 241)
aa. Chin and throat white or black, breast gray streaked with blackish or brownish.
b. Chin and throat white.
c. Streaks on breast almost blackish or at least tipped and edged with blackish
(highlands of Costa Rica) . D. leucophrys hypospodius (p. 252)
cc. Streaks on breast chestnut to auburn (highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, and northwestern Nicaragua).
■d. Auriculars brown ; ground color of underparts buffy brown ; gray of
breast pale (Vera Paz, Guatemala) . D. leucophrys leucophrys (p. 249)
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
241
dd. Auriculars sooty gray ; ground color of underparts gray ; gray of breast
fairly dark (western Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and north¬
western Nicaragua) . D. leucophrys nicaraguae (p. 250)
bb. Chin and throat black.
c. With prominent white superciliary and malar stripes.
d. Chestnut median stripes on breast feathers small and faint, these stripes
absent on breast feathers.
e. Lower back and rump barred with black; thighs and flanks grayish
brown (Morelos) . D. macroura griseipectus (p. 245)
ee. Lower back and rump with no or little black; thighs and flanks olive-
brown (northwest Jalisco) . D. macroura diversus (p. 246)
dd. Chestnut median stripes on breast feathers large and prominent.
e. General color of back and rump decidedly olive-brown with little or
no whitish transverse flecking (Michoacan and Guerrero highlands).
D. macroura striatus (p. 247)
ee. General color of back and rump not decidedly olive-brown but gray-
brown with a slightly olive tinge, and abundantly cross-flecked with
whitish . D. macroura macroura (p. 243)
cc. Superciliary and malar stripes not white and conspicuous but heavily suffused
with brownish . D. macroura oaxacae (p. 248)
DENDRORTYX BARBATUS Gould
Bearded Wood Partridge
Adult (sexes alike in color).— Forehead and anterior part of crown
buffy brown, darkening to buffy brown and pale sepia on the hindcrown
and occiput, the feathers of the forehead with pale buffy shafts which,
being largely uncovered, show noticeably ; feathers of hindneck mouse gray
to dark mouse gray with terminally broadening shaft streaks of russet to
chestnut, these streaks subterminally obscurely blotched with dusky
chaetura drab ; anterior interscapulars similar but with the chestnut areas
broader, the gray restricted to the margins of the featheis and these
margins subterminally crossed by black spots ; posterior interscapulars
similar but with the terminal part of the edges, distal to the black marks,
white, and the more proximal, grayish part much suffused with chestnut ;
scapulars, all but the outermost upper wing coverts, and the feathers of
upper back buffy brown to olive-brown heavily blotched with fuscous-
black and barred irregularly with the same and with light pinkish cin¬
namon to pinkish buff and marginally with white, the feathers of the
upper back with a chestnut wash along the shafts ; outermost upper wing
coverts with no white and little blackish; the secondaries russet, ex¬
ternally edged and tipped with pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff, these
areas minutely speckled with blackish, and the feathers crossed by 8 to
10 flatly V-shaped bars of chaetura drab, the russet immediately distal
to each bar paler than elsewhere; primaries and alula cinnamon-russet,
their outer webs barred with pale chaetura drab, their inner webs ex¬
tensively mottled and washed with the same; back, lower back, lump,
and upper tail coverts buffy brown to olive-brown, tipped and sub-
242
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
terminally banded with pale buffy to almost white and with blackish
blotches between the tips and the subterminal bands ; median rectrices
with a fairly narrow chestnut shaft streak paling laterally into buffy dark
vermiculated and speckled with chaetura drab, and crossed by six to
eight wavy whitish bars, each of which is broadly edged proximally and
narrowly edged distally with blackish; the width of the chestnut median
area increases laterally on each pair of rectrices, with consequent re¬
duction of the drab and blackish areas, until on the outermost ones the
entire feathers are chestnut, incompletely banded with chaetura drab ;
lores like the forehead; upper cheeks and auriculars similar also; sides
of neck like the hindneck ; chin and throat mouse gray with a slate tinge ;
breast and uppei abdomen amber brown to bright cinnamon, paling
postei iorly to cinnamon-buff ; feathers of sides cinnamon edged with
grayish drab, splotched with black and white; flanks and under tail
coverts buffy brown to olive-brown edged with buffy to cinnamon and
with large subterminal blotches of black and with blackish freckling on
the more basal brownish parts ; thighs olive-brown ; under wing coverts
dark olive-brown freckled with russet ; bare skin around eye, bill, tarsi,
and toes red.
Juvenal. Similar to the adult, but the upper abdomen pale buffy whit¬
ish nai rowly barred with drab ; middle of breast pale cinnamon narrowly
barred with drab; secondaries as in adult but with much less external
buffy mottling, the edges more cinnamomeous, darker and duller.
Downy young, forehead and superciliaries broadly antimony yellow
becoming suffused posteriorly with buckthorn brown; middle of crown
and occiput dark auburn ; scapular area cinnamon-buffy to pinkish cinna¬
mon; spinal tract very broadly auburn, fading laterally to pale Mikado
brown and pinkish cinnamon ; wings and thighs auburn obscurely mottled
with dusky , chin, throat, breast, abdomen, and sides between cream color
and Naples yellow, washed on the breast with pale ochraceous; cheeks
pale buckthorn brown.
Adult mde.— Wing 147-166 (154.8); tail 117-121 (118.9); culmen
from the base 20.4-22.5 (21.6) ; tarsus 49.1-54 (51.8) ; middle toe with¬
out claw 42.0-45.6 (43.2 mm.).38
Adult female. Wing 148-152 (150); tail 110-119 (114); culmen
from base 20.0-21.7 (20.6) ; tarsus 44.5-47.4 (46.6) ; middle toe without
claw 37.4-41 (38.8 mm.).39
Range. — Resident in the mountain forests of the State of Veracruz,
Mexico (Jalapa, Orizaba, Jico).
Type locality. — Jalapa, Veracruz.
38 Seven specimens from Jico, Veracruz.
38 Four specimens from Jico, Orizaba, and Jalapa, Veracruz.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
243
Dendrortyx barbatus Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 2, 1846, pi. 22 and text (Jalapa,
Veracruz, Mexico; coll. Berlin Museum). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1859, 369 (Jalapa, Mexico; spec.). — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae,
1867, 74. — Sumichrast, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xii, 1868, 225 (alpine
region, Veracruz) ; Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1869, 562 (alpine region
of Veracruz) ; La Naturaleza, ser. 1, v, 1882, 229 (alpine region of Orizaba).
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 393 (Jalapa) ; Handb. Game
Birds, ii, 1897, 113 (monogr.).— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Revista
Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219 (Orizaba) .— S alvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 289 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Veracruz).—
Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 42. — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 225 (syn. ; distr.).
[Dendrortyx] barbatus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 272, No. 9773.- — Sclater and
Salvtn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138.— Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44.
D[endrortyx] barbatus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 315.
Dendrortyx barbata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, 206 (Jalapa). Baird,
List Described Birds Mexico, Central America, and West Indies not in Coll.
Smithsonian Inst., 1863, 6.
DENDRORTYX MACROURA MACROURA (Jardine and Selby)
Eastern Long-tailed Partridge
Adult (sexes alike in color). — Broad forehead, supraorbital line, chin,
and upper throat black; feathers of crown and occiput black broadly-
tipped with distally widening tear-shaped spots of dull, rather pale, russet
to Mikado brown; a broad white superciliary stripe on each side, the
feathers composing which are black basally and the posteriormost of
which have narrow terminal shaft marks of dull russet ; feathers of hind
neck dark bright hazel to dark Sanford’s brown edged termino-laterally
with white, and blackish basally, the more posterior feathers with the
white edges darkening to light mouse gray ; interscapulars dark bright
hazel to dark Sanford’s brown broadly edged with neutral gray, the gray
areas, especially of the more posterior feathers, mottled with buffy brown
and blackish and with small white lateral flecks ; scapulars grayish buffy
brown, tipped and crossed by three to five more or less complete white
bars, each of which is proximally broadly bordered with dark fuscous to
black, the subterminal black area bent basally on the two sides enclosing
a median area of dull dark hazel, the grayish-brown areas of the feathers
finely speckled with black dots ; inner secondaries like the scapulars but
with the hazel reduced or wanting ; outer secondaries with the pale and
the black marking restricted to the outer edge of the outer webs, the
rest of the feathers being dark dull olive-brown only faintly mottled with
paler; primaries dark dull olive-brown, their outer webs faintly flecked
with light pinkish cinnamon ; lesser upper wing coverts pale buffy brown
vermiculated sparingly with blackish; median upper wing coverts similar
but with faint hazel shaft lines and tipped with pale buffy brown to
almost white, the tip basally edged with blackish; greater upper wing
coverts like the scapulars but with less whitish ; alula dark dull olive-
244
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
brown, the outer webs with a dull hazel streak next to the shaft ; upper
back, lower back, and rump, light brownish olive tipped with smoke
gray to almost white, these tips basally bordered with black; upper tail
coverts slightly darker and coarsely but sparingly vermiculated with black
and with two small lateral white flecks on each ; median rectrices olive-
brown crossed by 10 distally pointed broad V-shaped bands of pale buffy
brown to pale olive-buff, each of these bordered proximally by an irregular
blackish band, the broad interspaces flecked and stippled with blackish,
the median portion of the feathers suffused with dull hazel; lateral rec¬
trices with their inner webs darker and more uniform clove brown, the
outer webs flecked and incompletely banded as in the median ones but
in decreasing amounts centrifugally, the median area of all the rectrices
somewhat suffused with hazel, which color also replaces in the lateral
ones the olive-brown found in the median pair ; circumocular space bare,
subocular area and auriculars blackish, the feathers of the latter some¬
times tinged with hazel ; a white malar stripe beginning narrowly under
the anterior end of the eye broadens posteriorly on the sides of the neck,
where it sometimes appears faintly speckled with hazel due to narrow
dusky tips of the color on its posterior feathers ; lower throat, breast,
and sides of neck pale neutral gray to deep gull gray, each feather with
a broad shaft stripe of hazel, the hazel paling slightly all along the margin
of the shaft stripe forming halationlike edge, all these feathers hair brown
on their concealed basal portion ; feathers of the sides similar but with the
hazel stripes narrower and paler, the gray portions becoming buffy brown
to buffy drab vermiculated and flecked with dark drab, and spotted with
dirty white ; middle of abdomen pale drab gray to very pale light drab,
each feather medially suffused and mottled with grayish drab; flanks,
thighs, and lower abdomen olive-drab indistinctly mottled with hair brown
and tipped with grayish buffy white ; under tail coverts dark chaetura drab
to black narrowly tipped with white and crossed by a narrow but irregular
white band slightly distal to the middle of their length, under wing coverts
like the lesser upper coverts but somewhat darker, iris, circumocular bare
skin, bill, tarsi, and toes coral red ; claws buffy.
Other plumages unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 163-166 (164.7); tail 157-169 (163); oilmen
from the base 19.7-21.4 (20.5); tarsus 47.1-52.8 (50.7); middle toe
without claw 374-41.2 (39.2 mm.).40
Adult female. — Wing 155-158 (157); tail 147-151 (149.3); oilmen
from base 18.9-19.5 (19.3) ; tarsus 49.2-53.3 (51.4) ; middle toe without
claw 37.4-41.8 (39.6 mm.).41
40 Four specimens.
41 Three specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
245
Range. — Resident in the mountain forests of the \ alley of Mexico
and the highlands of Veracruz.
Type locality. — Mexico = mountains about the Valley of Mexico.
Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., i, pi. 3, 1828, pis. 38, 49 and text
(Mexico). — Jardine, Nat. Libr., Orn., iv, 1834, 128, pi. 12.
Dendrortyx macrurns Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 1, 1844, pi. 20 and text.
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 178 (near City of Mexico). Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Gallinae, 1867, 73.— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem.
y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219 (Orizaba) .— Ogilvie-Grant,
Ibis, 1902, 237. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 287,
part (alpine region of Orizaba, Veracruz).
[Dendrortyx] macrurus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 272, No. 9771. Sclater and
Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43, part.
Dendrortyx macrourus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 392,
part (in synonymy; descr.?).— Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 44, in text (crit.).
D[cndrortyx] macrourus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 315.
D endrortyx tnacrorus Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1S97, 112 pait (s.
Mexico; highlands of Oaxaca).
[ Odontophorus ] macrourus Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, 1848, pi. 194, figs. 1692,
i693.
Dendrortyx macroura macroura Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 42.
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 225 (syn. ; distr.).
[Dendrortyx macroura] macroura Griscom, Auk, liv, 1937, 192, in text ( ci it. ) .
Tctrao marmoratus La Llave, Registro Trimestro, i, 1832, 144 (mountains near
City of Mexico) ; La Naturaleza, vii, 1884, App., p. 65.
DENDRORTYX MACROURA GRISEIPECTUS Nelson
Gray-breasted Long-tailed Partridge
Adult. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the hazel shaft
stripes of the breast feathers confined to the basal two-thirds oi less of
the feathers, and almost hidden by the overlapping of these feathers, giving
the breast a nearly uniform deep gull gray; the hazel stripes of the
feathers of the sides also greatly reduced; back and rump slightly more
olivaceous.
Other plumages unknown.
Adult. _ Wing 167; tail 145; culmen from base 19.5; tarsus 54; middle
toe without claw 42 mm. (type) .
Adult female. — Wing 157; tail 131; culmen from base 20; tarsus 54;
middle toe without claw 40 mm. (1 specimen).
Range. _ Known only from the heavy oak forest on the Pacific slope
of the Cordillera, in the State of Morelos (and possibly in the State of
Mexico as well).
Type locality. — Huitzilac, Morelos, Mexico.
Dendrortyx macrurus (not Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby) Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 287, part (Morelos).
fi53008° — 46 - 17
246
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Dendrortyx macrourus griseipectus Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 44 (Huitzilac, Pacific
slope of Morelos, c. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902,
2 37.
D[endrortyx] macrourus griseipectus Nelson, Auk, xix, 1902, 388 (crit.).— S alvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves., iii, 1903, 288, in text (crit.).
Dendrortyx macroura griseipectus Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 42.—
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 225. — Friedmann,
Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii, 1943, 272 in text (crit.).
[ Dendrortyx macroura ] griseipectus Griscom, Auk, liv, 1937, 192 in text, part —
Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii, 1943, 272 in text, 273 in
text (crit. ; distr.).
[Dendrortyx] griseipectus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43.
DENDRORTYX MACROURA DIVERSUS Friedmann
Jalisco Long-tailed Partridge
Adult. — Similar to that of D. m. griseipectus but differing from it in
having the lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts more olive-brown
and with no or little black barring, in having the flanks and thighs more
olive-brown, less barred, and in having the under tail coverts more brown¬
ish, less blackish, with less contrast between the dark areas and the
whitish tips.
Juvenal. — Similar to the adult but with the subocular line and the
auriculars hazel instead of black, the lateral portions of the feathers of
the mantle olive buffy-brown instead of gray; the hazel shaft stripes on
the underparts small and largely concealed, and the black feathers of
the chin and upper throat with whitish bases and narrow shaft streaks.
Adult male.— Wing 153-161 (156); tail 138-149 (144.5); culmen
from the base 20.6-20.8 (20.65) ; tarsus 5Q-53 (51.1) ; middle toe with¬
out claw 39.7-41.1 (40.2 mm.).42
Adult female.— Wing 141-151 (146); tail 119-141 (128.7); culmen
from the base 19.5-20.8 (20.3) ; tarsus 47-47.5 (47.2) ; middle toe without
claw 38-38.9 (38.3 mm.).43
Range. — Resident in the highland forests of northwestern Jalisco
(Mascota and San Sebastian).
Type locality. — San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mexico.
Dendrortyx macroura griseipectus (not of Nelson, 1897) Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 225, part (San Sebastian, northwest of Mascota,
Jalisco, Mexico).
[Dendrortyx macroura] griseipectus Griscom, Auk, liv, 1937, 192 in text.
Dendrortyx macroura diver sus Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii,
1943, 273 (San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mexico; crit.; descr. ; meas.).
42 Four specimens, including the type.
43 Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
247
DENDKORTYX MACROURA STRIATUS Nelson
Guerrero Long-tailed Partridge
Adult. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the crest feathers
more extensively black, only narrowly tipped with hazel, the back and
rump more olive brownish, less gray-brown, and with little or no trans¬
verse whitish and .blackish flecking ; the hazel shaft stripes longer and
more pronounced on the feathers of the sides and extending posteriorly
to include the feathers of flanks. This is the most variable of all the
forms of the species (possibly it only seems so because of the far more
extensive material of it available) ; thus two males from the same place
and date present the two extremes. In one the sides and flanks and
lower abdomen are pale buflfy brown, in the other dark olive-brown;
in the former the middle of the abdomen is very pale light drab, in the
latter hair brown to pale olive-brown ; in the former the lateral portions
of the breast feathers are very pale light drab with a grayish tinge, in
the latter light mouse gray; “bill and feet bright yellowish scarlet
(Goodknight).
Natal down. — Broad forehead and superciliaries chamois darkening to
honey yellow over the eyes ; middle of crown, occiput and nape auburn ;
entire upperparts of body and wings Brussels brown, obscurely banded
on the dorsolateral portions of the body with dusky clove brown; chin,
throat, and underpart of the body cream buff, brightest on the chin and
throat and becoming tinged with tawny-olive on the sides and flanks
which merge into the Brussels brown of the back ; thighs pale Brussels
brown; bill and feet yellowish (in dried skins).
Adult male.— Wing 143-167 (154.7); tail 132-175 (147.1); culmen
from base 18.7-22.4 (20.8) ; tarsus 45.3-52 (49.5) ; middle toe without
claw 37.4-43 (40.1 mm.).44
Adult female.— Wing 147-159 (151.6) ; tail 131-146 (138.3) ; culmen
from the base 19.5-21.7 (20.8) ; tarsus 46.3-50 (48.5) ; middle toe with¬
out claw 37.6-39.5 (38.4 mm.).45
Range. — Resident in the highland forests of the southern part of the
State of Jalisco (Sierra Nevada de Colima, Talpa, Los Masos) to Micho¬
acan (Sierra Madre, Mount Tancitaro, Patzcuaro, Patamban) and the
Cordillera of Guerrero above 8,000 feet (Omilteme, Chilpancingo).
Type locality. — Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.
Dendrortyx macrourus (not Ortyx macroura Jardine and Selby) Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 392, part (Guerrero).
Dendrortyx macrorus Ogilvie-Grant, Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 112, part (high¬
lands of Guerrero).
44 Twenty-one specimens from Guerrero and Michoacan.
45 Twelve specimens from Guerrero and Michoacan.
248
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Dendrortyx macrurus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 28 7,
part (Guerrero; Michoacan).
Dendrortyx macrourus striatus Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 44 ( Chilpancingo, Guerrero,
sw. Mexico, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, 237. — Griscom,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxv, 1934, 422 (Guerrero).
D [endrorlyx] macrourus striatus Nelson, Auk, xix, 1902, 388. — Salvin and God-
man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 288, in text (crit.).
Dendrortyx macroura striatus Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 42. —
Griscom, Auk, liv, 1937, 192, (Omilteme, Guerrero, spec.; crit.). — Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds. Arner., i, No. 1, 1942, 226 (syn. ; distr.).
D[endrortyx] m[acroura] striatus Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii,
1943, 272 in text, 273 in text (crit.).
[Dendrortyx] striatus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43.
Dendrortyx macrourus dilutus Nelson, Auk, xvii, 1900, 254 (Patzcuaro, Michoacan,
sw. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, 237.
D[cndrortyx] macrourus dilutus Nelson, Auk, xix, 1902, 388.
Dendrortyx macroura dilutus Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 42.
DENDRORTYX MACROURA OAXACAE Nelson
Oaxaca Long-tailed Partridge
Adult. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the superciliary
and malar stripes not white and conspicuous but heavily suffused with
brownish, reducing markedly the contrast between them and the adjacent
hazel areas, and with the broad brown shaft stripes on the breast and
hindneck and interscapulars darker — bright argus brown to almost chest¬
nut, and with the back, rump, and upper tail coverts less barred with
blackish, more like )D. m. diversus in these parts.
Other plumages unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 156; tail 140; culmen from the base 19.5; tarsus
49; middle toe without claw 38 mm. (1 specimen, the type).
Adult female. — Wing 152; tail 122; culmen from the base 19.7; tarsus
50; middle toe without claw 37 mm. (1 specimen).
Range. — Resident in the mountain forests of eastern Oaxaca from
the Cerro San Felipe, near Oaxaca City, to Mount Zempoaltepec.
Type locality. — Totontepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Dendrortyx oaxacac Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 43 (Totontepec, Oaxaca; coll. U. S.
Nat. Mus.); xix, 1902, 388 (crit.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, 237.
D[endrortyx ] oaxacae Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 288,
in text (crit.).
f Dendrortyx] oaxacae Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43.
Dendrortyx macrourus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 392, part
(Tonaguia, Oaxaca).
Dendrortyx macrurus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 287,
part (e. Oaxaca).
Dendrortyx macroura oaxacae Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 43 —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer. i, No. 1, 1942, 226 (syn.; distr.).
[Dendrortyx macroura] oaxacae Griscom, Auk, liv, 1937, 192 in text.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
249
DENDRORTYX LEUCOPHRYS LEUCOPHRYS (Gould)
Guatemalan Long-tailed Partridge
Adult (sexes alike in coloration). — Forehead, anterior part of crown,
and superciliaries light ivory yellow to pale pinkish buff ; rest of crown
and occiput dull sepia tinged, especially terminally and posteriorly, with
russet ; feathers of nape and the interscapulars bright russet to bay promi¬
nently edged with white, the longest, most posterior interscapulars with
the white replaced by neutral gray and these edgings broader ; median and
lesser upper wing coverts between bright buffy brown and isabella color,
very slightly darker and more rufescent along the shafts ; greater upper
wing coverts more rufescent, washed with orange-cinnamon, and with
numerous transverse irregular markings of pale isabella color, each of
these markings bordered proximally with clove brown ; scapulars buffy
brown paling laterally to brownish olive-gray and darkening medially to
Saccardo’s umber tinged with russet ; secondaries pale cinnamon-brown
mottled and flecked with Prout’s brown to mummy brown, these mottlings
most strongly developed on the inner secondaries ; primaries externally
bright tawny with a slight orange tinge, their inner webs duller and in¬
distinctly mottled with Prout’s brown, the darker color increasing toward
the inner edge of the feathers ; upper back like the interscapulars but
with the bright bay of their median part replaced by tawny-russet trans¬
versely flecked with blackish, and with the gray lateral parts tinged
with buff}7 brown and indistinctly barred with dusky clove brown ; rest
of back, rump, and upper tail coverts buffy brown, indistinctly crossed
by fine dusky bars, the lower rump and upper tail coverts with whitish
transverse markings proximally and distally edged with blackish ; lateral
rectrices bright russet, the median ones with this color largely restricted
to a broad indistinct shaft stripe the rest of the feathers abundantly crossed
by transverse zigzag markings of light ochraceous-buff, each of which
markings is broadly edged on both sides by clove brown ; suboculars and
auriculars dull sepia ; chin and upper throat white ; sides of throat and
lower throat bright russet to tawny-russet, each feather edged with light
neutral gray; breast feathers similar but with the edges broader and
darker — neutral gray — and the centers paler — tawny- russet to tawny;
upper and lateral parts of abdomen and sides pale grayish buffy brown,
most grayish on the upper abdomen, and with tawny to ochraceous-tawny
shaft stripes; lower middle of abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts
darkening, especially posteriorly, to dusky olive-brown ; under wing
coverts dull cinnamon-brown ; bare skin around eye, tarsi, and toes orange-
red ; bill black, lower mandible orange below ; iris grayish olive.
Other plumages unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 146.3; tail 128; culmen from the base 18.1 ; tarsus
53.3; middle toe without claw 49.1 mm. (1 specimen).
250 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Wing 139; tail 123.7 ; culmen from the base 18.5 ; tarsus
49; middle toe without claw 36.7 mm. (1 specimen).
Range. — Resident in the highlands of northern Guatemala above 3,000
feet, in states of Alta Vera Paz (Coban, Finca Sepacuite), Huetuetenango
(Barrillos), and El Quiche (Nebaj).
Type locality. — Coban, Guatemala.
Ortyx leucophrys Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843 (1844), 132 (Coban, Vera
Paz, Guatemala; coll. Derby Mus., now Liverpool Mus.).
Dendrortyx leucophrys Gould, Mon. Odontoph., pt. 2, 1846, pi. 21 and text. — Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 226 (Coban, Guatemala). — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 73. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 394,
part (Duenas, Guatemala) ; Handb. Game Birds, 1897, ii, 114, part. — Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 289 part (Coban, Duenas).
D[endrortyx] leucophrys Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 315.
[Dendrortyx] leucophrys Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 272, No. 9772. — Sclater and
Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138. — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44, part.
Dendrortyx leucophrys leucophrys Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932,
105 (Sepacuite, Guatemala; habits; distr.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 43. — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 227,
part (syn. ; distr.; Guatemala).
Dendrortyx l[eucophrys] leucophrys Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov. No.
183, 1925, 2 (Guatemala).
D[endrortyx ] l[eucophrys ] leucophrys Dickey and van Rossem, Birds El Salvador,
1938, 156, in text (El Salvador; possibly Volcan de Santa Ana; Guatemala).
[Dendrortyx leucophrys] leucophrys Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxxix, 1941,
535, in text (crit.).
DENDRORTYX LEUCOPHRYS NICARAGUAE Miller and Griscom
Nicaraguan Long-tailed Partridge
Adult. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the abdomen,
sides, and flanks less huffy brown, more grayish; the gray of the margins
of the feathers of the breast somewhat darker pale gray to dark gull
gray ; the russet to bay centers of the feathers of the lower throat, breast,
and the paler ochraceous-tawny ones of the abdomen, sides, and flanks,
reduced in size and duller in color, those of the lower throat and breast
occasionally tinged and edged with blackish; ground color of the back,
rump, and upper tail coverts darker, less greenish olive, more brownish ;
and auriculars dark sooty gray, occasionally tinged with brownish ; “iris,
grayish olive or yellowish hazel ; bill, black ; bare skin of ocular area,
bright red, lower eyelid, flesh color ; tarsi and feet, dull, brownish red
or dark orange-red; feet slightly darker. These slight differences do not
seem to be correlated with sex or season.”40
First “winter” plumage. — Very similar to that of the adult but with
the upper throat streaked with sooty and the dark dull sepia of the crown
extending forward over the eyes and to the base of the culmen leaving
only a large loreal and supraloreal huffy whitish area on each side ; the
40 Ex Dickey and van Rossem, Birds of El Salvador, 1938, 158.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
251
auriculars brownish; rectrices with their marking more definitely ar¬
ranged in bars ; remiges more pointed.
Juvenal. — Forehead, broad superciliaries, and lores pale cream buff;
center of crown dusky sepia anteriorly becoming bister to snuff brown
posteriorly and on the occiput ; interscapulars bright tawny-olive to Sayal
brown with narrow whitish shaft streaks which broaden out terminally
into triangular spots, the whitish shafts edged laterally with clove brown,
which extends out laterally as incomplete bars of the same ; upper wing
coverts similar but with dusky clove brown shafts, the greater coverts
tipped with buffy white, edged with blackish proximally; scapulars and
secondaries bright tawny-olive to bright dark ochraceous-tawny heavily
mottled with clove brown and irregularly and incompletely barred with
pale cinnamon-buff ; primaries as in adults but more pointed terminally ;
back, lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts as in adult but indistinctly
but abundantly barred with Saccardo’s umber; all the rectrices snuff brown
barred with cinnamon, each of the cinnamon bars broadly edged on both
sides with blackish ; chin and upper throat pale cream buff but the feathers
with dusky shaft streaks ; lower throat, breast, abdomen, sides, and flanks
dark hair brown to pale sepia, the feathers with distally spreading
triangular terminal spots of white or cinnamon-buff, terminally edged
with blackish.
Natal down. — Apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 138-155 (146.2); tail 113-149 (131.6); culmen
from base 18.7-20.8 (19.7); tarsus 48.8-54 (51.7) ; middle toe without
claw 36.2-50 (40.5 mm.).47
Adult female. — Wing 129.9-142.6 (134.8); tail 107.8-124.1 (118.6);
culmen from base 17.6-19.2 (18.4) ; tarsus 49.0-55.5 (50.9) ; middle toe
without claw 35 — 47.7 (40.0 mm.).48
Range. — Resident in second growth and brushy places from the upper
limits of the Arid Lower Tropical Zone to over 9,000 feet in the Humid
Upper Tropical Zone, from the Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala (Sierra
Santa Elena, Panajachel, and Solola), the higher mountains throughout
El Salvador (Volcan de San Miguel, Volcan de Santa Ana, Mount
Cacaguatique, Los Esesmiles, San Jose del Sacare), and Honduras
(Tegucigalpa; Alto Contoral ; Cerro Contoral ; Santa Barbara; Yaro,
Santa Marta ; Rancho Quemada, La Libertad Copan) to northern
Nicaragua (Jalapa).49
■"Twenty specimens from Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Pacific slopes of
Guatemala.
48 Twelve specimens from Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador.
■" Birds from the Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala and from El Salvador are
intermediate between this form and the nominate race. I have seen specimens from
the former area that are clearly nicaraguae and others from El Salvador that are
just as clearly leucophrys. Inasmuch as the bulk are nearer to nicaraguae I put
them all in this form.
252
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Type locality. — Jalapa, Nicaragua.
Dendrortyx leucophrys (not of Gould) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 289, part (Panajachel, Solola, Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala).
Dendrortyx leucophrys leucophrys Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 227 part (syn. ; distr. ; Honduras, Nicaragua).
Dendrortyx leucophrys nicaraguae Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 43. —
Dickey and van Rossem, Birds El Salvador, 1938, 156 (El Salvador — Volcan
de San Miguel, Mount Cacaguatique, and Los Esesmiles ; spec. ; habits ; colors
of soft parts; crit.). — Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxxix, 1941, 534
(Sierra Santa Elena, west-central Guatemala; spec.; crit.). — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 227 (syn.; distr.).
Dendrortyx leucophrys nicaraguae Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 183,
1925, 1 (Jalapa, Nicaragua, alt. 4,000 feet; type in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.).—
Griscom, Ibis, 1935, 549 (Panajachel, Solola, Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala;
crit.) .
Dendrortyx l[eucophrys ] nicaraguae Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No.
183, 1925, 2 (Jalapa).
DENDRORTYX LEUCOPHRYS HYPOSPODIUS Salvin
Costa Rican Long-tailed Partridge
Adult. — Similar to that of D. leucophrys nicaraguae but with the
median streaks on the feathers of the lower throat and breast much
darker — dark bay edged broadly with black ; the streaks thinning out to
narrow blackish shaft lines on the feathers of the abdomen, only the
feathers of the sides and flanks with tawny to ochraceous-tawny shaft
streaks; and the gray tone of the underparts generally darker — neutral
gray to deep neutral gray.
First zvinter plumage. — Similar to that of D. leucophrys nicaraguae but
generally darker and without the tawny shaft stripes on the feathers
of the sides and abdomen, the median stripes on the breast feathers nar¬
rower and darker — dark bay narrowly edged with black.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 149.9-160 (152.4) ; tail 132.4-145 (137.8) ; culmen
from the base 19.1-20.3 (19.9) ; tarsus 51.7-55 (53) ; middle toe without
claw 41.1-41.5 (41.2 mm.).50
Adult female.— Wing 143-153 (147.1); tail 116-157 (132.5); oilmen
from base 19.9-20.9 (20.4) ; tarsus 50.3-51.8 (50.9) ; middle toe without
claw 39.9-40.4 (40.1 mm.).51
Range. — Resident in the higher mountains of Costa Rica (Alajuela,
Azahar de Cartago, Dota, Estrella de Cartago, La Palma de San Jose,
Las Cruces de Candelaria, Poas, Volcan de Irazu, Agua Caliente, Pacaca,
Navarro).
Type locality. — Azahar de Cartago, Costa Rica.
“ Six specimens.
01 Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
253
Dendrortyx leucophrys (not of Gould) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York,
ix, 1868, 140 (Dota and Las Cruces de Candelaria, Costa Rica).— Frantzius,
Journ. fiir. Orn., xvii, 1869, 373 (Costa Rica).— Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1878, 42 (Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica, 7,000 feet).— Zeledon, Anal.
Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 128 (La Palma de San Jose, Costa Rica).—
Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 394, part (Costa Rica) ;
Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 114, part (Costa Rica) .— Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 289, part (Las Cruces de Candelaria, La
Palma de Jose, Dota Mountains, Poas, and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica).
Dendrortyx hypospodins Salvin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vi, 1896, v ( Azalia, i.e.
Azahar de Cartago, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman); Ibis, 1897, 112
(reprint of descr.) .—Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903,
289, part (Azahar de Cartago, Estrella de Cartago, Alajuela, and La Palma de
San Jose, Costa Rica) .— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 385 (Volcan
de Irazu, Costa Rica). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 42.
[ Dendrortyx ] hypospodins Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44.
Dendrortyx leucophrys hypospodins Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 228 (syn. ; distr.).
[Dendrortyx leucophrys] hypospodins Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxxix,
1941, 535 in text (Costa Rica; crit.).
Genus OREORTYX Baird
Oreortyx Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, xlv, 642. (Type, by original
designation, Ortyx picta Douglas.)
Oreoortyx (emendation) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 236.
Orortyx (emendation) Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, 98.
Callipepla Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 317, part.
Rather large Odontophorinae (wing about 130-140 mm.) with tarsus
less than one-third as long as wing, tail less than three-fifths as long as
wing, scapulars, tertials, and rump unspotted, flanks broadly banded with
chestnut, white, and black, chest plain slate-gray, and crown with a long,
slender crest of two plumes.
Bill relatively small, the chord of culmen (from extreme base) much
less than half as long as tarsus (but slightly exceeding length of basal
phalanx of middle toe ; depth of bill at base slightly exceeding distance
from anterior end of nasal fossa to tip of maxilla, slightly exceeding its
width at rictus; culmen moderately convex, not distinctly ridged (the
ridge rather broad and rounded). Outermost primary intermediate in
length between seventh and eighth (from outside), the fourth and fifth
longest. Tail scarcely more than half as long as wing, moderately rounded,
the rectrices (12) firm, broad, and rounded at tips. Tarsus decidedly
less than one-third as long as wing, shorter than middle toe with claw,
the planta tarsi mostly covered on outer side by a posterior continuous
series of rather large transverse scutella, the inner side covered by smaller,
more hexagonal scales.
Plumage and coloration. — A conspicuous crest of two elongated, slender,
nearly straight plumes springing from center of vertex, their webs con-
254
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
duplicate, the upper and longer plume slightly recurved distally and en¬
closing the lower and shorter one. Upperparts plain olive, the inner
webs of tertials edged with buff ; malar and suborbital regions, throat,
and foreneck chestnut, margined posteriorly by a white stripe; rest of
head and neck, and breast, plain slate-gray, the crest black; sides and
flanks broadly banded with chestnut, black, and white. Sexes alike in
color.
Range. — Mountains near Pacific coast of North America, from south¬
ern Washington to northern Baja California. (Monotypic.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
255
KEY TO THE FORMS (ADULTS IN FRESH PLUMAGE) OF OREORTYX PICTA
(DOUGLAS)
a. Brown of the back darker, between dark olive-brown and sepia, and extending
anteriorly over the mantle and nape to the base of the occipital crest (south¬
western Washington, western Oregon, and western California, south to San
Luis Obispo County) . Oreortyx picta palmeri (p. 255)
aa. Brown of the back paler, seldom darker than dark buffy brown, and grayer, and
usually not extending anteriorly beyond the interscapulars, the mantle usually
slate-gray but occasionally washed with buffy brown.
b. Brown of the black more olivaceous than grayish; the mantle washed with
buffy brown (southern Washington east of Cascades to Nevada).
Oreortyx picta picta (p. 258)
bb. Brown of the back more grayish than olivaceous, the mantle almost always pure
slate-gray.
c. Breast paler, between light neutral gray and deep gull gray (southern and
west-central California) . Oreortyx picta eremophila (p. 262 )82
cc. Breast darker, between neutral gray and dark gull gray (Baja California).
Oreortyx picta confinis (p. 261)
OREORTYX PICTA PALMERI Oberholser
Northwestern Mountain Quail
Adult male. — Forehead narrowly white or pale buffy white; crown
slate-gray to slate color; occipital crest of long narrow black feathers;
rest of occiput, nape, and anterior interscapulars similar but heavily
washed with dark olive-brown (sometimes to the virtual exclusion of the
slate color) ; rest of interscapulars, back, lower back, rump, upper tail
coverts, and upper wing coverts dark olive-brown ; innermost secondaries
and their greater upper coverts similar but internally edged with white
to pale ochraceous-white and very narrowly tipped with the same ; outer
secondaries and the primaries fuscous washed with olive-brown on their
outer webs ; rectrices fuscous very finely speckled and vermiculated with
olive-brown; lores and narrow superciliary stripe white; chin white;
throat and cheeks dark bright chestnut becoming blackish under the
eye, posterior to the lores, and on the posterior edge of the cheeks and
throat, a broad white line from the eye runs posteroventrally to the latero-
posterior corner of the throat separating the chestnut area from the slate-
gray to slate-color sides of the neck and of the breast ; posterior breast
feathers slate-gray to slate color very broadly tipped with dark bright
chestnut ; sides of lower breast and upper and lateral parts of abdomen dark
bright chestnut broadly barred with white, the white bars often proximally
edged with blackish brown; flanks tawny-russet with concealed, sub¬
terminal blackish bands ; thighs pale tawny-buff ; middle of lower abdomen
«• Doubtfully distinct. This race is an intermediate group combining characters of
picta and of confinis. In series it can be made out as a faintly marked aggregate.
256 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
whitish, more or less tinged with pale tawny-buffy, the feathers grayish
basally ; under tail black with dark russet shafts ; under wing coverts
slate color washed with brownish; bill black, slightly brownish terminally;
iris Vandyke brown ; tarsi and toes pale sepia.
Adult female. — Similar to the male but smaller and with a shorter
crest.
Juvenal (sexes alike).— Top of head, nape, interscapulars, and back
between dark drab and hair brown, the feathers minutely speckled with
buffy drab, many with a terminal triangular white shaft spot ; long oc¬
cipital crest feathers dull fuscous banded on their terminal third with
tawny-drab ; lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts similar but more
rufescent — pale Saccardo’s umber vermiculated and transversely mottled
with black ; upper wing coverts pale Saccardo’s umber transversely ver¬
miculated with black and each feather with a terminal shaft spot of white ;
innermost secondaries similar but with large black blotches ; rest of sec¬
ondaries and all the primaries dull fuscous, their outer webs heavily mot¬
tled and washed with pale Saccardo’s umber ; rectrices dusky grayish
Saccardo’s umber barred with black, the black wavy bars distally edged
with pale grayish ; a pale grayish line from the bill across the lores,
through the eye to the posterodorsal angle of the auriculars ; cheeks and
auricular s and sides of neck like the upper back but slightly more grayish,
less brownish ; the cheeks also averaging paler ; chin grayish white ; throat,
breast, and upper abdomen dusky hair brown with a slight slate tinge on
the most posterior parts, and each feather with a small white median
terminal spot; middle of abdomen grayish, the feathers edged and tipped
with white ; sides similar but with traces of dull chestnut ; flanks, thighs,
and under tail coverts pale cinnamon-brown.
Natal down. — Forehead, lores, broad supraorbital bands, sides of
crown and occiput, sides of nape pale buffy or tawny-buff; center of
crown, occiput, nape, and upperparts posteriorly to the tail deep chestnut-
firown, this color narrowly bordered with black; on either side of this
on the body is a whitish line followed, on the caudal half or so of the
body, by a second blackish one, lateral to which the bird is pale Saccardo’s
umber transversely vermiculated with blackish and with whitish; wings
pale Saccardo’s umber the upper coverts and remiges, just sprouting,
broadly tipped with pale buffy; a patch of deep chestnut brown on the
band of the wing; chin, throat, and underparts of body whitish with a
faint buffy tinge; sides, flanks, and thighs pale Saccardo’s umber; bill
and legs pale dull brown.
Adult male. — Wing 129-136 (131.2) ; tail 71-82 (76.5) ; oilmen from
base 15.7— 17.9 (16.9); tarsus 35.0—37 (36.3); middle toe without claw
29.1-32.9 (31.4 mm.).53
53 Eleven specimens from western Washington, Oregon, and California.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
257
Adult female. — Wing 125-134 (130.2) ; tail 69-79 (74.4) ; eulmen
from base 15.3-16.5 (16.0) ; tarsus 33.6-36.4 (35.1) ; middle toe without
claw 27.2-32.3 (29.9 mm.).54
Range. — Resident in the humid coastal area from southwestern Wash¬
ington (Cedarville, Columbia River, San Juan Island, Tacoma, Puget
Sound) south through western Oregon (coastal counties, and in the Wil¬
lamette Valley, including the west slope of the Cascades at least as far
south as Eugene) to western California as far as San Luis Obispo County.
Introduced into Vancouver Island; erroneously (?) reported from
Kalama, British Columbia.
Type locality. — Yaquina, Oreg.
Oreortyx pictus (not Ortyx picta Douglas) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
642, part; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 473, part; in Cooper, Om. Cali¬
fornia, Land Birds, 1870, 546, part.— Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., xii, book ii, pt. 3, 1860, 225 (Vancouver, Washington, Willamette Valley,
Oreg.).- — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 390, part.- — Baird,
Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds iii, 1874, 475, part. — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 292, part. — Anthony, Auk, iii,
1886, 164 (Washington County, Oreg.) .—Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., iii, 1890, 133 (Kalama, British Columbia, flock of about 20).— Rhoads,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, 37 (Nisqually, British Columbia, in¬
troduced; Tacoma, Wash., indigenous) .— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxii, 1893, 397, part (Portland, Oreg.; Cloverdale and San Francisco, Calif.).—
Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 197 (Vancouver Island; introduced). Mc¬
Gregor, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 2, 1901, 5 (California; Santa Cruz Mountains;
rare; breeds). — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 117, part
(descr. ; distr.) .— Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull., 1905, 58, part (range; habits;
food). —Bowles, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 142 (Tacoma, Wash., resident; introduced?).
— Kermode, [Visitors’ Guide] Publ. Provinc. Mus., 1909, 40 (Vancouver Island;
introduced).— Dawson and Bowles, Birds of Washington, ii, 1909, 564 (Wash¬
ington; habits; distr.) .—Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 215
(Vancouver Island; introd. ; common).
[ Oreortyx ] pictus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 237 part. — Sharpe, Hand¬
list, i, 1899, 44, part.
0[rcortyx] pictus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 191, part; Auk, xi, 1894,
195 part (crit. ; range).
Oreortyx picta Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part; Nom. North
Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 481, part.— Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 161
(Vancouver Island; introd.) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 165, in text (introd.) ; Can.
Water Birds, 1939, 176 (Vancouver Island; introd.) .—Alford, Ibis, 1928, 196
(Vancouver Island). — Clark, Condor, xxxii, 1930, 51 (Mount St. Helena, Napa
County, Calif.).
Orcoortyx pictus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 236 (Vancouver Island).
Or ortyx pieties Coues, Check List, ed. 2, 1882, No. 574, part.
0[rortyx ] pictus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 591, part.
[Oreortyx pictus] Var. pieties Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 476, part.
M Eight specimens from western Washington, Oregon, and California.
258
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Oreortyx pictus pictus, Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 3, 1902, 29 (California;
common; distr.).
Oreortyx p[ictus ] pictus Jenkins, Condor, viii, 1906, 125 (Monterey County, Calif.,
above 2,000 feet; habits).
Oreortyx picta picta American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 135,
part. — Bowles, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 172 (Tacoma, Wash., and most of Puget Sound
district, resident). — Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 8, 1912, 10 (California;
listed) ; No. 11, 1915, 58 (humid coast belt from Humboldt County to Sonoma
County in Santa Cruz Mountains). — Kellogg, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xii,
1916, 379 (Helena, Bear Creek, Castle Lake, and n. fork of Copper Creek, n.
California; crit.). — Kimball, Condor, xxiv, 1922, 96 (near Adams, Lake County,
Calif.). — Dawson, Birds California (stud, ed.), iii, 1923, 1570 (California;
habits).— Oberholser, Auk, xli, 1924, 592 (syn.).— Taverner, Birds Western
Canada, 1926, 162 in text (introduced) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 165, in text. — Hall,
Murrelet, xiv, 1933, 64, footnote, 70 (history of discovery; spec. Multnomah
County, Oreg., 1805, ex Lewis and Clark Exped.). — Griffee and Rapraeger,
Murrelet, xviii, 1937, 16 (Portland, Oreg.; nesting dates).
Callipepla picta Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. 4, 1857, 93, part (hills
bordering Willamette Valley, Oreg.; habits).
Lophortyx plumifera Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds,
ed. 2, 1840, 791 (Willamette Valley).
Oreortyx pictus plumiferus American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, 1886, No.
292a, part.— Woodcock, Oregon Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 68, 1902, 25 (w. slope Cas¬
cade Mountains, Oreg.). — Anderson and Grinnell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, 1903, 6 (Siskiyou Mountains, n. Calif.). — Ray, Auk, xx, 1903, 182 (Lake
Valley, centr. Sierra Nevada, 6,500 ft.). — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, 1904, 580 (Mount Sanhedrin, e. Mendocino County, Calif.).
0[reortyx] pictus plumiferus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 191.
[Oreortyx] plumiferus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44.
Oreortyx picta palmeri Oberholser, Auk, xl, 1923, 84 (Yaquina, Oreg.; coll. U. S.
Nat. Mus.) ; Auk, xli, 1924, 592 (syn.). — Palmer, Condor, xxx, 1928, 291, in text
(patronymics). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 90.
- — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 40 (life hist., distr.). — -Caum, Occ. Pap.
Bishop Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, 14 (Hawaii; introduced; not known to have become
established). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 43. — Miller, Lumley,
and Hall, Murrelet, xvi, 1935, 57 (Washington, San Juan Islands; introduced).
—van Rossem, Condor, xxxix, 1937, 21 (crit. ; distr.). — Gabrielson and Jewett,
Birds of Oregon, 1940, 223 (Oregon; distr.; descr. ; habits; photo of nest and
eggs).— Hellm ayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 227 (syn.;
distr.).
OREORTYX PICTA PICTA (Douglas)
Plumed Mountain Quail
Adult. — Similar to that of the corresponding sex of O. picta palmeri,
but with the brown of the upper surface of the body and wings paler,
huffy brown to dark huffy brown with an olivaceous tinge ; the nape and
mantle slate-gray, occasionally washed with huffy brown, but never
solidly so as in palmeri; the forehead averaging paler, often whitish, the
inner edges of the innermost secondaries and the scapulars paler light
buff to buffy whitish.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
259
Juvenal. — Similar to that of 0. picta palmeri but generally somewhat
more grayish above.
Natal down. — Not distinguishable from that of 0. picta palmeri.
Adult male. — Wing 125-140 (131.8) ; tail 73-84 (81.7) ; culmen from
base 15-17.6 (16.5); tarsus 33.1-38.2 (35.7); middle toe without claw
28.6-33.8 (30.5 mm.).55
Adult female. — Wing 126-135 (129.2); tail 71-79 (75.6), culmen
from base 13.4-17.9 (16.1) ; tarsus 32-36.8 (34.8) ; middle toe without
claw 27.3-32.9 (29.8 mm.).55a
Range.- — Resident in the Transition Zone from southwestern Wash¬
ington (where, however, introduced) south through Oregon east of the
Cascades, and in the Rogue River Valley west of the Cascades (Jackson
and Josephine Counties), and east to southwestern Idaho (Indian Creek,
Boise Bottom, and Owyhee foothills), south through the Modoc region
and the Sierra Nevada of California to about latitude 37°30'N. and to
extreme western Nevada (east as far as Landon County) ; known from
Esmeralda, Humboldt, Lander, Mineral, Ormsby, and Washoe Counties.
Formerly to New Mexico, whence its bones have been found in pre¬
historic, but recent, sites from north of Carlsbad.
Type locality. — Interior of New California=headquarters of the Ump¬
qua River near the Calapooia Mountains, Oreg. ; fide Oberholser, Auk,
xl, 1923, 82.
Ortyx picta Douglas, Philos. Mag., v, Jan. 1, 1829, 74 (headwaters of Umpqua River,
near the Calapooia Mountains; see Oberholser, Auk, xl, 1923, 82).— Lesson,
Traite d’Orn., 1831, 507. — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902,
117, part.— Palmer, Condor, xxx, 1928, 277 in text. — Wetmore, Condor, xxxiv,
1932, 141 (bones in cave deposits, north of Carlsbad, N. Mex.). — Howard and
Miller, Condor, xxxv, 1933, 16 (bones, Organ Mountains, N. Mex.). — Hall,
Murrelet, xiv, 1933, 69 in text, 64, footnote (history). — Groebbels, Der Vogel,
ii, 1937, 238 in text (care of eggs), 402 in text (parental care).
0[rtyx] picta Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 143 (“interior of Cali¬
fornia, and . . . extending as far northward as 45° north latitude . . . within a
few miles of the Columbia Valley”; habits).
Callipepla picta Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3, 1850, pi. 15. — Baird, Rep. Stans-
bury’s Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 334 (California) .—Newberry, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., vi, pt. 4, 1857, 93, part (Lassen Butte, Siskiyou, Calapoosa, and
Trinity Mountains, n. California; habits). — Blaauw, Ardea, xiv, 1925, 96, in
text (California).
C[allipepla] picta Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 317.
Orcortyx pictus Baird, Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 473, part; in Cooper, Orn.
California, Land Birds, 1870, 546, part. — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds,
1874, No. 390, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds,
iii, 1874, 475, part, pi. 63, fig. 5, 523, part (Sierra Nevada, 6,000 to 8,000 ft.). —
Nelson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 364 (Nevada City, Calif.). —
00 Twenty-six specimens from Oregon, California, and Nevada.
"* Sixteen specimens from Oregon, California, and Nevada.
260
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 397, part (Bear Valley, Michi¬
gan Bluffs, Lake “Begles” = Bigler, i.e. Tahoe, Calaveras County, Sierra
Nevada, and Walker’s Basin, Calif.; Carson, Nev.). — American Ornitholo¬
gists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 107; ed. 3, 1910, 135. — Dwight, Auk, xvii,
1900, 46 (molt, etc.). — Woodcock, Oregon Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 68, 1902, 25
(Oregon range). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 21, 1905, 58, part (range; habits;
food). — Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 760 (care in captivity).
[ Oreortyx ] pictus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 237 part.
Oreortyx picta Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 438 (Sierra Nevada, Cali¬
fornia, 4,000 to 8,000 ft. ; habits, etc.). — Herman, Jankiewicz, and Saarni, Con¬
dor, xliv, 1942, 169 in text (coccidiosis). — Amadon, Auk, lx, 1943, 226 (body
weight and egg weight).
Oreortyx picta picta Shelton, Univ. Oregon Bull., new ser., xiv, No. 4, 1917, 20, 26
(west central Oregon; breeds). — Oberholser, Auk, xl, 1923, 84, part (range). —
Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxxv, 1930, 210
(distr. ; Lassen Peak region, n. California). — American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 91, part. — Gabrielson, Condor, xxxiii, 1931, 112
(common, Cascades; nests, Butte Creek, Oreg.). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
162, 1932, 43 (habits; distr.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 43,
part. — Linsdale, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 23, 1936, 23, 49 (Nevada; resident in
mountains of western part). — van Rossem, Condor, xxxix, 1937, 22 (crit. ; tax. ;
distr.; char.). — Linsdale, Amer. Midi. Nat., xix, 1938, 54 (Toyabe Mountains,
Nev.; nest; not common). — Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940, 225
(Oregon; distr.; descr. ; habits). — Vogt, Condor, xliii, 1941, 162 (Lassen Vol¬
canic National Park). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 228, part (syn. ; distr.). — Dixon, Condor, xlv, 1943, 208 (Kings Canyon
National Park, Calif.).
Oreortyx p[icta] picta Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 167 (data on breeding biology).
Orortyx picta Coues, Check-list, North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 574, part.
0[rortyx ] picta Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 571, part.
Ortyx plumifera Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837 (1838), 42 ("California”;
coll. David Douglas). — Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 200.
Ortix plumifera Audubon, Birds Amer., 8vo. ed., v, 1842, 69, pi. 291.
Perdix plumifera Audubon, Orn. Biogr., v, 1839, 226, pi. 423, figs. 1, 2 (Columbia
River).
Ortyx plumifera Oberholser, Auk, xl, 1923, 83 in text.
Oreortyx pictus plumifera Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 10 (w. Nevada). —
Fisher, North Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, 26 (Cajon Pass, Panamint Mountains,
Argus Range, Coso Mountains, near Owens Lake, Sierra Liebre, Sequoia Na¬
tional Park, etc., Calif.; Mt. Magruder, Nev.). — American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 107 ; ed. 3, 1910, 135. — Dawson and Bowles, Birds
of Washington, ii, 1909, 567 (Washington; habits; distr.). — Taylor, Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool., vii, 1912, 361 (mountains of Humboldt County, Nev., above 5,000
ft).
Oreortyx pictus plumiferus Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 10 (e. of Sierra
Nevada, Calif.) ; 13 (Carson City, Nev.).
[ Oreortyx pictus] Var. plumiferus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 476.
Oreortyx pictus . . . var. plumifera Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 39 (Nevada).
Oreortyx pictus j3 plumiferus Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 601 (Virginia
Mountains, nejr Pyramid Lake, and near Carson, Nev.).
0[reortyx] p[ictus] plumiferus Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902,
117.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
261
Oreortyx picta plumiferus Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 3, 1902, 29 (Cali
fomia; abundant resident of arid Transition Zone).
Oreortyx picta plumifera Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 197 ; Nom. North
Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 481a.— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 3, 1910, 135.— Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 8, 1912, 10 (California;
listed) ; No. 11, 1915, 58 (California).— Tyler, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 9, 1913,
32 (Fresno, Calif.; resident in higher Sierras) .—Willett, Condor, xxi,
1919, 202 (mountains w. of Warner Valley, se. Oregon). — Oberholser, Auk, xl,
1923, 81, 82, 83, in text (crit.), 84 (distr.).— Grinnell and Storer, Animal Life
in Yosemite, 1924, 267 (descr. ; distr. ; habits ; Yosemite) .— Gabrielson, Auk, xli,
1924, 555 (Imnaha Canyon, Wallowa County, Oreg.).— Oberholser, Auk, xli,
1924, 592 (syn.). — Richards, Condor, xxvi, 1924, 99 (Grass Valley distr., Cali¬
fornia).— Wyman and Burnell, Field Book Birds Southwestern United States,
1925, 84 (descr., distr.) .—Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 162, in text. —
Wythe, Condor, xxix, 1927, 65 (ecol., distr.).— Mailliard, Proc. California
Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xvi, 1927, 294 (Modoc County, Calif.; common).—
Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 135, in text (one brood a year in higher altitudes,
two a year in lower areas), 167 (data on breeding biology).
Oreortyx p[icta\ plumifera Hanna, Condor, xxvi, 1924, 147, in text (egg weight).
[Oreortyx picta ] plumifera Wyman, Auk, xxix, 1912, 539, in text (Indian Creek,
Boise bottom, Owyhee foothills, etc., w. Idaho).
OREORTYX PICTA CONFINIS Anthony
Southern Mountain Quail
Adult. — Similar to that of corresponding sex of O. picta picta but with
the upperparts of the body and wings more grayish, less olivaceous, the
mantle almost always pure grayish, not tinged with brownish; from
O. picta ercmophila it differs in having the breast darker, between neutral
gray and dark gull gray ; the posterior underparts are dark claret brown
as in eremophila.
Juvenal. — Similar to that of O. picta picta.
Natal dovm. — Similar to that of O. picta picta.
Adult male. — Wing 132-139 (135.1) ; tail 79-92 (S4.9) ; culmen from
base 16.0-17.4 (16.9) ; tarsus 32.3-37.4 (35.7) ; middle toe without claw
25.0-30.8 (28.4 mm.). 56
Adult female.— Wing 129-137 (132.8); tail 76-86 (79.4); culmen
from base 15.9-17.0 (16.4) ; tarsus 32.7-36.0 (34.8) ; middle toe without
claw 27.9-29.9 (28.7 mm.).57
Range.- — Resident in the mountains of Baja California in the Sierra
Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir, north to the California boundary.
Type locality. — San Pedro Martir Range, alt. 8,500 feet, Baja Cali¬
fornia.
Oreortyx picta plumifera (not Ortyx plumifera Gould) Ridcway, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., v, 1883, 533, footnote (Cape San Lucas, Baja California, April).— Grin¬
nell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 11, 1915, 58, part.
“Ten specimens.
” Seven specimens.
653008°
262
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Oreortyx picta confinis Anthony, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, ii, 1889, 74
(San Pedro Martir Mountains, at 8,500 feet, n. Baja California; coll. A. W.
Anthony).— American Ornithologists'’ Union, Check List, ed. 3, 1910, 135,
part; ed. 4, 1931, 91 (distr.) . — Oberholser, Auk, xi, 1923, 84, part (San Ber¬
nardino and San Gabriel Mountains, Calif.). — Dawson, Birds California (stud,
ed.), iii, 1923, 1571 (genl. ; California; part).- — Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xviii,
1928, 336 (type spec, in Carnegie Museum). — Grinnell, Univ. California Publ.
Zook, xxxii, 1928, 100 (distr.; Baja California) .—Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull.
162, 1932, 51 (habits; distr.) .—Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 43 —
Rowley, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 163 (nest and eggs; near La Paz, Lower Cali¬
fornia). — van Rossem, Condor, xxxix, 1937, 22 (crit. ; distr.; chars.). — Hell-
mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer, i, No. 1, 1942, 230 (syn. ; distr.).
0[reortyx] p[icta ] confinis Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 7, 1912, 43, in text
(does not occur in California).
Oreortyx pictus confinis Bryant, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, ii, 1889, 276
(San Pedro Martir Mountains; nesting at from 2,500 to 9,000 feet, in winter
down to 1,000 feet).— Anthony, Zoe, i, 1890, 5 (descr. nest and eggs; etc.);
iv, 1893, 232 (San Pedro Martir Mountains, crit.). — American Ornithologists’
Union, Auk, vii, 1890, 61 (Check-list No. 292b, part) ; ed. 2, 1895, 108; ed. 3,
1910, 135, part.— Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 17, part.—
Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1896, 588, part.
[Oreortyx] confinis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44.
OREORTYX PICTA EREMOPIIILA van Rossem
Desert Mountain Quail
Adult. — Similar to that of the corresponding sex of O. picta picta but
averaging slightly paler on the upperparts and breast and darker brown
— claret brown — on the posterior underparts. This race, which is only
doubtfully valid, combines characters of O. picta picta and O. picta con¬
finis, and numerous individuals occur that cannot be told from one or the
other of these two ; only in a series can the average characters of eremo-
phila be appreciated.
Juvenal. — Similar to that of O. picta picta.
Natal down.— Not distinguishable from that of O. picta picta or O. picta
palmeri.
Adult male. Wing 127—140 (134.9) ; tail 74—89 (82.2) ; culmen from
base 15.7— 17 .9 (16.7) ; tarsus 35.5— 37.7 (36.4) ; middle toe without claw
28.4- 33.6 (30.3 mm.).58
Adult jemale. Wing 128— lo8 (131.6) ; tail 72—86 (79.4) ; culmen from
base 15.4—17.2 (16.1) ; tarsus 34.9-36.3 (35.5) ; middle toe without claw
28.4- 29.9 (29.3 mm.).59
Range.— Resident in the mountains of southern and west-central Cali¬
fornia from about latitude 37°30'N. in the Sierra Nevada south to the
Baja California boundary; also in extreme southwestern Nevada.
08 Sixteen specimens.
“’Eight specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
263
Type locality.— Lang Spring, Mountain Spring Canyon, Argus Moun¬
tains, Inyo County, Calif.
Oreortyx pictus (not Ortyx picta Douglas) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
642 part (Fort Tejon, Calif.) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 473, Part; in
Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870, 546, part.— Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, 192, (Fort Tejon).— Coues, Ibis, 1866, 266 (Cajon Pass,
San Bernardino Mountains, s. California) ; Check List, North Amer. Birds, 1874,
No. 390, part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, hi,
1874, 475, part. — American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 292,
part.— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 397, part (San Bernar¬
dino Mountains, and Ballena, Nigger Canyon, and Cuyamaca Mountains, San
Diego County, Calif.). .
0[reortyx] pictus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 191, part; Auk, xi, 18. ,
195, part (crit. ; distr.).
[Oreortyx] pictus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 23 7, part. Sharpe, Han
list, i, 1899, 44, part.
Oreortyx picta Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196, part; Nomencl. Norl i
Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 481, part.— Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 117, part.
Orortyx pictus Coues, Check List, North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 574, par .
0[rortyx] pictus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 591, part.
Oreortyx picta picta American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 13o,
part; ed. 4, 1931, 91, part.— Oberholser, Auk, xl, 1923, 84, part.— Willett,
Pacific Coast Avif., No. 21, 1933, 50 (sw. California; common Upper Sonoran
zone of foothills up through Transition Zone in the higher mountains) .—Peters,
Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 43, part.— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 228, part (syn.; distr.).
Callipepla picta Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. 4, No. 2, 1859, 61 (near
Tejon Valley, Calif.; habits).
Oreortyx picta plumifera (not Ortyx plumifera Gould) Willett, Pacific Coast Avif.,
No. 7, 1912, 42 (Pasadena, Calif.; San Gabriel Mountains ; breeding in San An¬
tonio Canyon; crit.) .— Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., x, 1913, 228 (San
Jacinto Mountains, s. California; habits; crit.) ; Pacific Coast Avif., No. 11, 1915,
58, part (mountains of California except Pacific coastal belt).
Oreortyx pictus plumiferus Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., Publ. 2, 1898, 19 (Los
Angeles County, Calif.; resident) ; Auk, xxii, 1905, 381 (Mount Pinos, Calif.) ;
Birds San Bernardino Mountains, 1908, 56 (Breeding).
Oreortyx picta confinis American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list North Amer.
Birds, ed. 3, 1910, 135, part— Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 7, 1912, 43, in
text (distr.). — Oberholser, Auk, xl, 1923, 84, part (San Bernardino and San
Gabriel Mountains, s. Calif.).— Dawson, Birds California (stud, ed.), iii, 1923,
1571, part. — Grinnell, Condor, xxvii, 1925, 76 (San Bernardino and San
Gabriel Mountains).
Oreortyx pictus confinis American Ornithologists Union, Auk, vii, 1890, 61
(Check-list No. 292 b, part) ; Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 108, part. Bendire, Life
Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 17, part.— Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds,
ed. 2, 1895, 588, part.
Oreortyx picta eremophila van Rossem, Condor, xxxix, 1937, 22 (Lang Spring,
Mountain Spring Canyon, Argus Mountains, Inyo County, C alif. ; descr. , disti.,
crit.).
264
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Genus CALLIPEPLA Wagler
Callipepla Wagler, Isis, 1832, 277. (Type, by monotypy, C. strenua Wagler =zOrtyx
squamatus Vigors.)
Calipepla (emendation) Hartlaub, Arch, fur Naturg., 1853, ii, 40.
Medium-sized Odontophorinae (wing about 112-127 mm.) with 14
rectrices, tail more than two-thirds (but less than three-fourths) as long
as wing, crest rather short and bushy with its feathers not conduplicate,
neck, chest, and breast conspicuously squamated, and sexes alike in colora¬
tion.
Bill relatively small, the chord of culmen (from extreme base) much
less than half the length of tarsus, its depth at base not greater than dis-
xi
Figure 16. — Callipepla squamala.
tance from anterior end of nasal fossa to tip of maxilla and slightly less
than its width at rictus ; culmen not very strongly convex, broadly
rounded. Outermost primary equal to eighth or very slightly shorter, the
third, fourth, and fifth longest. Tail a little more than two-thirds (de¬
cidedly less than three-fourths) as long as wing, graduated (the gradu¬
ation about equal to length of first two phalanges of middle toe), the
rectrices (14) firm, slightly tapering terminally, but with rounded tips,
larsus much less than one-third as long as wing, slightly shorter than
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
265
middle toe with claw, the planta tarsi covered with hexagonal or rhom-
boidal scales, of which the more posterior (on both sides) are laiget,
more transverse, and form a more or less continuous row.
Plumage and coloration.— Crest bushy, occupying whole of pileum, but
its central feathers longest, these rather soft, broad with rounded tips,
their webs not conduplicate ; contour feathers with very sharply defined
regularly convex outlines, especially on neck, chest, and breast. Head
light grayish brown, the crest tipped with dull white ; neck and chest
light bluish gray, the feathers (those of breast also) sharply maigined
with black, producing a conspicuous squamated effect ; upperparts plain
light brownish gray or drab, the inner webs of tertials edged with buff or
buffy whitish. Sexes alike in coloration.
Range. — Mexican plateau and contiguous portion of United States,
from southern Texas to Arizona. (Monotypic.)
KEY TO THE FORMS OF CALLIPEPLA SQUAMATA (VIGORS)
a. Scapulars and upper surface of wings deep grayish brown ; posterior lower parts
deep buffy to ochraceous ; the abdomen with an extensive patch of rusty chest¬
nut in the male and usually with an indication of it in the female (south-central
Texas to northeastern Mexico) . .Callipepla squamata castanogastris (p. 26 ))
aa. Scapulars and upper surface of wings pale grayish brown or brownish gray;
abdomen pale buffy or whitish ; usually without trace of chestnut in either sex.
b. Breast and upper back plumbeous-gray, lower back and rump dusky olive-
brown abdomen, especially in the male, strongly suffused with yellowish
brown (Valley of Mexico from southern Coahuila south to near City of
Mexico) . . Callipepla squamata squamata (p. 270)
bb. Breast and upper back pale dull gray ; lower back and rump dull, pale olive-
brown ; abdomen cream-buff to buff, not suffused, in either sex, with yellow¬
ish brown (Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas, south to northwestern
Mexico) . Callipepla squamata pallida (p. 265)
CALLIPEPLA SQUAMATA PALLIDA Brewster
Arizona Scaled Partridge
Adult (sexes alike in coloration).— Forehead and crown between light
buff and pale ochraceous-buff , often with a grayish wash ; center of crown
with a short, bushy crest, the anterior feathers of which are wood brown
to buffy brown, the posterior ones paler, all broadly tipped with white ;
feathers of occiput and posterior sides of neck pale grayish with a buffy
tinge, barred with narrow bands of dark wood brown ; nape and inter¬
scapulars gull gray, each feather narrowly tipped with fuscous to chaetura
drab; upper wing coverts, upper back, and scapulars pale olive-brown
washed with gull gray and tipped with slightly darker olive-brown ; back,
rump, and upper tail coverts similar but with a grayish wash , sec¬
ondaries drab, their inner webs edged with buffy white and narrowly
tipped with the same ; primaries uniformly draff ; upper tail coverts pale
drab washed with gull gray ; rectrices between mouse gray and light mouse
266
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
gray ; chin and upper throat light buff ; lores, cheeks, and sides of throat
pale ochraceous-buff with a grayish wash ; auriculars tinged with wood
brown ; lower throat with a grayish wash ; feathers of breast and sides
of breast gull gray, each feather narrowly tipped with fuscous and with a
lanceolate shaft marking of wood brown, ending in a point some distance
short of the terminal border of fuscous ; feathers of abdomen white, more
or less tinged with pinkish buff on the middle of the abdomen, and each
feather sharply banded and tipped with narrow, but widely spaced, bands
of mummy brown to fuscous ; feathers of sides and flanks between drab
and hair brown with long terminal tear-shaped shaft markings of white;
thighs white, more or less tinged with buffy ; under tail coverts similar
but with pale buffy brown centers and terminally converging V-shaped
marks of the same; under wing coverts grayish white with hair-brown
centers ; iris brown ; bill blackish ; feet ashy gray.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Forehead, lores, sides of head light buff; center
of crown and occiput wood brown, the crest averaging paler — avellaneous ;
the feathers sometimes with white terminal shaft stripes ; nape and inter¬
scapulars drab with white shaft streaks ; scapulars, upper wing coverts,
and upper back pinkish cinnamon to pale tawny-olive, each feather with
a shaft streak of white and crossed by four or five fuscous bands, the
bands about as broad as the interspaces ; lower back, rump, and upper
tail coverts grayish drab mottled obscurely with darker, and many of the
feathers with small white medioterminal spots ; secondaries like the scapu¬
lars but with their inner webs largely dusky hair brown ; primaries dusky
hair brown, their outer webs mottled with pale tawny-olive to buffy;
median rectrices drab to hair brown with many cross bars of chaetura
drab and with some whitish in the interspaces ; lateral rectrices similar
but with their inner webs more uniformly hair brown, less barred; chin
and upper throat white; breast pale wood brown to pale tawny-olive
with white shaft streaks ; lower breast feathers with the dark areas paler ;
abdomen, sides, flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts similar but still paler,
the dark bars almost disappearing, and without the white shaft streak.
Natal down. — Forehead, front half of crown, in front of a little gray
topknot, and the sides of the head cinnamon-buff to pinkish buff; a broad
band of chestnut from the middle of the crown, back of the topknot, down
to the hindneck, bordered narrowly with black and with broad stripes of
buffy white; auricular spots dark chestnut; chin and throat buffy white;
rest of underparts pale grayish buff; back mottled with pale buff and
russet.00
Adult male. Wing 116—121 (118.8) ; tail 80—90 (83.7) ; culmen from
base 16.1-17.7 (16.7) ; tarsus 31-35 (33) ; middle toe without claw 27-28
(27.4 mm.).61
60 None seen ; description ex Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 54.
01 Ten specimens from Texas.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
267
Adult female.— Wing 113-119 (116.2) ; tail 76-86 (81) ; culmen from
base 15-17.2 (16.3); tarsus 30.5-34 (32.4); middle toe without claw
26-28 (26.9 mm.).62
Range. — Resident in arid open country from southern Arizona (Ask
Peak, Bisbee, Camp Grant, Clifton, Dos Cabesos, Fort Huachuca, Pima
and Pinal Counties, Picacho, Oracle, Rice, Santa Rita Mountains, San
Bernardino Ranch, Tucson, Wilcox), northern New Mexico (Haynes
and the Taos Mountains), east-central Colorado (Matteson and Holly),
extreme southwestern Oklahoma (western Cimarron County) and ad¬
jacent parts of southwestern Kansas, and Texas east almost to longitude
100° W. (to Lipscomb in the north to Del Rio in the south) and to
northwestern and central-northern Mexico (Sonora — San Jose Moun¬
tains; northern Chihuahua — Casas Grandes and Whitewater).
Introduced, but unsuccessfully, in Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, and
Washington; more successfully in Colorado.
Type locality— Rio San Pedro and Fort Bowie, Ariz — Rio San Pedro.
Ortyx squamatus (not of Wagler) Abert, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lii,
1847, 221 (New Mexico).
Ortyx squamata Lesson, Illustr. Zool., 1832, text to pi. 52.
Callipepla squamata Gambel, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, i, 1847, 219 (New
Mexico and “adjoining parts of California’’). — McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1851, 222, part (Santa Fe, N. Mex.).— Baird, in Stansbury’s Rep.
Great Salt Lake, 1853, 326, 334 (New Mexico) ; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 646, part (Organ Mountains, Pecos, etc., N. Mex.) ; Cat. North Amer.
Birds, 1859, No. 476, part; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 23,
part (San Bernardino, Sonora) ; in Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870,
556, part.— Cassin, Illustr. Birds California, Texas, etc., 1854, 129, pi. 19.—
Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, No. 1, 1859, 19, part (San Pedro River,
Ariz.; Fort Clark, Tex.; habits) .— Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1866, 95 (valleys of Gila and Colorado Rivers, Ariz.) ; Check List North Amer.
Bird’s, 1874, No. 393, pt. ; ed. 2, 1882, No. 577, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 487,
part. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 487,
part, pi. 63, fig. 6. — Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 72 (San Pedro
River, Ariz.; crit.) ; viii, 1883, 33 (w. to Picacho Station, Ariz., crit.). Ameri¬
can Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 293; ed. 2, 1895, No. 293,
part; and ed. 3, 1910, 136, part.— Scott, Auk, iii, 1886, 387 (San Pedro slope of
Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz., up to 3,500 feet; etc.; habits).— Allen, Auk,
iii, 1886, 388 (Arizona; crit.).— (?) Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 187 (Tom Green and
Concho Counties, w. Tex.) .— Thurber, Auk, vii, 1890, 89 (Point of Rocks, Col¬
fax County, N. Mex. ) .— Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 18, part
(chiefly). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 395, part (Pinal
County, Ariz.; Engle, N. Mex.; Chupadero and San Diego, Chihuahua; Presidio
County’, w. Tex.) ; Handb. Game Binfc, ii, 1897, 115, part.— Lowe, Auk, xii, 1895,
298 (e. foothills of Wet Mountains, Pueblo County, Colo., at 6,000 ft., June 10,
1895) ; xxxiv, 1917, 453 (Pueblo and Huerfano Counties, Colo.).— Anthony,
Auk, xii, 1895, 388 (Platte River s. of Denver, Colo.).— Cooke, Colorado State
Agr.’ Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, 69 (e. foothills Wet Mountains, 1 spec., June 1895) ;
“Eleven specimens from Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico.
268
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Platte River e. of Denver, winter of 1892-3) ; Bull. 56, 1900, 202 (near
Rocky Ford, Colo., common resident). — Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 47, part (molt,
etc.).— Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 118, part.— Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 290, part (w. Texas; New
Mexico; Arizona; San Pedro and Bisbee, Sonora; Chupadera and San Diego,
Chihuahua).— Swarth, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 4, 1904, 4 (Huachuca Moun¬
tains, Ariz. ; seldom ; common along San Pedro River). — ( ?) Montgomery, Auk,
xxii, 1905, 13 (Brewster County, w. Tex.). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 21,
1905, 61, part (range; habits; food). — Anderson, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci.,
xi, 1907, 232 (Tabor, Iowa, 1 spec., May 2, 1889; probably introduced). —
Sclater, Hist. Birds Colorado, 1912, 141 (Colorado; abundant in cedar country,
now spreading north and east, even to sw. Kansas). — Gardner, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., lxvii, art. 19, 1925, pi. 2 (structure of tongue). — Law, Condor, xxxi, 1929,
219 (Altar Valley and I ucson, Ariz.). — Abbott, Wils. Bull., xli, 1929, 44 (com¬
mon; Uvalde, Tex.). — Howard and Miller, Condor, xxxv, 1933, 16 (bones,
Organ Mountains, N. Mex.).— del Campo, Anal. Inst. Biol., viii, Nos. 1, 2,
1937, 268 (Hidalgo; Valle del Mezquital; spec.).
[ Callipepla ] squamata Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 238, part.— Sclater and
Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list; i, 1899, 44, part.
C[allipepla ] squamata Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 573, part.
Callipepla squamata squamata American Ornithologists'’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3,
1910, 136, part.— Swarth, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 10, 1914, 21 (Arizona; com¬
mon resident in Lower Sonoran Valleys of se. Arizona, north to Fort Grant and
Clifton).— Jensen, Auk, xxxviii, 1923, 454; xlii, 1925, 129 (near Santa Fe,
N. Mex.).— American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xl, 1923, 517 (nomencl.;
crit.).— Wyman and Burnell, Field Book Birds Southwestern United States,
1925, 84 (descr. ; chars.).
[Callipepla squamata] pallida Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 72 (San
Pedro River, Ariz.; coll. William Brewster).
Callipepla squamata pallida Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, iv, 1914, 100
(crit. ; diagnosis; Arizona to w. Texas, n. to s. Colorado, s. to n. Sonora, Chi¬
huahua, and Coahuila). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xl, 1923, 517
(nomencl.; crit.); Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 89 (distr.) .— Nice and Nice, Birds
Oklahoma, 1924, 36 (Oklahoma). — Simmons, Birds Austin Region, 1925, 81
(Austin, Tex.; habits; nests; eggs; descr.).— Burt, Auk, xliv, 1927, 262 (spec.;
near Elkhart, Kans. ; new to State list). — Bailey, Birds New Mexico, 1928, 215
(N. Mex.) ; Auk, xlv, 1928, 216 (hybridizing) —Swarth, Proc. California Acad.
Sci., ser. 4, xviii, 1929, 288 (southern Arizona; distr.; breeds). — Bangs, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930, 158 (type spec, in Mus. Comp. Zool.) .—Nice, Birds
Oklahoma, rev. ed., 1931, 82 (Oklahoma).— Bird and Bird, Wils. Bull., xliii,
1931, 293 in text (food in winter; Oklahoma).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162,'
1932, 51 (habits; distr.).- — Bennitt, Univ. Missouri Studies, vii, No. 3, 1932, 26
in footnote (Tabor, Iowa; probably an escaped cage bird).— Phillips, Condor,
xxxv, 1933, 228 (Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona).— Peters, Check-list Birds
of World, ii, 1934, 44 (distr.).— Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxiv, 1934, 13
(Kenton, Okla. ; common on mesa slopes).— Long, Bull. Univ. Kansas Sci.,
xxx vi, 1935, 233 (Hamilton County, w.-Kans. ; 2 spec.; Nov. 18).— van Rossem!
Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist, viii, 1936, 127, 128 (photo; south-central
Arizona; abundance; distr.) .—Kelso, U. S. Dept. Agr. Wildlife Research and
Management Leaflet BS-84, 1937, 2, in text (distr.; food).-GROEBBELS, Der
Vogel, ii, 1937, 167 (data on breeding biology). — van Tyne and Sutton, Misc.
Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 37, 1937, 26 (Brewster County/ Tex.;
common).— Niedrach and Rockwell, Birds Denver and Mountain Parks, 1939*
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
269
64 (rare straggler) .—Burleigh and Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Louisiana
State Univ., No. 8, 1940, 98 (w. Texas; Guadalupe Mountains; abundant in open
desert). — Long, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xliii, 1940, 441 (Kansas; fairly com¬
mon resident in southwestern part of State). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 231 (syn. ; distri.) . — Amadon, Auk, lx, 1943, 22
(body weight and egg weight).
CALLIPEPLA SQUAMATA CASTANOGASTRIS Brewster
Chestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge
Adult male. — Similar to that of Callipepla squamata pallida but with
the posterior lower parts more and deeper huffy to ochraceous and the
abdomen with an extensive median patch of dark rusty chestnut ; the
scapulars and upper wing coverts somewhat darker grayish brown ; inter¬
scapulars and breast darker — light neutral gray to neutral gray; head
darker and more brownish.
Adult female. — Like the male but with little or none of the dark rusty
chestnut on the midabdomen.
Juvenal. — Like that of C. s. pallida.
Natal down. — Like that of C. s. pallida.
Adult male. — Wing 109-117.5 (115.2) ; tail 77-86 (82) ; culmen from
base 16.1-17.2 (16.8); tarsus 31-34.5 (32.8) ; middle toe without claw
25-28.5 (26.3 mm.).63
Adtdt female. — Wing 109.5-117.5 (113.7) ; tail 75.5-83.5 (79.7) ; cul¬
men from base 15.2-16.8 (16.1) ; tarsus 28-33 (31) ; middle toe without
claw 24-27 (25.3 mm.).64
Range. — Resident from southeastern Texas, in the lower Rio Grande
valley, west to Kinney, Dimmit, and Maverick Counties, east to Laredo
and to Cameron County, and to northern Tamaulipas (Nuevo Laredo;
Reynosa), northern Nuevo Leon (Camargo, China, Rodriguez, Mier),
and northern Coahuila (Sabinas).
Type locality. — Rio Grande City, Texas.
Callipepla squamata (not Orty.v squamatus Vigors) McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1851, 222, part (Camargo, Nuevo Leon). — (?) McCown, Ann.
Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, 9 (Texas; habits). — Cassin, Illustr. Birds
California, Texas, 1854, 129, part, pi. 19.— Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 646, part (Nuevo Leon); Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 476, part;
Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 23, part (Nuevo Leon) ; in
Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870, 556, part. — Heermann, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., x, No. 1, 1859, 19, part (San Antonio, Tex.; habits). — Dresser,
Ibis, 1866, 28 (s. Texas). — Butcher, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1868,
150 (Laredo, Tex.). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds,
iii, 1874, 487, part. — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 393, part;
ed. 2, 1882, No. 5 77, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 441, part— Merrill, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 160 (Ringgold Barracks and Hidalgo, s. Texas). —
“Ten specimens from Texas and from Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
“Eight specimens from Texas and from Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
270
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Sennett, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., Bull. 5, No. 3, 1879, 429 (Lomita
Ranch, Tex.; habits; descr. nest and eggs). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 290, part (Lower Rio Grande Valley; Nuevo Leon). —
Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 21, 1905, 61, part (range; habits; food) .—Lacey,
Auk, xxviii, 1911, 206 (Kerrville, Tex.).
C[allipepla] squamata Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 593, part.
[Callipepla] squamata Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 238, part. — -Sclater and
Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part.
Callipepla squammata McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, v, 1851, 222.
Callipepla squamata castanogastris Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, viii, 1883,
34 (Rio Grande City, s. Tex.; coll. W. Brewster). — American Ornithologists'’
Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 293a; ed. 2, 1895, No. 293a; ed. 3, 1910, p. 136;
ed. 4, 1931, 89. — Sennett, Auk, iv, 1887, 25 (descr. first plumage). — Beckham,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 656 (16 miles nw. of Beeville, Tex.). — Bendire,
Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 22.— Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 47 (molt).
— Phillips, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 74 (San Fernando and Aguas Calientes, Tamau-
lipas) . — Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, iv, 1914, 100 (range; diagnosis;
lower Rio Grande Valley, s. to n. Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and Coahuila) ; Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930, 159 (type spec, in Mus. Comp. Zool.). — Griscom
and Crosby, Auk, xliii, 1925, 532 (Brownsville, Tex.). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 162, 1932, 58 (distr. ; life hist.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii,
1934, 44. — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 230 (syn. ;
distr.).
C[allipepla\ s[quamata ] castanogastris Bailey, Handb. Birds Western U. S., 1902,
119 (distr., descr.). — Kelso, U. S. Dept. Agr. Wildlife Research and Manage¬
ment Leaflet BS-84, 1937, 2 in text (distr.; food).
[Callipepla] [squamata] castanogastris Burleigh and Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Louisiana State Univ., No. 12, 1942, 189, in text (distr.).
[Callipepla] castanogastris Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44.
Callipepla squamata castaneogastris Reichenow and Schalow, Journ. fur Orn.,
1885, 456 (reprint of orig. descr.). — Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 233 (near San An¬
tonio, Tex.).
Subsp. a. Callipepla castaneiventer Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893,
396 (ne. Mexico and lower Rio Grande Valley, Tex.) ; Handbook Game Birds,
ii, 1897, 117 (monogr.).
C[allipepla ] castaneiventer Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903,
291, in text (crit.).
[Callipepla squamata] Subsp. a. Callipepla castaneiventer Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 396 (Rio Grande City, Fort Duncan, Eagle Pass, Bena¬
vides in Duval County, and Laredo, Tex.; Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas).
CALLIPEPLA SQUAMATA SQUAMATA (Vigors)
Scaled Partridge
Adult. — Similar to the corresponding sex of Callipepla squamata pallida,
but darker, the forehead and crown washed with wood brown to buffy
brown, less distinct from the crest; the interscapulars, nape, sides of
breast, and breast somewhat darker — between dark gull gray and light
neutral gray ; lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts averaging slightly
duskier ; middle of abdomen, in the male especially, more strongly suffused
with pale tawny or pale ochraceous-tawny.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
271
Juvenal— V ery similar to that of C. s. pallida but the brownish tones
slightly more mixed with grayish (only 1 specimen seen).
Natal down. — Apparently unknown.
Adult male.— Wing 113-121 (116.9) ; tail 75-90 (84.9) ; oilmen from
base 15.5-17.5 (16.4) ; tarsus 30.7-32.5 (31.8) ; middle toe without claw
24.6-26.9 (25.8 mm.).65
Adult female.— Wing 111-120 (115.4); tail 75-88 (81.7); oilmen
from the base 15.4-16.6 (15.9) ; tarsus 27.^32.0 (29.6) ; middle toe with¬
out claw 23.9-26.0 (24.8 mm.).66
Range. — Resident in Mexico from southern Coahuila, southern Chihua¬
hua, and southern Sonora, south to Guanajuato, Jalisco, Hidalgo, and
Mexico (District Federal).
Type locality. — Mexico.
Ortyx squamatus Vigors, Zool. Journ., v, 1830, 275 (dry interior of Mexico).
Ortyx squamata Lesson, Illustr. Zool., 1832, pi. 52 and text.
C[allipepla] squamata Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 61 ; Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 514.
Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 317.
Callipepla squamata Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. i, 1844, pi. 19 and text.
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 78.— Lawrence, Mem. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1874, 307 (Durango).— American Ornithologists' Union,
Check-list, 1886, No. 293, part; ed. 2, 1895, 108, part; ed. 3, 1910, 136, part—
Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate, vii,
1894, 219 (Mexico; Valle de Mexico; San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas).
Bendire, Life Hist. North Arner. Birds, i, 1892, 18, part— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 395, part (San Luis Potosi; near City of Mexico) ;
Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 115, part.— Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894,
790 ( Ahualulco, San Luis Potosi; Guadalajara, Jalisco) .—Dwight, Auk, xvu,
1900, 47 (molt). — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 118, part.
— S alvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 290, part (Duiango,
Ahualulco and plain of San Luis Potosi; Guanajuato; Guadalajara, Jalisco,
near City of Mexico).— Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 760 (care in captivity).
— del Campo, Anales Inst. Biol., viii, 1937, 268 (Hidalgo; Valle del Mezquital).
Stevenson, Condor, xliv, 1942, 110 (central Panhandle of Texas).
[Callipepla] squamata Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Galhnaceae 1848, pi. 199, figs.
1918, 1919.— Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 273, No. 9794.— Sclater and Salvin, Norn.
Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part.
Callipepla squammata Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr., e. Hist, de los
Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 168 (common names; Mexico).
Callipepla squamata squamata Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxn, 1906, 162
(Rancho Baillou, nw. Durango).— American Ornithologists' Union, Check
List, ed. 3, 1910, 136, part.— Bangs, Proc. New England, Zool. Club, iv, 1914, 99
(diagnosis; Valley of Mexico; San Luis Potosi; n., probably, to s. Chihuahua
and s. Sonora). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 44. Burleigh and
Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., No. 12, 1942, 188 (.e.
65 Ten specimens from Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo,
and Tamaulipas.
“Eleven specimens from Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Durango, and
Hidalgo.
272
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Coahuila; spec.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1 1942
231 (syn. ; distr.).
[Callipepla] [ squamala \ squamata Burleigh and Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.,
Louisiana State Univ., No. 12, 1942, 189, in text (se. Coahuila).
Tetrao cristata (not T. cristatus Linnaeus) La Llave, Registro Trimestro, i, 1832,
144 (Mexico) ; La Naturaleza, vii, 1884, app., p. 65.
Callipepla strenua Wagler, Isis, 1832, 278, 1229 (Mexico; coll. Wiirtemberg Mus.).
Callipepla squamulata Salle and Parzudaki, Cat. Oiseaux Mexique 1862 6
(Mexico).
Genus PHILORTYX Gould
Philortyx Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 2, 1846, pi. 14 and text, and Introd. 1850,
p. 17. (Type, by monotypy, Ortyx fasciatus Gould.)
Small Odontophoridae (wing about 95—100 mm.) with tail nearly two-
thirds as long as wing, scapulars and tertials spotted with black, and with
sides and flanks broadly banded with brownish black and white.
Bill relatively rather small, the chord of culmen (from extreme base)
less than half as long as tarsus; depth of bill at base slightly exceeding
distance from anterior end of nasal fossa to tip of maxilla and decidedly
greater than width at rictus. Outermost primary nearly as long as sixth
(from outside), the third and fourth longest. Tail nearly two-thirds as
long as wing, strongly rounded, its graduation equal to about half the
length of tarsus, the rectrices (12) firm, rather broad, obliquely rounded
or subtiuncate at tips. Tarsus less than one-third as long as wing, shorter
than middle toe with claw, the outer side of planta tarsi mostly covered
by a continuous series of obliquely transverse scutella, the inner side with
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
273
similar but less oblique scutella — both with smaller scutella of longitudinal
tendency next to margins of acrotarsium.
Plumage and coloration. — A distinct elongated crest of several rather
narrow parallel-edged nearly straight flat plumes springing from center
of vertex. Scapulars and tertials spotted with black and tipped with buff ;
sides and flanks banded with white and brownish black, the breast and
chest more narrowly banded or barred. Sexes alike in color.
Range. — Highlands of Mexico. (Monotypic.)
PHILORTYX FASCIATUS (Gould)
Banded Quail
Adult male. — Forehead, crown, and occiput light Saccardo’s umber,
tinged with bright tawny-olive on the crown ; from the middle of the crown
arises a crest of fairly long, truncated, fuscous-black feathers tipped with
bright tawny-olive ; feathers of hindneck and lower sides of neck, and
the anterior interscapulars, mouse gray, tipped with tawny-olive, the tips
broader on the neck than on the interscapulars, and, in the former area,
largely hiding the gray areas in the overlapping feathers ; posterior inter¬
scapulars, back, and rump feathers dark mouse gray narrowly tipped
with pale tawny-white, many of them, especially in the upper back, sub-
terminally blotched with fuscous-black; scapulars, upper wing coverts,
and innermost secondaries grayish Saccardo’s umber, tipped and crossed
by fine tawny-white to white bars and heavily blotched with fuscous-black
subterminally on both webs (in some feathers the blotches on the two
webs are coalesced; in others they are separate); secondaries between
grayish Saccardo’s umber and olive-brown crossed by incomplete marginal
fine bars of tawny-white to white ; primaries dull olive-brown, some of the
outer webs with faint indications of marginal spots of paler; upper tail
coverts like the rump but finely speckled and vermiculated with dull tawny-
olive tinged with gray, the longer ones crossed sparingly by indistinct
fine whitish bars, and slightly blotched with fuscous-black subterminally ;
rectrices dusky grayish Saccardo’s umber tipped and crossed by six or
more wavy whitish bands each of which is proximally bordered by a
slightly broader one of blackish, the umber interspaces finely speckled
with dusky; lores, cheeks, auriculars, and sides of throat dusky Sac¬
cardo’s umber ; chin and throat whitish ; upper breast feathers light mouse
gray broadly tipped with tawny-olive, the more posterior ones similar
but blotched with fuscous-blackish succeeded by a white subterminal band
separating the blackish from the brownish tips ; feathers of upper abdomen,
sides, and flanks white banded heavily with fuscous to fuscous-black,
the width of the blackish bands and tips increasing posteriorly; middle
of abdomen, and vent white, more or less tinged with buffy ; thighs sim¬
ilar but tawnier ; under tail coverts buffy white, each with a large median,
274
BULLETIN 5 0, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
subterminal blotch of fuscous-black ; under wing coverts dull wood brown
to hair brown, margined with slightly paler.
Adult female. — Like the male but with the coronal crest shorter.
Juvenal.— Similar to the adult but with the forehead, lores, chin, throat,
and cheeks black, the blackish coronal crest banded with bright hazel,
the black of the forehead extending back over the eyes, and the whole
crown hazel irregularly transversely mottled with black ; the feathers of
sides and back of neck, interscapulars, upper back, upper wing coverts,
and secondaries with narrow white or buffy-white shaft streaks and with
the rest of the feathers tawnier, the pale cross bars pale tawny-olive and
pale antique brown, the interspaces bright tawny-olive; rump, upper tail
coverts, and rectrices slightly paler and more olivaceous, less dusky than
in adult; primaries more pointed and with their outer webs more dis¬
tinctly notched with pale pinkish buffy; bill light reddish brown; tarsi
and toes horn brown.
Adult male. — Wing 95-102.5 (99) ; tail 58.3-66 (61.8) ; oilmen from
base 14.3-15.9 (14.9) ; tarsus 26.7-29.7 (28.2) ; middle toe without claw
24—27.6 (25.7 mm.).67
Adult female. — Wing 94-104 (98.7) ; tail 59-68 (62.3) ; culmen from
base 14.9-15.5 (15.2) ; tarsus 26.7-29.7 (28.5) ; middle toe without claw
24-27.9 (25.4 mm.).68
Range. — Resident in open bushy places in southwestern Mexico ; in
the states of Colima, Guerrero, Michoacan, Morelos, and Puebla.
Type locality. — California = Mexico.
Ortyx fasciatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843 (1844), 133 (“California”;
coll. Mus. Prince Massena, now in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; ex Nat-
terer, manuscript). — Cooper, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 95 (not known
north of Colima, Mexico).
Philortyx fasciatus Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 2, 1846, 17, pi. 14 and text. —
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 178 (near City of Mexico). — Lawrence,
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1874, 307 (plains of Colima, sw. Mexico). —
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 177, in text (Colima). — Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 406 (plains of Colima; Sierra Madre
del Sur and Dos Arroyos, Guerrero) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 127
(monogr.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 294 (Co¬
lima; Sierra Madre del Sur; Dos Arroyos; Chietta, Puebla) .—Todd, Auk,
xxxvii, 1920, 217, in text (syn.). — Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxv, 1934,
422 (Guerrero). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 46 (distr.). —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 238 (syn.; distr.). —
Blake and Hanson, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., xxii, No. 9, 1942,
527 (Michoacan; Apatzingan ; spec.).
[Philortyx] fasciatus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45.
Phylortix fasciatus Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los Esta-
dos Mexicanos, 1884, 168 (common names; Mexico).
CTTen specimens from Michoacan, Guerrero, and Morelos.
08 Six specimens from Michoacan, Guerrero, Colima, and Morelos.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
275
Ptilortyx fasciatus Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 761 (care in captivity).
[Eupsychortyx] fasciatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138.
Eupsychortyx fasciatus Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “An¬
tonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219 (Colima, Mexico).
C[allipepla ] fasciata Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 193.
Callipepla fasciata del Campo, Anal. Inst. Biol., viii, 1937, 336 (Morelos, Tecuman;
Las Estacas; spec.).
Ortyx perrotiana Des Murs, Rev. Zool., 1845, 207 (Mexico).
Philortyx personatus Ridgway, Auk, iii, No. 3, July, 1886, 333 (Chietta, Pueblo,
Mexico; coll. Com. Expl. Geog. de Mexico) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,
176 (Chietta).— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio
Alzate,” vii, No. 7-8, 1894, 218 (Puebla, Mexico).
C[allipcpla] personata Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 193.
Genus LOPHORTYX Bonaparte
Lophortyx Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 42. (Type, as designated by
Gray, 1840, Tetrao calif omicus Shaw.)
Lophortix (emendation) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 663.
Callipepla Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 317, part.
Medium-sized Odontophorinae (wing about 108-120 mm.) with tail
more than three-fourths as long as wing, 12 rectrices, crest long, club-
shaped, consisting of several plumes with webs convolute, the uppermost
plume thus enclosing those beneath; chest plain grayish (not squamated),
and sexes conspicuously different in coloration.
Bill relatively small, the chord of culmen (from extreme base) less
than half as long as tarsus, its depth at base not greater than distance
from anterior end of nasal fossa to tip of maxilla, and about equal to its
width at rictus. Outermost primary shorter than eighth (shorter than
ninth in L. douglasii ), the fourth, fifth, and sixth or fourth (in L. doug-
lasii) longest. Tail three-fourths as long as wing or more, graduated, the
graduation equal to two-thirds the length of tarsus or more; rectrices
(12) rather broad, slightly tapering terminally (except in L. douglasii ),
with rounded tips. Tarsus decidedly less than one-third as long as wing
(about one-fourth as long in L. douglasii) , shorter than middle toe with
claw, the planta tarsi covered mostly with rather small hexagonal scutella
but those near posterior edge of outer side larger, more transverse, and
tending to form a continuous linear series.
Plumage and coloration. — Feathers of forehead narrow, erectile, some¬
what bristlelike ; springing from center of crown a conspicuous elongated
club-shaped crest comprised of several plumes with conduplicate webs
narrower basally, broader terminally (in L. californica and L. gambelii )
or in middle portion (in L. douglasii), the uppermost plume folding over
or enclosing anteriorly and laterally the other plumes. Scapulars, tertials,
rump, etc., unspotted, but inner webs of tertials edged with buff or white;
chest plain gray. Sexes conspicuously different in coloration.
276
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Range. — Pacific coast district of United States, Baja California,
Arizona, New Mexico, extreme western Texas, and southward over west¬
ern and central Mexico. (Three species.)69
w Lophortyx leucoprosopon Reichenow (Orn. Monatsb., iii, 1895, 11, fig. opp. p. 97)
is omitted from this account as it is almost certainly a hybrid between L. gambelii
and L. douglasii, and has no locality, being based on two captive birds in a German
aviary.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
277
KEY TO THE FORMS (ADULTS) OF THE GENUS LOPHORTYX
a. Breast feathers with a scalloped pattern like those of abdomen.
b. Crest usually uniform dark sepia to fuscous (Sonora).
Lophortyx douglasii bensoni, 9 (p. 302)
bb. Crest usually spotted or incompletely barred with dull lawny.
c. Brown of underparts darker — dark olive-brown.
d. With a wing tip (the primaries extending beyond the secondaries in the
folded wing) of 15-20 mm. (Nayarit).
Lophortyx douglasii impedita, $ (p. 304)
dd. With little or no wing lip (northwestern Jalisco).
Lophortyx douglasii teres, 9 (p. 303)
cc. Brown of underparts paler — olive-brown to pale olive-brown (Sinaloa).
Lophortyx douglasii douglasii, 9 (p. 299)
aa. Breast feathers uniform gray or brownish gray.
b. Flanks dark chestnut.
c. Throat solid black rimmed with white.
d. Upper back gray with little or no olive wash.
e. Anterior upperparts between neutral gray and light neutral gray ( Tibu-
ron Island, Gulf of California).
Lophortyx gambelii pembertoni, $ ( p. 297)
ee. Anterior upperparts between neutural gray and light mouse gray (west¬
ern Colorado) . Lophortyx gambelii Sana, $ (p. 297)
dd. Upper back gray with a distinct olive wash.
e. Abdomen deep buffy in fresh plumage (southern Sonora).
Lophortyx gambelii fulvipectus, $ (p. 296)
ee. Abdomen pale buffy in fresh plumage.
/. Paler, the elongated feathers of sides and flanks between Sanford’s
brown and chestnut (western Texas, extreme southeastern New
Mexico) . Lophortyx gambelii ignoscens, $ (p. 298)
ff. Darker, the elongated feathers of sides and flanks' between chestnut
and bay (Utah, southern Nevada, New Mexico, southern Cali¬
fornia; south to northeast Baja California, north-central Sonora,
and extreme northwestern Chihuahua).
Lophortyx gambelii gambelii, $ (p. 291)
cc. Throat buffy or grayish lightly streaked with dusky gray.
d. Crown sepia (western Colorado) . .Lophortyx gambelii Sana, 9 (p. 297)
dd. Crown cinnamon-drab.
e. Anterior upperparts with little or no oblivaceous wash (Tiburon Island).
Lophortyx gambelii pembertoni, 9 (p. 297)
ee. Anterior upperparts with an olivaceous wash.
/. Abdomen pale buffy in fresh plumage.
g. Paler, elongated feathers of sides and flanks between Sanford’s
brown and chestnut (western Texas, extreme southeastern New
Mexico) . Lophortyx gambelii ignoscens, 9 (p. 298)
gg. Darker, elongated feathers of sides and flanks between chestnut and
bay (southern Utah, southern Nevada, southern California, most
of New Mexico, Arizona, southern to central Sonora, north¬
eastern Baja California, and northwestern Chihuahua).
Lophortyx gambelii gambelii, 9 (p. 291)
ff. Abdomen deep buffy in fresh plumage (southern Sonora).
Lophortyx gambelii fulvipectus, 9 (p. 296)
653008°— 46 - 19
278
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
bb. Flanks gray or olive-brown.
c. Throat solid black rimmed with white.
d. Back averaging more brown than gray in fresh plumage.
e. Back very dark, averaging more olive-brown than grayish brown
(coastal belt from southwestern Oregon to Santa Cruz County,
Calif. ) . Lophortyx californica brunnescens, $ (p.284)
ee. Back lighter, averaging more grayish brown than olive-brown.
f. Larger, wings averaging 116 mm. (Catalina Island).
Lophortyx californica catalinensis, $ (p. 286)
ff. Smaller, wings averaging 110 mm. (coastal belt from San Francisco
south to San Diego, and interior valleys west of the Sierra Nevada.)
Lophortyx californica californica, $ (p. 279)
dd. Back averaging more gray than brown in fresh plumage.
e. Back with considerable olive-brownish suffusion.
/. Darker, the breast deep neutral gray (southern Baja California).
Lophortyx californica achrustera, $ (p. 289)
ff. Paler, the breast neutral gray (Owens Valley, east-central California).
Lophortyx californica canfieldae, $ (p. 290)
ee. Back with little or no olive-brownish suffusion.
f. Darker, the breast neutral gray (northwestern Baja California).
Lophortyx californica plumbea, $ (p. 287)
ff. Paler, the breast light neutral gray (Warner Valley, Oreg.).
Lophortyx californica orecta, $ (p. 290)
cc. Throat not solid black rimmed with white.
d. Throat black barred with white,
c. Breast very pale— smoke gray with a faint bluish tinge (Sonora).
Lophortyx douglasii bensoni, $ (p. 302)
ee. Breast darker — light neutral gray or darker.
f. Breast feathers mostly with indistinct pale rufescent terminal spots
(Chihuahua) . Lophortyx douglasii languens, $ (p. 305)
ff. Breast feathers mostly with no such spots.
g. With a wing tip of 15-20 mm.
h. General coloration averaging darker, gray of breast and abdomen
neutral gray, white abdominal spots more or less ringed with
blackish (Nayarit) . Lophortyx douglasii impedita, $ (p. 304)
hh. General coloration averaging paler, gray of breast and abdomen
light neutral gray, white abdominal spots with no blackish rings
(Sinaloa) . Lophortyx douglasii douglasii, $ (p.299)
gg. With little or no wing tip (Jalisco).
Lophortyx douglasii teres, $ (p. 303)
dd. Throat not black barred with white, but grayish or grayish buffy streaked
with dusky.
e. Back decidedly brownish.
/. Upperparts dark olive-brown; breast brownish (coastal belt from
southwestern Oregon to Santa Cruz County, Calif.).
Lophortyx californica brunnescens, 2 (p. 284)
ff. Upperparts grayish brown ; breast grayish.
g. Larger, wings averaging 116 mm. (Catalina Island).
Lophortyx californica catalinensis, 2 (p. 286)
gg. Smaller, wings averaging 108 mm. (coastal belt from San Francisco
Bay south to San Diego and inland west of Sierra Nevada).
Lophortyx californica californica, 2 (p. 279)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
279
ee. Back decidedly grayish.
f. Darker, the breast mouse gray (northwestern Baja California).
Lophortyx californica plumbea, 9 (p. 287)
ff. Paler, the breast grayish drab to light grayish drab.
g. Back suffused with olive-brownish (southern Baja California).
Lophortyx californica achrustera, 9 (p. 289)
gg. Back with little or no brownish suffusion.
h. Paler, the sides and flanks buffy brown (Owens Valley, east-cen¬
tral California) .Lophortyx californica canfieldae, 9 (p. 290)
hh. Darker, the sides and flanks olive-brown (Warner Valley, Oreg.).
Lophortyx californica orecta, 9 (p. 290)
LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICA CALIFORNICA (Shaw)
Valley Quail
Adult male.— Forehead and anterior part of crown back to middle of
the eyes pale olive-buff, the feathers with fine dusky shafts and the more
posterior ones tipped with white, forming a white line of demarcation
across the crown ; this followed by a broader blackish one which turns
posteriorly at the sides to form the lateral margins of the hindcrown and
occiput, which are raw umber; coronal crest of six forward-drooping,
terminally expanded black feathers ; feathers of hindneck and posterior
sides of neck dark brownish gray margined with fuscous to black and
subterminally spotted finely with white, giving a finely speckled appear¬
ance ; anterior interscapulars slate-gray with margins, tips, and shaft
streaks of fuscous to chaetura drab, the gray often paler subterminally,
giving a diluted reflection of the nape pattern; posterior interscapulars,
back, lower back, and rump brownish olive; scapulars and upper wing
coverts between buffy brown and olive-brown in fresh plumage (fading
to more slate-gray in spring), the longer scapulars internally edged with
light ochraceous-buff ; secondaries dark olive-brown narrowly edged
toward their ends with light ochraceous-buff ; primaries dark olive-brown ;
upper tail coverts like the rump but with a slate-gray tinge , rectrices
between slate-gray and deep mouse gray ; lores, chin, and throat jet-
black, the throat bordered posteriorly by a broad white band beginning
at the lower hind end of the eye and continuing between the cheeks and
the auriculars to the sides of the throat and across the throat , another
white band begins just above it at the hind end of the eye and borders
the blackish rim of the crown and occiput ; auriculars and a posterolateral
border of the white throat border black; breast solid deep neutral gray
with a slate wash ; middle of upper abdomen warm buff, sides of upper
abdomen white, all the feathers heavily margined with black terminally ;
a large patch in the center of the abdomen bright hazel, the feathers
margined with black ; lower middle of abdomen pale buffy whitish barred
with dark olive-brown, the dark bars becoming fainter posteriorly;
feathers of sides deep olive-brown with terminal lanceolate white shaft
280
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
streaks, some of the most anterior ones, actually on the lower sides of
the breast with the brown replaced .by deep neutral gray on all but their
exposed areas, and the most posterior ones, bordering on the flanks,
with broad margins of pale ochraceous-buff on both webs; flanks, vent,
and under tail coverts pale ochraceous-buff with broad median streaks
of olive-brown, these streaks darkening to chaetura drab on the longer
under tail coverts ; under wing coverts dull grayish brown margined with
paler; iris dark brown; bill black; tarsi and toes blackish.
Adult female. — Forehead, lores, and anterior part of crown pale buffy
brown, the feathers with fine black shafts ; posterior half of crown and
the occiput sepia, the coronal crest smaller and less recurved than in
male, dark fuscous; nape and lower sides of neck as in male but the
grays replaced by light, dull buffy brown which color also tinges the
pale subterminal spots on these feathers ; rest of upperparts of body as
in the male but averaging darker and more brownish, less olive; wings
and tail as in male ; chin and throat grayish white, the feathers with dull
olive-brown shaft streaks, cheeks similar but with the streaks finer and
blacker; breast grayish buffy brown in fresh plumage (becoming more
grayish less buffy brown with wear) ; upper and lateral parts of abdomen
white the feathers heavily bordered with blackish ; middle lower abdomen,
vent, sides, flanks, and under tail coverts as in the male.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Forehead and anterior part of crown as in
adult female but the feathers with indistinct pale grayish terminal spots ;
rest of crown and the occiput as in adult female except that the lateral,
loreal-supraorbital area is paler, more washed with pale ochraceous-buff,
and the coronal crest shorter and lighter — sepia; lower sides of neck
and hindneck between dusky buffy brown and hair brown with no dusky
edges or pale spots; interscapulars and upper back hair brown with
narrow white shafts, which spread out laterally at the tip and with fuscous
blotches on each web just before this whitish tip; interscapulars and
upper wing coverts similar but with the hair brown washed and mottled
with dull tawny-olive; secondaries with their outer webs chiefly dull
tawny-olive barred with blackish, each bar distally broadly bordered with
pale warm buff, the tawny-olive interspaces finely dotted with black ; their
inner webs dull clove brown sparsely flecked, chiefly terminally, with
tawny-olive ; primaries similar but without the tawny-olive, their inner
webs uniform dusky clove brown, their outer ones largely pale pinkish buff
with incomplete, indistinct transverse dusky brownish bars ; back, lower
back, rump, and upper tail coverts dark hair brown with faint cross bars
of grayish buffy and faint shafts of the same; median rectrices dark hair
hrown with incomplete marginal cross bars of fuscous distally bordered
by dirty white on both webs; the ground color of the rectrices becoming
more slate-gray on the lateral ones and the marginal bars becoming
shorter; chin and throat grayish white; cheeks, auriculars, and sides of
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
281
neck buffy hair brown ; breast feathers hair brown with narrow whitish
shafts terminally broadening into round spots and subterminally crossed
by fuscous transverse spots; feathers of sides similar; rest of underparts
white with a faint grayish buffy tinge, barred with faint dull olive-brown ;
the posterior underparts more heavily washed with buffy than the more
anterior areas.
Natal dozun. — General color above light buff tinged with pale cinnamon-
buff ; a lengthwise patch of pale snuff brown on the middle of the fore¬
head ; center of crown and occiput snuff brown bordered by blackish ; a
spot of pale snuff brown on the auriculars ; a longitudinal fuscous line
on each side of the spinal tract, paralleled by a similar pair on the sides
of the back, the spinal tract itself becoming more and more tinged with
pale hazel posteriorly; a semitransverse humeral line of blackish brown
and two incomplete transverse bands of the same on each wing; below
dull white, tinged with pale buff on the breast, flanks, thighs, and vent.
Adult male. — Wing 106-117 (110.6); tail 83.8-99.5 ( 89.2); oilmen
from base 14.8-16.0 (15.1) ; tarsus 31.5-34.5 (32.9) ; middle toe without
claw 25-30 (27.4 mm.).70
Adult female.- — Wing 105-111.5 (107.8) ; tail 79-88.5 (83.8) ; culmen
from base 14-16 (14.8) ; tarsus 28.5-32.5 (30.4) ; middle toe without
claw 24—28 (26 mm.).71
Range. — Resident in the semiarid interior of California from the
Oregon line south to central San Diego County ; in the coastal belt from
just south of San Francisco Bay to San Diego, and east to extreme
western Nevada. Oregon occurrences are apparently due to introductions.
Introduced into Hawaii, Utah, Arizona (native?), and New Mexico
(Santa Fe County).
Type locality. — Monterey, Calif.
Tctrao calif ornicus Shaw, Nat. Misc., ix, 1798, pi. 345 (California; San Francisco
or Monterey ?).
Callipepla californica Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. 4, 1857, 92 part
(Sacramento Valley; Willamette Valley).— Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., x, pt. 4, No. 2, 1859, 60, part (chiefly; s. to Vallecito; habits). — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 109, part.
C[allipepla] californica Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 318.
Lophortyx californica Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds,
ed. 2, 1840, 789, part— Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, book 2,
pt. 3, 1860, 225, part.— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 439 (valleys and
foothills, and w. slope of Sierra Nevada; habits).— Ridgw ay, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., iii, 1830, 197; Norn. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 482, part.— Coues, Check
List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 575, part.— Gabrielson, Auk, xli, 1924,
505 (Wallowa Valley, Oregon; common); (?) Condor, xxxiii, 1931, 112
(abundant in Rogue River Valley, Oreg.).— (?) Miller, in Chaney, Miller, and
70 Thirty-five specimens.
71 Thirteen specimens.
282
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Dice, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 349, 1925, 79 (bones; Rancho La Brea).
— (?) Miller, Condor, xxxii, 1930, 118 (San Pedro Pleistocene) ; (?) Condor,
xxxvii, 1935, 78 (bones, McKittrick Pleistocene deposits).— Price, Condor,
xxxiii, 1931, 1 (flocking habits) ; xl, 1938, 87 in text (male incubating). —
Compton, Condor, xxxiii, 1931, 249 (young) ; xxxiv, 1932, 48 (hybrid between
this form and Texas bobwhite). — Wythe, Condor, xxxv, 1933, 34 (attached by
snake). — Sumner, California Fish and Game, xxi, 1935, 200-221 (behavior).—
Grinnell and Linsdale, Vert. Anim. Point Lobos Reserve, 1936, 39, 59 (Point
Lobos, Calif.; nesting; food).— Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 115 (territory),
145 in text (mating behavior), 237 in text (egg laying), 239 in text (no. of eggs),
280 (white eggs), 323 in text (107 eggs laid in 115 days by one bird), 397 in text
(time of day of hatching), 415 in text (eggs eaten by snakes). — Emlen, Journ.
Wildlife Manag., iii, 1939, 118-130 (behavior). — Jewett, Condor, xli, 1939, 30,
in text (Tule Lake, Calif.; killed by snake). — Herman, Jankiewicz, and
Saarni, Condor, xliv, 1942, 169, in text (coccidiosis) . — De May, Condor, xliv,
1942, 229 (Buena Vista Lake, Calif.; bones). — Miller, Condor, xlv, 1943, 105,
in text (bone meas.). — Behle, Condor, xlvi, 19-14, 72 (Utah, introduced).
L[ophortyx] califomica Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 592, part.
Lophortyx calif ornicus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 644, part (Tulare
Valley, Tejon Vallejo, Fort Tejon, San Diego, and Mohave River, Calif.; Wil¬
lamette Valley, Oreg. ?) ; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 22
(near San Diego) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 474, part; in Cooper, Orn.
California, Land Birds, 1870, 549, part— Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel¬
phia, 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon). — Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 40 (Bridgeport,
Conn., escaped cage bird) ; Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 391, part.—
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 479, part, pi.
61, fig. 4, pi. 64, figs. 1, 2. — Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, 172 (Nevada;
western foothills of Sierra Nevada, 1867) ; Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 602, part
(w. foothills of Sierra Nevada). — Nelson, Bull. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii,
1875, 364 (Nevada City, Calif.; abundant). — Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club,
viii, 1883, 32, in text (San Gorgonio Pass, Ariz. ; most eastern locality).—
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 400 part (Kernville, Fort
Tejon, Jolon, San Bernardino County, Coahuila Valley, Colton, San Diego
County, Colorado Desert, etc., Calif.; Carson, w. Nevada). — Judd, U. S. Biol.
Surv. Bull. 21, 1905, 47, part (range; habits; food). — Portielje, Ardea, xvi,
1927, 20, in text (psychology) .— Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 760 (captivity).
—Groebbels, Der Vogel, i, 1932, 185 (alt. distr.), 619 (body weight), 664 (body
temperature). — Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxxviii, 1932, 268 (type
loc. ; crit.).
[ Lophortyx ] calif ornicus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 238, part.
Callipepla californica vallicola Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355
(“interior valleys of California; type from Baird, Shasta County, in coll. U. S.
Nat. Mus.).— American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 294a; ed.
2, 1895, No. 294 a; ed. 3, 1910, 136.— Fisher, North Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893,
28 (Cajon Pass, Lone Willow Spring, Panamint Mountains, Argus Range, Coso
Mountains, Owens Lake, Walker Pass, Kern River, etc., Calif.). — Holzner,
Auk, xiii, 1896, 81, part (San Diego County; habits). — Grinnell, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., Publ. 1, 1897, 12 (San Clemente Island; introduced).— Woodcock,
Oregon Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 68, 1902, 25 (interior valleys, etc., of w. Oregon).
C[allipepla] California vallicola Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 192.
Lophortyx calif ornicus vallicola Elliot, Gallin. Game Birds North America, 1897,
60.— American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 106.— Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1904, 580 (Mount Sanhedrin, Mendocino County,
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
283
h. California).— Goldman, Condor, x, 1908, 203 (w. side Tulare Lake and Buena
Vista Lake, s. California).— Dawson and Bowles, Birds of Washington, ii, 1909,
570 (Washington; habits; distr. ; introduced) .— Kessel, Condor, xxiii, 1921,
167 in text (flocking habits). — Bennitt, Univ. Missouri Studies, vii, No. 3,
1932, 26 footnote (Missouri; introduced; established in Newton and McDonald
Counties). — Caum, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, 13 (Hawaii; intro¬
duced; established). — Emlen and Lorenz, Auk, lix, 1942, 369 in text (pairing
response to sex hormone pellet implants).
L[ophortyx] c[alifomicus] vallicola Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 120.
Lophortyx calif arnica vallicola American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3,
1910, 136; ed. 4, 1931, 89, part. — Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 8, 1912, 10
(California) ; No. 11, 1915, 59, part (Sonoran zones of California e. of humid
coast belt and w. of Mojave and Colorado Deserts) ; Univ. California Publ.
Zool., x, 1913, 230 (San Jacinto Mountains, s. California; habits, etc.) ; xxxviii,
1932, 269 (type loc.; crit.) ; Condor, xxviii, 1926, 128 in text (crit.).— Willett,
Pacific Coast Avif., No. 7, 1912, 43, part (Pacific slope of s. California) ;
Condor, xxi, 1919, 202 (Clear Lake to Diamond Valley, ne. California). — Tyler,
Pacific Coast Avif., No. 9, 1913, 32 (Fresno district, Calif.; very common;
economic status). — Kellogg, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xii, 1916, 379 (Helena,
Scott River, and Tower House, n. Calif.) .—Howell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 12,
1917, 52, part (introduced on San Clemente and Santa Cruz Islands; crit.). —
Dawson, Birds California (stud, ed.), iii, 1923, 1576, part (California; habits;
distr.). — Richards, Condor, xxvi, 1924, 99 (Grass Valley district, Calif.). —
Grinnell and Storer, Animal Life in Yosemite, 1924, 270 (Yosemite; habits;
descr. ; distr.). — Wyman and Burnell, Field Book Birds Southwestern United
States, 1925, 86 (descr.; chars.). — Mailliard, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4,
xvi, 1927, 294 (Modoc County, Calif.; nesting season).— Grinnell, Dixon, and
Linsdale, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxxv, 1930, 208 (Lassen Peak region, n.
California).— Clark, Condor, xxxii, 1930, 51 (Mount St. Helena, Napa County,
Calif.).- — Cookman, Wils. Bull., xlii, 1930, 65 (Santa Cruz, Idaho, Calif.). —
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 62 (habits; distr.).— Compton, Condor,
xxxv, 1933, 71 (eggs eaten by snake).— Linsdale, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 23,
1936, 23, 48 (Nevada; resident in w. part of State).— Arnold, Condor, xxxix,
1937, 32 (Coalinga area, Fresno, Calif., abundant).— Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii,
1937, 167 (breeding biology) .—Emlen, Condor, xl, 1938, 41 in text (near
Madera, Calif.; nests robbed by squirrels).— Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds
Oregon, 1940, 221 (Oregon; distr.; habits).— Einarsen, Murrelet, xxii, 1941,
9, 11, in text (management).— Errington, Wils. Bull., liii, 1941, 91.
Lophortyx californicus vallicolus Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 3, 1902, 30
(California; abundant resident arid Upper Sonoran Zone); Auk, xxii, 1905, 381
(Mount Pinos, Calif.).
Lophortyx c[alif arnica] vallicola Hanna, Condor, xxvi, 1924, 147, in text (egg
weight).
[Lophortyx] vallicola Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44, part.
Lophortyx calif ornica calif ornica Jensen, Auk, xl, 1923, 454 (n. Santa Fe County,
N. Mex., nesting). — Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 21, 1933,49 (common resi¬
dent in lowlands and foothills of sw. California).— Peters, Check-list Birds of
World, ii, 1934, 44— Glading, Condor, xl, 1938, 261 in text (male incubating).—
Emlen, Condor, xl, 1938, 85 in text (chicks attacked by ants). — van Rossem,
Auk, lvi, 1939, 68, in text (crit.).— Miller and Curtis, Murrelet, xxi, 1940, 42
284
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
(Washington).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 232
(syn. ; distr.).
Lophortyx c[alifomica ] Dunlavy, Auk, lii, 1935, 42S (ecol., distr.). — Groebbei.s,
Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 167 (data on breeding biology).
Lophortyx c[alifornica] califomica Marshall and Leatham, Auk, lix, 1942, 44
(Great Salt Lake Islands, Utah). — Amadon, Auk, lx, 1943, 226 (body weight
and egg weight).
LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICA BRUNNESCENS Ridgway
California Quail
Adult. — Similar to the corresponding sex of the nominate race but
darker, the upperparts much browner, the back and upper surface of
the wings olive-brown to almost Dresden brown in fresh plumage ; the
breast in the male slightly deeper and more slate colored ; in the female
the breast is more olive-brownish, less grayish than in the typical form.
Juvenal.- — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the upper-
parts more suffused with tawny-olive, the lower parts with an ochraceous
wash, and the dark markings averaging greater in size both above and
below.
Natal down. — Similar to that of the typical form.
Adult male. — Wing 108-119 (113.6) ; tail 85—94 (88.9) ; culmen from
base 14.8-16.5 (15.7) ; tarsus 30-34 (32.4) ; middle toe without claw 26.5-
30.5 (27.9 mm.).73
Adult female.— Wing 106-113 (110); tail 79.5-88 (83.5); culmen
from base 14.5-16 (15.2); tarsus 29-34.5 (31.4); middle toe without
claw 26-29.5 (27.4 mm.).73
Range. — Resident in the humid coastal area of California from the
noithern border south to Santa Cruz County. Often recorded in literature
as extending north to southwestern Oregon, but no specimens of this
form have ever been taken there.74
Introduced into Hawaii, New Zealand, Chile, and locally in western
United States (Washington, Colorado, etc.) and Vancouver Island,
Canada.
Type locality. — San Francisco, Calif.75
P[erdix\ califomica Latham, Index Orn. Suppl., 1801, p. lxii.
Perdix califomica Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 259.— Bonaparte,
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ii, pt. 1, 1826, 125; Contr. Maclurian Lyc.,
1827, 22. Lesson, Traite d Orn., 1831, 507. — Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States
and Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 655, part. — Audubon, Orn. Biogr., v, 1839 152 pi
413.
7> Twenty-five specimens.
7> Eleven specimens.
74 Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds of Oregon, 1940, 222.
70 Specimens from the east side of San Francisco Bay are typical L. c. califomica,
and so the type locality must be on the western side of the Bay.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
285
Lophortyx calif arnica Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 42.- — Nuttall, Man.
Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds, ed. 2, 1840, 789, part (Oregon;
Monterey). — Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. 4, 1857, 92, part
(habits). — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, book 2, pt. 3,
1860, 225, part (introduced, from San Francisco and liberated near Olympia,
Washington; introduced into Puget Sound region in spring of 1857). — Ridgway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 197 ; Nom. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 482,
part. — Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 575, part. —
Henshaw, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 184 (story of a semidomesticated
bird). — Bryan, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., 1908, 56 [146] (Molokai, Hawaii; in¬
troduced). — Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., xxiii, 1919, Nos. 1-2, p. 15. — Dabbene,
El Hornero, ii, 1920, 56 (introduced into Chile). — Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.,
xxix, 1925, 148 (San Bernardino, Chile; introduced). — Taverner, Birds Western
Canada, 1926, 162 (fig.; descr. ; habits; distr. ; w. Canada).— Swarth, Condor,
xxix, 1927, 164, in text (imported from Chile). — Alford, Ibis, 1928, 196 (Van¬
couver Island). — Brown, Murrelet, xi, 1930, 18, in text (Seattle, Wash.). —
Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 164, in text (introduced in Canada); Can.
Water Birds, 1939, 176 (Canada; introduced).— Hand, Condor, xliii, 1941, 225
(St. Joe National Forest, Idaho, introduced).
L[ophortyx] californica Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 592, part.—
Bryan, Key to the Birds Hawaiian Group, 1901, 30 (Hawaiian Islands; intro¬
duced).
Lophortyx calif ornicus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 644, part (Bodega,
Petaluma, San Francisco, and San Jose, Calif.) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859,
No. 474, part; in Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870, 549, part. — Ali.en,
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 171 (Ogden, Utah; introduced), 181 (Salt
Lake Valley, Utah, introduced). — Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 479, part.— Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874,
No. 391, part— Ridgway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 602, part (near San Fran¬
cisco). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 400, part (Whidley,
Wash.; Redwood, Big Trees of Santa Cruz County, and Monterey, Calif.). —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 106. — Van Denburgh,
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., xxxviii, 1899, 157 (Santa Clara County, Calif.; habits,
etc.).— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 197 (Vancouver Island; introduced). —
Cooke, Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 56, 1900, 202 (Colorado; Grand Junction;
introduced). — McGregor, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 2, 1901, 5 (California; Santa
Cruz County; common). — Henshaw, Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 134 (introduced
on Hawaii and other islands). — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 120, part— Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 21, 1905, 47, part (range; food;
habits).— Bowles, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 142 (Tacoma, Washington; introduced).—
Rockwell, Condor, x, 1908, 160 (Mesa County, Colo.; introduced; abundant). —
ICermode, [Visitors’ Guide] Publ. Provinc. Mus., 1909, 40 (Vancouver Island;
introduced). — Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909, 568 (Wash¬
ington; habits; distr.).— Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909, 216
(Vancouver Island; introduced). — Sclater, Hist. Birds Colorado, 1912, 143
(Colorado; introduced; now abundant).— Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, 1921, 206
(Mendoza, Argentina; introduced) —Poll, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvii, 1927,
410 (lower Bavaria; escaped cage bird?). — Dabbene, Rev. Diosa Cazadora,
No. 85, 1934, 125 (descr.; distr.).
[Lophortyx] calif omicus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 238, part. — Sharpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 44.
286
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Lophortyx calif ornianus Henshaw, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, xi, 1874, 10
introduced near Ogden, Utah). — Lonnberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez Is., pt. i,
1920, 2, 17 (Juan Fernandez Islands, introduced; Masatierra. Masafuera).
Callipepla californica Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 1, 1844, pi. 16 and text.—
Newberry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. 4, 1857, 92, part. — Heermann, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, No. 2, 1859, 60, part ?. — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.'
London, 1859, 206 (length of incubation).— American Ornithologists’ Union,
Check-list, 1886, No. 294; 1895, 2 ed., No. 294. — Fisher, North Amer. Fauna,
No. 7, 1893, 27 (coast of California, from Monterey to Boulder Creek).—
Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, 37 (Nisqually and Van¬
couver Island, British Columbia; introduced). — Cooke, Colorado State Agr.
Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, 69 (Colorado; introduced). — Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 48
(molt, etc.).— Woodcock, Oregon Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 68, 1902, 25 (coast
region of Oregon).— von Burg, in Fatio and Studer, Ois. Suisse, xv, 1926, 3154
(Switzerland; introduced).— Gaedechens, Orn. Monatsb., xli, 1933, 60, in text
(Schleswig-Holstein; escaped introduced birds).
C[allipepla ] californica Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 192.
[Callipepla] californica Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae 1848 pi 199
figs. 1914-1916.
Ortyx californica Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xi, pt. 2, 1819, 384.— Lesson,
Cent. Zool., 1830, 188, pi. 60.— Vigors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Birds, 1839, 27.—
Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 199; Birds Amer., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 67, pi. 290.—
Jardine, Nat. Libr. Orn., 1834 iv, pi. 11.
Lophortyx californica californica American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 3, 1910, 136; ed. 4, 1931, 89.— Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 8, 1912, 10
(California); No. 11, 1915, 59 (humid coast belt s. to Monterey). — Shelton,
Univ. Oregon Bull., new ser. xiv, No. 4, 1917, 20, 26 (w. central Oregon; intro¬
duced).— Jensen, Auk, xl, 1923, 454 (n. Sante Fe County, N. Mex.).
Lophortyx californicus californicus Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 3, 1902, 29
(California; humid coast belt s. to Monterey). — Ray, Auk, xxi, 1904, 439
(Farallon Islands, present for 7 years).— Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, li, 1930, 15,
in text (near Victoria, Vancouver Island).
Lophortyx c[alifortiicus] californicus Jenkins, Condor, viii, 1906, 126 (Monterey
County, Calif.).
Lophortyx californicus brunnescens Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, ii, 1885
(pub. Apr. 10, 1884), 94 (Santa Barbara, Calif. ; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Lophortyx californica brunnescens Grinnell, Condor, xxxiii, 1931, 38 (crit.) ; Univ.
California Publ. Zool., xxxviii, 1932, 269 (type loc. ; crit.) .— Hellmayr, Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xix, 1932, 423 (Chile and Juan Fernandez
Islands; introduced). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 44. _
Anonymous, El Hornero, vi, 1935, 196 (introduced into Argentina and Chile—
Coquimbo, Talea, Juan Fernandez Islands). — Steullet and Deautier, Obra Cin-
cuentenario Mus. Plata, i, pt. 3, 1939, 502 (introduced into Chile and Argentina).
—Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 233 (syn. ; distr.).—
Jewett, Condor, xliv, 1942, 36 (Coos County, Oreg.).-^AMADON, Auk, lx, 1943,
226 (body weight and egg weight).
LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICA CATALINENSIS Grinnell
Santa Catalina Quail
Adult. — Similar to that of the corresponding sex of the nominate race
but larger throughout and averaging darker.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
287
Adult male. — Wing 116-119 (117.7) ; tail 89.5-90 (89.7); oilmen
from base 14.5-16 (15) ; tarsus 33-35 (34.1) ; middle toe without claw
27.5-29 (28.3 mm.).76
Adult female. — Wing 113.5-117 (115.7) ; tail 87.5-88 (87.8) ; culmen
from base 14.5-16 (14.8) ; tarsus 32-33 (32.3) ; middle toe without claw
27-28 (27.6 mm.).76
Range. — Resident on Santa Catalina Island, Calif.
Type locality. — Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Calif.
Lophortyx calif ornicus (not Tetrao calif ornicus Shaw) Baird, in Cooper, Orn.
California, Land Birds, 1870, 549, part (Santa Catalina Island).
Callipepla califomica vallicola (not of Ridgway) Grinnell, Auk, xv, 1898, 234
(Santa Catalina Island) —Howell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 12, 1917, 52, part
(Santa Catalina Island; crit.).
Lophortyx catalinensis Grinnell, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 262 (Avalon, Santa Catalina
Island, Santa Barbara group, Calif.; coll. J. Grinnell); Condor, x, 1908, 94
(crit.).— Childs, Warbler, iii, 1907, 1, col. pi. (eggs; descr. nest and eggs).—
Richardson, Condor, x, 1908, 66 (Santa Catalina Island). — Oberholser, Auk,
xxxiv, 1917, 194 (crit.). — Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxxviii, No.
3, 1932, 270 (type loc. ; crit.).
Lophortyx califomica catalinensis Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 8, 1912, 10
(California; listed) ; No. 11, 1915, 59 (Santa Catalina Island) ; Condor, xxxiii,
1931, 38 (crit.).— Oberholser, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 194 (crit.) ; xxxv, 1918, 206.—
Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Birds California, 1918, 537 (distr.). —
Dawson, Birds California (stud, ed.), iii, 1923, 1578 (California; habits; distr.).
—American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 89 (distr.). —
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 70 (habits; distr.) .—Willett, Pacific
Coast Avif. No. 21, 1933, 49 (abundant; Catalina Island; considers this race
only doubtfully distinct) .—Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 45.—
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 234 (syn. ; distr.).
Lophortyx [califomica] catalinensis Dickey and van Rossem,, Condor, xxiv, 1922,
34, in text (crit.; maintains its validity).
LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICA PLUMBEA Grinnell
San Quintin Valley Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the back
more grayish in fresh plumage, having little or no brownish suffusion ;
the breast is neutral gray, by which darker tone it may be distinguished
from L. c. orecta (in which the breast is light neutral gray).
Adult jemale. — Similar to that of the nominate race but much more
grayish, less brownish above; the breast is mouse gray (as opposed to
grayish drab to light grayish drab in the races achrustera, canfieldae, and
orecta.
Adult male. — Wing 102-115 (107.3) ; tail 77-88.5 (83) ; culmen from
base 13.8-15.5 (14.5); tarsus 28-33 (30.9); middle toe without claw
24-27.5 (25.8 mm.).77
10 Three specimens of each sex.
'"Eighteen specimens.
28S
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Wing 101-110 (105.3); tail 78-85 (82.2); culmen
from base 14—15 (14.5) ; tarsus 28.5-32 (29.8) ; middle toe without claw
24-27 (25 mm.).78
Range. — Resident in open chaparral country from southwestern San
Diego County, Calif. (Dulzura, Campo, and Mountain Spring), through
northwestern Baja California, roughly south to latitude 30° N. — the so-
called San Quintin subfaunal district; east in canyons to the east base
of the Sierra San Pedro Martir, and to San Felipe on the Gulf of Cali¬
fornia, also on Los Coronados Islands.
Type locality. — San Jose, alt. 2,500 feet, 45 miles northeast of San
Quintin, Baja California.
Lophortyx californica Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds,
ed. 2, 1840, 789, part.— Salle and Parzudaki, Cat. Oiseaux Mexique, 1862, 6
(Mexico).— Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 575, part.—
Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894,
219 part.
Lophortyx calif ornicus Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 644, part; Cat.
North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 474, part.— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds’ Brit.
Mus., xxii, 1893, 400, part (s. San Diego County, Calif.).— Judd, U. S. Biol.
Surv. Bull. 21, 1905, 47, part.
Callipepla californica vallicola Bryant, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, ii, 1889,
276, part (San Quintin, etc., Baja California; descrip, of nest and eggs). —
Holzner, Auk, xii, 1896, 81, part (s. San Diego County, Calif.).
Lophortyx californica vallicola Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 7, 1912, 43, part
(extreme sw. California).— Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 11, 1915, 59, part
(w. of Colorado Desert, part) ; Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxxii, 1928, 101
(extreme n. Baja California). — Howell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 12, 1917, 52,
part (Los Coronados Ids., Baja California). — Dawson, Birds California (stud,
ed.), iii, 1923, 1576, part (habits; etc.). — Anthony, Proc. California Acad. Sci.,
ser. 4, xiv, 1925, 294 (e. of San Quintin, Baj.a California). — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list North Amer. Birds, ed. 4, 1931, 89, part
(extreme n. Baja California).
Lophortyx calif ornicus vallicola Thayer and Bangs, Condor, ix, 1907, 136 (Rosario,
San Javier, San Andreas, and Rosarito, Baja California). — Wright, Condor,
xi, 1909, 100 (Los Coronados Islands, Baja California).
Lophortyx californica Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 528 (San Quintin
Bay, Baja California).
\ Lophortyx] vallicola Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44, part.
Lophortyx californica plumhea Grinnell, Condor, xxviii, 1926, 128 (orig. descr. ;
San Jose, 45 miles northeast of San Quintin, Baja California; crit.) ; Univ.
California Publ. Zool., xxxii, 1928, 101 (distr.). — American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 90 (distr.) .—Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162,
1932, 71 (life hist.).— Rowley, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 163 (nesting; San Telmo to
San Fernando, Baja California).
Lophortyx californica californica Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 44,
part (n. Baja California s. to lat. 30° N.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 232, part (n. Baja California, s. to lat. 30° N.).
78 Twelve specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
289
LOPHORTYX CALIFORNIA ACHRUSTERA Peters
San Lucas Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but back darker,
averaging more gray than brown in fresh plumage (the opposite is true
in typical calif ornica) ; the breast deep neutral gray (darker than the
race plumbea of northern Baja California).
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race but the back de¬
cidedly grayish rather than brownish, the breast grayish drab to light
grayish drab. From the races canfieldae and orecta this form differs in
being slightly less grayish above.
Other plumage like the corresponding ones of the nominate race.
Adult male . — Wing 107-114 (110); tail 86-100 (91); oilmen from
base 14-17 (15.4); tarsus 28.5-33 (31.2); middle toe without claw
24-27 (25.8 mm.).79
Adult female. — Wing 105-108 (106) ; tail 81-88 (84.9) ; culmen from
base 14.5-15.5 (15); tarsus 29-31 (30.2); middle toe without claw
24-25.5 (24.8 mm.). 80
Range. — Resident in the southern half or more of Baja California from
Cape San Lucas north to about latitude 30° N.
Type locality. — La Paz, Baja California.
Lophortyx californicus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, 305 (Cape
San Lucas) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 474, part.— Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 400 part (Cape San Lucas).
Lophortyx calif ornica Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 544 (Cape San Lucas).
— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii,
1894, 219 part (Baja California; part).
Lophortyx calif ornica vallicola Bryant, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, ii, 1889,
276, part (Cape San Lucas region).— Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xlviii, 1923, 13 (Gulf Coast of Baja California from Cape San Lucas to Agua
Verde Bay). — Mailliard, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xiii, 1923, 454 (San
Francisquito Bay, Point Santa Antonita, and Agua Verde Bay, Baja California,
May).
Callipepla californica vallicola Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 136
(Cape San Lucas). — Anthony, Zoe, iv, 1893, 232 (Baja California; habits);
Auk, xii, 1895, 136 (San Fernando, Baja California).
Lophortyx californicus vallicola Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902 (Tri-
unfo, San Jose del Rancho, La Paz, and Sierra de la Laguna, s. Baja Cali¬
fornia; crit.).
[Lophortyx] vallicola Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44, part.
Lophortyx californica achrustera Peters, Proc. New England Zool. Club, viii, 1923,
79 (La Paz, Baja California; orig. descr. ; crit.).— Oberholser, Auk, xli, 1924,
592 (addition to North Amer. Check-list) —Grinnell, Condor, xxviii, 1926, 128,
in text (crit.) ; Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxxii, 1928, 103 (distr. in Baja
California).— Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930, 159 (type spec, in
10 Twenty specimens.
" Five specimens.
290
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Mus. Comp. Zool.). — Bancroft, Condor, xxii, 1930, 25 (Jose Maria Canon;
breeding; San Ignacio, Baja California). — American Ornithologists’ Union,
Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 90 (distr.) . — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 162, 1932, 72
(life hist.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 45. — Rowley, Condor,
xxxvii, 1935, 163, in text (nesting; Miraflores, Baja California) .—van Rossem,
Auk, lvi, 1939, 68, in text (crit.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 234 (syn. ; distr.).
LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICA CANFIELD AE van Rossem
Olathe Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of L. c. achrustera but paler, the breast
neutral gray (as opposed to deep neutral gray in the San Lucas quail).
Adult female. — Similar to that of L. c. achrustera but paler, the back
with little or none of the olive brownish suffusion found in that form ;
paler than L. c. orecta , the sides and flanks huffy brown (as opposed to
olive brown in L. c. orecta).
Range. — Resident in Owens Valley, east-central California.81
Type locality. — Lone Pine, Inyo County, Calif.
Callipepla californica vallicola Fisher, North Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, 28, part
(Owens Valley; young just able to fly, Lone Pine, June 4 to 15). — Grinnell,
Bryant, and Storer, Game Birds California, 1918, 514, part (Lone Pine, Inyo
County).
Lophortyx californica canficldae van Rossem, Auk, lvi, 1939, 68 (Lone Pine, Inyo
County, Calif. ; orig. descr. ; crit.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 234 (syn.; crit.; distr.).
LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICA ORECTA Oberholser
Warner Valley Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the back
much more grayish in fresh plumage, having little or no olive-brownish
suffusion ; very pale generally, the breast light neutral gray.
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race, but with the
back much grayer, with little or no brownish suffusion; nearest in color
to L. c. canfieldae, but differs in having the sides and flanks darker —
olive-brown (as opposed to huffy brown in canficldae) .
Adult male. — Wing 109.5-118.5 (113.1); tail 87-96.5 (91); culmen
from base 13.5-15.5 (14.6) ; tarsus 28.5-32.5 (31.1) ; middle toe without
claw 25-28.5 (26.5 mm.).82
Adult female. — Wing 110-113 (111.1) ; tail 84-92 (86.8) ; culmen
from base 14—15.5 (15); tarsus 28-32.5 (30.3); middle toe without
claw 25-28.5 (26.5 mm.).83
81 Birds from the Sacramento Valley, while nearer to the typical race show some
variation in the direction of canfieldae.
88 Seventeen specimens,
88 Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
291
Range. — Resident in the Warner Valley, southeastern Oregon. Birds
from Malheur County to the west show some variation toward orecta.
The race is only faintly characterized, but in fresh material it is
recognizable.
Type locality. — Mouth of Twenty Mile Creek, Warner Valley, 9 miles
south of Adel, Oreg.
Lophortyx calif arnica orecta Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., iv,
1932, 2 (mouth of Twenty Mile Creek, Warner Valley, 9 miles south of Adel,
Oreg.; orig. descr. ; crit.). — van Rossem, Auk, lvi, 1939, 69, in text (crit.). —
— Miller, Condor, xliii, 1941, 259 (crit.).
Lophortyx calif ornica calif ornica Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 44,
part. — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 232, part.
LOPHORTYX GAMBELII GAMBELII Gambel
Gambel's Quail
Adult male.— Forehead, lores, and anterior part of crown black finely
streaked with pale huffy, the pale streaks ending just anterior to the
posterior limit of the coronal black, producing a narrow black posterior
border to this area, which, in turn, is bounded posteriorly by a transverse
white band between the eyes which turns back on each side to continue
over the eyes and auriculars to the sides of the neck, this white band
narrowly rimmed with black ; the black posterior rim broadest on the
crown ; top and back of head between cinnamon-rufous and Sudan brown ;
crest of six terminally broadening, spatulate black feathers beginning at
midposterior point of the coronal white band ; nape and sides of neck
and anterior interscapulars between neutral gray and light neutral gray,
each feather with a Dresden brown narrow shaft streak; posterior inter¬
scapulars, back, rump, and upper tail coverts neutral gray, all but the
posterior interscapulars washed more or less with mouse gray; upper
wing coverts and scapulars mouse gray washed with drab ; the scapulars
and innermost secondaries with whitish or buffy whitish margins on
their inner webs, the secondaries with narrower similar edges on their
outer webs ; primaries between .buffy brown and olive-brown, grayish on
their outer webs ; rectrices between neutral gray and deep neutral gray ;
chin and throat and cheeks solid black, the area bordered by a white
band running across the lower throat and turning forward on the sides
of the head to separate the cheeks from the auriculars, and ending at
the posterior angle of the eye, this white band narrowly rimmed poste¬
riorly with black ; auriculars between Dresden brown and sepia ; breast
uniform neutral gray; sides and anterior flanks with elongated feathers
of bright, dark chestnut, each with a terminally widening, narrowly spatu¬
late white shaft stripe ; abdomen pale buffy white with a large patch on
the midposterior part ; the posterior flank feathers pale buffy white with
fairly broad hazel shaft stripes; under tail coverts similar but with the
292
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
shaft stripes clove brown to chaetura drab; under wing coverts dusky
hair brown ; iris dark brown ; bill black ; tarsi and toes dull greenish gray,
claws black.
Adult female.- — Very different from the male: forehead, lores, and
anterior part of crown posterior to the hind end of the eyes pale hair
brown finely streaked with huffy white; crest smaller than in male and
dark clove brown to fuscous; posterior part of crown, occiput, and
auriculars between wood brown and sayal brown, the auriculars with
fine dusky streaks ; nape and sides of neck and anterior interscapulars as
in the male but washed with brownish gray and the shaft streaks less
rufescent, more dusky; rest of upperparts of the body, the wings, and
tail as in the male but averaging slightly more brownish ; chin and throat
white faintly washed with huffy and the feathers with shaft streaks of
pale buffy brown; cheeks similar but with the streaks much darker-
dingy sepia; breast like the back but slightly paler; abdomen light buffy
whitish without the large central black patch found in the male, and the
feathers with narrow, incomplete shaft streaks of dark brown, these
streaks disappearing on the lower abdomen ; elongated feathers of the
sides and upper flanks as in the male but averaging paler chestnut; lower
flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts as in the male.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Lores, forehead, crown, and occiput Saccardo’s
umber, bordered on each side by very broad supraorbital bands of very
pale cinnamon-buff; entire upperparts of body pale tawny-olive finely
speckled with dusky; interscapulars, scapulars, innermost secondaries
and inner upper wing coverts with broad white shaft streaks, which spread
out at the tips of the feathers, the feathers heavily blotched with dark
mummy brown subterminally ; innermost secondaries with the white shaft
stripes greatly reduced, the feathers crossed by heavy transverse blotches
of dusky mummy brown, and their inner webs extensively suffused with
the same; remaining secondaries and the primaries dull clove brown,
their outer webs mottled with dull pale tawny-olive; rectrices dusky bister
transversely mottled and tipped with pale dull olive-buff; chin and throat
whitish somewhat tinged with pale buffy ; breast, sides, flanks, thighs,
and under tail coverts dingy buffy white transversely mottled and barred
with hair brown to dusky hair brown ; middle of abdomen uniformly
dingy buffy white.
Natal dozvn. — Forehead, lores, and anterior half of crown and the
sides of the head vary from clay color to pinkish buff; a broad band
of russet, rimmed with black from the point of origin of the crest to
hindneck ; auriculars dark brownish ; remainder of upperparts light pinkish
buff, broadly striped and blotched with warm sepia; underparts pale
grayish buff.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
293
Adult male. — Wing 108-122 (112.1); tail 91-107 (96.3); culmen
from base 13.9-16.4 (15.4) ; tarsus 27.6-32.5 (30.5) ; middle toe without
claw 24.1-29.4 (26.9 mm.)84
Adult female. — Wing 105-118 (112.1) ; tail 83—102 (94.2) ; culmen
from base 14.3-16.2 (15.1) ; tarsus 27.9-31.9 (30.0) ; middle toe without
claw 24.1-28.4 (26.0 mm.).85
Range. — Resident from southwestern Utah (St. George, Uinta,
Toquerville) and southern Nevada (Ash Meadows, Pahrump Valley)
south to southwestern New Mexico (Fort Bayard, Frisco, Joseph, Silver
City, Grafton) ; Arizona, to extreme northwestern Chihuahua (Cajon,
Bonito Creek), and through southern California (Death Valley, Needles,
Calipatria, San Diego County, etc.) to central Sonora (south to Guaymas
and Tecoripa) and to extreme northeastern Baja California (Cocopah
Mountains; Volcano Lake, Seven Wells, etc.). Introduced in many
places— Hawaii, Massachusetts, Missouri, etc., mostly without success.
Type locality.- — “Some distance west [i. e., east] of California”=south-
ern Nevada.
Lophortyx gambelii Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1843, 260 (“some
distance west [ i.e., east] of California” = s. Nevada; ex Nuttall, manuscript) ;
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, i, 1847, 219. — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 645, part (Gila River, Ariz. ; Colorado River, Calif.) ; Rep. U. S.
and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 23 (s. to Presidio del Norte, Tex.; w. to
San Bernardino, n. Sonora) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 475 ; in Cooper,
Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870, 553 (Fort Mojave, etc.).— Heermann, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., x, Parke’s Route, 1859, 19 part (Fort Yuma, Ariz.).— Ken-
nerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, No. 3, 1859, 33, part (Colorado River; habits).
— Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, 94 (Fort Whipple, etc., Arizona;
habits; descr. young in various stages). — Henshaw, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New
York, xi, 1874, 10 (s. Utah) —American Ornithologists' Union, Auk, xvi,
1899, 106. — Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 121 (descr.;
distr. ) . — Bruner, Condor, xxviii, 1926, 232 (Baboquivari Mountains, Ariz.). —
Miller, Taylor, and Swarth, Condor, xxxi, 1929, 77 in text (winter at Tucson,
Ariz.). — Miller, Condor, xxxiv, 1932, 139 (bones ex Indian dwellings, Arizona).
— Gorsuch, Condor, xxviii, 1936, 126 in text (banding records, Tucson, Ariz.).
— Carter, Condor, xxxix, 1937, 212 (Twentynine Palms, Calif.). — Neff, Con¬
dor, xliii, 1941, 117 in text (arboreal nests in Arizona).
Callipepla gambelii Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., 1850, pi. 17, text (unpaged). — Ameri¬
can Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 109, part.
Lophortyx gambelii gambelii Grinnell, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xiii, 1923,
60 (Furnace Creek Ranch, Death Valley, Calif. ; food) ; Distr. Summ. Orn. Baja
California, Univ. California Publ. Zool., xxxii, 1928, 103 (Baja California;
distr.). — Abbott, Condor, xxx, 1928, 163 (Borego Valley, Calif.). — Swarth,
M Fifty-six specimens from Nevada, California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, and Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, and Baja California).
85 Forty-one specimens from Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, California, and
Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, and Baja California).
653008°
20
294
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xviii, 1929, 289 (e. of Patagonia, Ariz. ;
young; distr. ; plum.).— van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vi,
19ol, 245 (Sonora, Mexico El Doctor, Pesquira, Tecoripa, Saric, Guaymas, 12
miles w. of Magdalena, 15 miles sw. of Nogales, Sasabe Valley; spec.) ; vii, 1932,
132, in text (colors of soft parts) ; viii, 1936, 128, photo (south-central Arizona) ;
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxvii, 1934, 431 (Mexico— Bacoachi, San Pedro, Opo-
sura, Granados; spec.) ; Pacific Coast Avif., No. 24, 1936, 21 (Charleston Moun¬
tains, Nev.; common resident Lower Sonoran Zone).— Miller, Condor, xxxiv,
1932, 96 (Grand Canyon, Collums Ranch, Ariz.).— Willett, Pacific Coast Avif.,
No. 21, 1933, 49 (San Gorgonio Pass and near Banning, sw. California).—
Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 46. — Linsdale, Pacific Coast Avif.,
No. 23, 1936, 23, 49 (Nevada; resident, common in southern part of State north
to Quinn Canyon Mountains).— Bond, Condor, xlii, 1940, 221 (Lincoln County,
Nev.; common in desert brush near water or wet meadows). — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 235, part (syn. ; distr.). — Behle, Bull.
Univ. Utah, xxxiv, 1943, 24, 37 (Washington County, Utah) ; Condor, xlvi' 1944
72 (Utah).
Lophortyx g[ambelii ] gambelii Law, Condor, xxxi, 1929, 219 (range in s. Arizona).
[Lophortyx] [ gambelii ] gambelii van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vii,
1932, 132, in text (distr.); viii, 1936, 128 (Sonora).
Lophortyx gambeli Coues, Ibis, 1866, 45-55 (Arizona; habits, etc.); Check List
North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 392, ed. 2, 1882, No. 576; Birds Northwest, 1874,
432 (synonymy; habits).— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer!
Birds, iii, 1874, 482 pi. 64, figs. 4, 5, p. 523 (Tucson, Ariz.; descr. nest and eggs).
—Brewster, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 32 (Tucson, etc., up to 5,000
feet).— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 403, part (Toquerville
and Washington, s. Utah; New Mexico; Camp Grant, Gila River, and Yuma,
Arizona; Agua Caliente and Colorado Desert, Calif.).— Grinnell, Pacific Coast
Avif., No. 3, 1902, 30 (California; common resident of Lower Sonoran Zone se.
of Sierras) ; No. 8, 1912, 10 (California) ; Univ. California Publ. Zool., x, 1913,
231 (arid eastern base of San Jacinto Mountains).— Salvin and Godman, Biol.'
Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 292, part (New Mexico; Arizona; s. Utah; s.
Nevada; Colorado Valley, se. California). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 21,
1905, 56, part, pi. 2 (range; habits; food).— Brown, Condor, ix, 1907, 109, in
text (\ alley between Cocopah and Coast ranges, w. Baja California, for 70
miles s. of boundary; w. side of Salton Sea to Calexico, on New River).—
Gilman, Condor, ix, 1907, 148 (California range) ; x, 1908, 147 (Aztec, N. Mex.).
—American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 137, part— Wil¬
lett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 7, 1912, 43 (near Los Angeles, Calif., Sept. 16,
1896; near San Bernardino, Jan. 15, 1890).— Swarth, Pacific Coast Avif, No!
10, 1914, 22 (Arizona; abundant in lowlands in s. and sw. parts of State). _
Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Birds of California, 1918, 538 (California;
habits; distr.).— Willard, Condor, xxv, 1923, 122, fig. 43 (near Tucson, Ari¬
zona; eggs in nest of Toxostoma palmeri) .—Dawson, Birds of California (stud,
ed.), iii, 1923, 1586 (general; California). — Bancroft, Condor, xxvi, 1924, 229,
in text (San Diego, Calif.).— Blincoe, Auk, xlii, 1925, 419 (near Bardstown,'
Ky. ; introduced).— Tanner, Condor, xxix, 1927, 197 (Virgin River Valley!
Utah) .—Palmer, Condor, xxx, 1928, 278, in text (patronymics). — Caum, Occ.
Pap. Bishop Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, 13 (Hawaii, introduced). — Groebbels, Der
V«gel, ii, 1937, 232, in text (lays eggs in nests of thrasher and wren), 237 in
text (number of eggs), 383, in text (runt eggs), 402, in text (parental care).—
Bagg and Eliot, Birds Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, 1937, 174 (intro¬
duced unsuccessfully).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
295
L[ophortyx ] gambeli Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 761 (care in captivity).
Lophortyx gambclli Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. ‘‘Antonio
Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219 (Sonora and Chihuahua).
Lophortis gambelii Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr., e Hist, de los Estados
Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 168 (common names, Mexico).
L[ophortyx] gambeli Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 593, part.
[ Lophorlyx ] gambeli Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44, part.
Callipepla gambeli Gambel, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s., i, 1847, 219.
— Baird, Rep. Stansbury’s Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 326 (New Mexico), 334
(New Mexico; California). — Cassin, Illustr. Birds California, Texas, etc., 1854,
45. — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gallinse, pt. 5, 1867, 79, part. — Bryant, Proc.
California Acad. Sci., ser. 2, ii, 1889, 277 (e. side Baja California, lat. 30°N.). —
Johnson, Auk, vi, 1889, 280 (Palm Springs, s. California). — Bendire, Life Hist.
North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 29.— Wall, Auk, x, 1893, 204 (San Bernardino,
Calif.). — Fisher, North Amer. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, 29 (Death Valley, Amargosa
Valley, and Resting Springs, Calif. ; Ash Meadows, Pahrump Valley, Charleston
Mountains, Upper Cottonwood Springs, and Great Bend of Colorado River, s.
Nevada; Beaverdam Creek, nw. Arizona; Beaverdam Mountains, Santa Clara
Valley, and s. end of Escalante Desert, s. Utah).— Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 49
(molt, etc.).
C[allipepla] gambeli Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 317.
[Callipepla] gambelii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 274, No. 9799.
Gallipepla gambeli Cassin, Illustr. Birds California, Texas, etc., 1854, pi. 9.
Callipepla gambelii Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, No. 2, 1859, 60
(Mojave Desert and Big Lagoon of New River, Calif.; Fort Yuma, Ariz. ;
habits). — Grinnell, Pasadena Acad. Sci., Publ. 2, 1898, 19 (near Los Angeles,
Calif., Aug. 1, Sept. 16, 1896; common 50 miles n. and e.).
Lophortyx gambeli gambeli Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 11, 1915, 60 (abun¬
dant locally on Colorado and Mojave Deserts, n. to Amargosa and Death Val¬
leys; w. to Hesperia and n. flank of Santa Rosa Mountains, and through Gor-
gonio Pass to Banning; casual in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties). —
Wyman and Burnell, Field Book Birds Southwestern United States, 1925, 86
(descr.; chars.). — Bailey, Birds New Mexico, 1928, 218, part (genl. ; New
Mexico). — Pemberton, Condor, xxxiii, 1931, 219 (San Clemente Island). —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 90, part (distr.).
— Huey, Condor, xxxiv, 1932, 46 (introduced on San Clemente Island in 1912). —
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 73, part (life hist., distr.; descr.).—
Bennitt, Univ. Missouri Studies, vii, No. 3, 1932, 26, in footnote (Missouri; in¬
troduced; not yet with success).— Gorsuch, Bull. Univ. Arizona, v, 1935, i
(Arizona; life hist.).— Huey, Auk, lii, 1935, 252 (Punta Pinascosa, Sonora);
Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1942, 364 (Organ Pipe Cactus National
Monument, Ariz.; common; spec.).
Lophortyx g[ambeli] gambeli Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 167 (data on breeding
biology).
Callipepla venusta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1846 (pub. Oct. 1846), 70 (Cali¬
fornia?; coll. Mus. Neufchatel).
Lophortyx calif ornicus (not Tetrao calif ornicus Shaw) Kennerly, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., x, No. 3, 1859, 33 (Mojave River, se. California).— Coues, Ibis,
1865, 165, in text (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).
Callipepla gambeli dcserlicola Stephens, Auk, xii, 1895, 371 (Palm Springs, San
Diego County, Calif.; coll. F. Stephens).— Grinnell, Univ. California Publ.
Zool., xxxviii, 1932, 270 (type loc.; crit.).
296
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
LOPHORTYX GAMBELII FULVIPECTUS (Nelson)
Fulvous-breasted Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race, but with the abdomen
more deeply colored — light warm buff ; the pale edging of the scapulars
and inner secondaries also huffier and the back slightly more washed
with olive-brown.86
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race, but with the ab¬
domen more deeply colored — light warm buff ; the pale edgings of the
inner remiges also huffier ; and the upperparts more extensively tinged with
buffy brown. In the majority of specimens (but not in all) there is a
faint but noticeable white line beginning behind the eye and posteriorly
limiting the cheeks and sides of the throat, and another along the antero¬
lateral edge of the crown on each side. The crown and occiput average
more rufescent in this race than in any of the others.
Adult male.-— Wing 106-115 (112) ; tail 88-101 (95.6) ; culmen from
base 14.8—16.2 (15.4) ; tarsus 30.5-33.0 (31.1) ; middle toe without claw
27.1-28.3 (27.7 mm.).87
Adult female. — Wing 105-118 (110.6); tail 85-98 (89.4); culmen
from base 14.9-16.7 (15.7) ; tarsus 29.0-31.3 (30.1) ; middle toe without
claw 26.3-26.9 (26.6 mm.).88
Range. — Resident in north-central to southwestern Sonora (Camoa,
Obregon, Opodepe, Tesia, Tobari Bay, Agiabampo; 25 miles southeast
of Guaymas), intergrading with gambelii near Guaymas.
Type locality. — Camoa, Rio Mayo, Sonora.
Lophortyx gambelii (not of Gambel) Lawrence, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii,
1874, 307 (Sonora).
Lophortyx gambeli Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 344 (Guaymas).—
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 292, part (Santa Bar¬
bara, Hermosillo, Guaymas, and Rio Mayo, Sonora).
Callipepla gambeli Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Valley, 1888, 103, part (nw.
Mexico) .—Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., v, 1893, 33 (Santa Barbara,
Sonora).— Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 790 (Guadalajara, Jalisco).
Callipepla gambeli fulvipectus Nelson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 26 (Camoa, Rio Mayo, sw.
Sonora; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); xix, 1902, 388 (crit.).- — Thayer and Bangs,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xix, 1906, 18 (Opodepe, north-central Sonora).
[ Lophortyx ] fulvipectus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44.
Lophortyx gambelii fulvipectus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vi,
1931, 245 (Sonora — Obregon, Tesia, Tobari Bay, Agiabampo) ; vii, 1932, 132 in
text (Sonora; colors of soft parts). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii,
1934, 46.
Lophortyx gambelii gambelii Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 235, part (Camoa, Sonora).
“These differences hold only in freshly plumaged birds. The buffy tones appear to
fade away fairly rapidly so that by winter specimens of fulvipectus are indistinguish¬
able from gambelii. This is also true of the females.
87 Seven specimens from Sonora.
68 Eleven specimens from Sonora.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
297
LOPHORTYX GAMBELII PEMBERTONI van Rossem
Tibur6n Island Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race, but paler, purer
gray, above with little or no olive wash, the gray of the anterior upper-
parts between neutral gray and light neutral gray.
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race but paler, the
upperparts gray with little or no olive wash, the elongated feathers of
the sides and flanks paler, as in the Texan race, ignoscens.
Adult male. — Wing 119; tail 97; culmen from base 13, tarsus 31, mid¬
dle toe without claw 28.5 mm. (1 specimen).
Adult female. — Wing 113-115; tail 88-93; culmen from base 12-13;
tarsus 30.5-31 ; middle toe without claw 27-28 mm. (2 specimens).
Range. — Confined to Tiburon Island, Gulf of California.
Type locality. — Petrel Bay, just south of Narragansett Point, east
side of Tiburon Island, Sonora, Mexico.
Lophortyx gambelii pembertoni van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vii,
1932, 132 (Petrel Bay, Just south of Narragansett Point, east side of Tiburon
Island, Sonora, Mexico; descr. ; crit.). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934,
46. — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 236 (syn. ; distr.).
LOPHORTYX GAMBELII SANA Mearns
Colorado Gambel’s Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but darker, the
upper back gray with little or no olive wash, the general tone being be¬
tween neutral gray and light mouse gray (being nearest to L. g. pember-
toni in this regard, but darker).
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race, but differing from
it in the same way that the males of the two forms do.
Adult male. — Wing 117, tail 84; culmen from the base 14; tarsus 32;
middle toe without claw 29 mm. (1 specimen).
Adult female. — Wing 115-117; tail 85-86; culmen from base 14-15;
tarsus 26-29; middle toe without claw 27-28 mm. (2 specimens).
Range. — Resident in western Colorado in the drainage areas of the
Uncompahgre and Gunnison Rivers and the portion of the Rio Grande
Valley lying in Colorado.
Type locality. — Olathe, Montrose County, Colo.
Callipepla gambeli (not Lophortyx gambelii Gambel) Cooke, Colorado State Agr.
Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, 70 (sw. Colorado, 40 miles sw. of Fort Lewis).
Lophortyx gambeli Sclater, Hist. Birds Colorado, 1912, 144 (Colorado; doubtful).
— Figgins, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 62, 64, 68, in text (Colorado; meas. ; crit.).
Lophortyx gambelii Cooke, Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 56, 1900, 202 (cited; syn.).
Lophortyx gambelii sanus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxvii, 1914, 113
(Olathe, Montrose County, sw. Colorado; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xl, 1923, 517 (sw. Colorado; Check-list No.
295a). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 45.
29S
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Lophortyx gambeli sanus American Ornithologists'’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931,
90 (distr.).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 84 (life histr. distr.’).
Lophortyx gambelii sana Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
234 (syn. ; distr.).
LOPHORTYX GAMBELII IGNOSCENS Friedmann
Texas Gambel’s Quail
Adult. Similar to the corresponding sex of the nominate race, but
with the long feathers of the sides and upper flanks lighter in color — -
between Sanford’s brown and chestnut, while in typical gambelii they
are between chestnut and bay; and somewhat paler generally, especially
so on the crown, breast, and back.89
Adult male. Wing 111—121 (116) ; tail 92—100 (96.2) ; culmen from
base 14.5—15.6 (15.1) ; tarsus 29—31.5 (30.2); middle toe without claw
24.1- 27.7 (26.1 mm.).90
Adult female.— Wing 105-118 (112.3) ; tail 84-92 (87) ; culmen from
base 13-14.9 (14.1); tarsus 29.9—31 (30.3); middle toe without claw
24.1- 28 (26 mm.).91
Range. Inhabits the extremely dry desert region, sometimes called
the “eastern succulent desert,” from Fort Fillmore, N. Mex., east to
extreme western Texas— El Paso, Belen, San Elizario, and Fort Han¬
cock, east to Presidio del Norte and to the Limpia River, Jeff Davis
County. It does not extend farther eastward into Brewster County, and
apparently does not go southward into adjacent areas of Mexico, but
is limited to the area of low rainfall (under 10 inches a year).
Type locality — San Elizario, Tex.
Lophortyx gambelii (not of Gambel, 1843) McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, 1851, 221 (Limpia River, w. Texas, and westward; habits). — Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 645, part (San Elizario, Tex.; Fort Fillmore,
N. Mex.).— Heermann, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, Parke’s Route, 1859, 19, part
Eagle Springs, Tex.).— Kennerly, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, No. 3, 1859, 33,
part (Upper Rio Grande).
Callipepla gambelii American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 109,
part.
Lophortyx gambeli Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 28 (near Fort Clark, Tex.).— Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves., iii, 1903, 292, part (w. Texas ; New Mexico,
part).— Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 21, 1905, 56, part, pi. 2 (range; habits;
food).— American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 137, part.
L[ophortyx] gambeli Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 593, part (Pecos
and San Elizario, Tex.).
[Lophortyx] gambeli Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44, part (w. Texas).
Callipepla gambeli Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 79, part.—
Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Valley, 1888, 103, part (w. Texas).
m The characters of this race are more pronounced in the males than the females.
00 Five specimens including the type.
1,1 Three specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
299
Lophortyx gambeli gambeli Bailey, Birds New Mexico, 1928, 218, part (New
Mexico). — American Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 90, part. —
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 73, part (life hist.; distr. ; descr.).
Lophortyx calif ornicus Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 27 (Devils River, Tex.).
Callipepla elegans (not Ortyx clegans Lesson) Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves Expl.
Zuni and Colorado R., 1853, 95 (Rio Grande near El Paso, Tex.).
Lophortyx gambelii ignosccns Friedmann, Joum. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii,
1943, 371 (San Elizario, Tex.; descr.; distr.; crit. ; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.).
LOPHORTYX DOUGLASII DOUGLASII (Visors)
Elegant Quail
Adult male. — Forehead, anterior and lateral parts of crown, sides of
occiput, cheeks, and auriculars white narrowly streaked with black, the
anterior edge of the forehead and the lores more or less suffused with
olive-brown, and the immediate supra- and postocular area tinged with
tawny ; crest coming from hindcenter of crown ochraceous-salmon to
bright orange-cinnamon; feathers of the middle of the occiput from
immediately behind the base of the crest to the nape, grayish white with
wedge-shaped terminal shaft spots of argus brown to Brussels brown,
the more proximal (hidden) parts of the shafts blackish; hindneck and
lower sides of neck between neutral gray and pale neutral gray, the
feathers with tear-shaped terminal shaft spots of Brussels brown; inter¬
scapulars neutral gray somewhat tinged with buffy brown ; scapulars
and innermost secondaries bright to dark Sanford’s brown laterally
edged with white, a narrow dusky line separating the Sanford’s brown
from the white edges, these feathers basally dusky buffy brown; upper
wing coverts buffy brown or slightly darker, the innermost ones with
reduced broad medial streaks of Sanford’s brown ; secondaries, other
than the innermost ones, olive-brown, their external edges finely dap¬
pled with buffy or whitish forming indistinct margins of paler ; primaries
dark olive-brown; feathers of the upper back neutral gray tinged with
buffy brown and with terminally broadening shaft streaks of Sanford’s
brown; back, lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts light brownish
olive much tinged with deep grayish; rectrices deep neutral gray tipped
and edged with buffy brownish ; chin and upper throat barred black and
white, the chin more blackish than white; lower throat and breast be¬
tween pale neutral gray and light mouse gray; upper and middle ab¬
domen similar but spotted with fairly large oval white spots, some of
the posterolateral feathers with a strong tinge of dull orange-cinnamon
on the gray portions; feathers of sides and flanks with broad median
areas orange-cinnamon to Sanford’s brown, the gray lateral areas broken
by narrow, elongate oval white spots corresponding to those on the
abdomen; lower abdomen and under tail coverts pale pinkish buff to
buffy white, each feather with a broad shaft stripe of dull hazel to Van-
300
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
dyke brown ; thighs pale avellaneous to wood brown ; under wing cov¬
erts pale smoky wood brown, edged with grayish white; iris hazel; bill
brownish black ; feet described by collectors as “bluish black,” “pale
olive brown,” “dirty greenish white,” etc.! (see Miller, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist., xxi, 1905, 342).
Adult female. — Very different from the male: forehead, lores, crown,
and sides of occiput light wood brown with shaft streaks of blackish ;
crest averaging shorter than in male and dark olive-brown usually in¬
conspicuously spotted or incompletely barred with dull tawny; center
of occiput from immediately behind the base of the crest to the hindneck
like the sides of occiput but with broader dark shaft streaks ; interscapu¬
lars dark hair brown with a grayish suffusion and vermiculated with
buffy brown ; back, lower back, and rump similar but with less grayish
and more buffy brown ; scapulars and innermost secondaries and the
inner upper secondary coverts edged on both webs with cartridge buff
to light pinkish cinnamon, the median portion of the feathers Saccardo’s
umber heavily blotched with mummy brown distally and speckled and
vermiculated with the same in the more proximal parts ; outer upper
wing coverts buffy brown edged with light ochraceous-buff ; outer
secondaries dusky olive-brown with small light buffy brown f recklings
on the outer part of the outer webs, these paler markings forming
indistinct edgings and tips to the feathers; primaries dusky olive-
brown, the longest primaries, in the folded wing, exceeding the
longest secondaries by 15-20 mm.; upper tail coverts like the rump but
slightly darker, less olivaceous ; rectrices between neutral gray and deep
neutral gray, laterally and terminally mottled with pale hair brown to
pale buffy, the sides and tips of the feathers often with a buffy wash
over the grayish; chin, throat, and sides of head whitish the chin and
throat with small specks of hair brown the sides of the head with these
specks elongated into streaks and darker; auriculars much washed with
olive-brown, forming a dark area surrounded by lighter; lower throat,
breast, and lower sides of neck washed with pale buffy brown, the
feathers with dark olive-brown tips; feathers of abdomen dusky olive-
brown, the feathers very broadly tipped and barred with whitish, these
tips and bars interrupted by a dark olive-brown shaft streak causing the
segments of the bars to appear like large rounded spots; sides similar
but the shaft streaks broader and suffused with cinnamon-brown to
Verona brown; lower abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts
similar to the upper abdomen but with the pale spots narrowed and
connected longitudinally to form pale edgings to the feathers, the brown
shaft streaks correspondingly increased in width ; under wing coverts
buffy brown edged with grayish white.
Immature (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult female but darker;
more rufescent on the top of the head, wings, and upper back, and tail ;
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
301
the feathers of the breast and abdomen buffy white barred with olive-
brown, not with round white spots.
Natal down. — Forehead, lores, sides of head light ochraceous-buff ;
center of crown and occiput mummy brown, edged laterally with buffy
white; this dark area extending caudally in an unbroken spinal tract to
the tail, bordered from the neck back to the tail with white, almost
devoid of any buffy tinge; similar but narrow stripes of mummy brown
to fuscous in the following places — from behind the eye to the posterior
margin of the side of the neck, two on each femoral tract, two short ones
on each wing, and an incomplete, interrupted one on each side from the
hind end of the postocular stripe to the wing ; underparts whitish faintly
tinged with buffy; bill and feet (in dried skin) light yellow.
Adult male. — Wing 109-114 (111.7); tail 70-78 (74.6); culmen
from base 13-14.3 (13.7); tarsus 30-33 (31.3); middle toe without
claw 27-30.4 (28.1 mm.).92
Adult female. — Wing 105.4—113 (108.8); tail 66—68 ( 67); culmen
from base 13.3-14.8 (14.1) ; tarsus 31-33 (32) ; middle toe without claw
26.5-27.5 (27.1 mm.).93
Range.- — Resident from extreme southern Sonora (Tesia, Cheno-
bampo, Guirocoba) south throughout Sinaloa, and to northwestern
Durango (Casa Blanca).
Type locality. — Mazatlan, Sinaloa.
0[rtyx] dougtasii Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xvi, 1829, 145 [California] ;
“never higher than 42° north latitude”; ex Vigors, manuscript).
Ortyx dougtasii Vigors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 353; Zool. Voy. Blossom, Birds, 1839,
27, pi. 11 (“Monterey, California”).— Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., ii, 1830,
pi. 107. — Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 508 (“California”).
[Ortyx] douglassii Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, 1848, Gallinaceae [2], pi. 193,
fig. 1677.
Ortyx douglassii Cooper, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, 1875, 202 (crit.).
Callipepla douglassii Gambel, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, i, 1847, 218, part
(“Common about the Gulf [of California], particularly at Mazatlan”). — Baird,
Rep. Stansbury’s Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 334 (“Monterey, California”).
Callipepla dougtasii Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 78.
C[allipepla] douglasi Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1943, 317.
[ Callipepla ] douglasii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 273, No. 9796 (Monterey).
Lophortyx douglasi Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 43. — Nuttall, Man.
Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds, ed. 2, 1840, 793.— Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 404, part, (Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazat¬
lan, Sinaloa) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 126, part (Sinaloa).— Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903. 293. part (Mazatlan; Presidio de
Mazatlan). — Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 11, 1915, 180 (California; hypo¬
thetical).— Palmer, Condor, xxx, 1928, 277, in text (patronymics).
L[ophortyx ] douglasi Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 761 (care in captivity).
[Lophortyx] douglasi Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 44 (w. Mexico).
02 Eight specimens, all from Sinaloa.
m Four specimens from Sinaloa and Durango.
302 BULLETIN GO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Lophortyx douglasii douglasii McLellan, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, xvi,
1927, 7 (near Labrados, Mexico; plum.). — van Rossem, Trans. San Diego
Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1931, 245 (Sonora; Tesia, Chenobampo, Guirocoba ; spec.).
Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 46, part. — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., 1, No. 1, 1942, 237, part (syn. ; distr.).
[ Lophortyx douglasii] douglasii Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii
1943, 370 (crit.).
Lophortyx douglasi douglasi Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxi, 1905,
342 (Escuinapa, etc., s. Sinaloa; crit.); xxii, 1906, 162 (Casa Blanca, nw.
Durango, 1,000 ft.).
Ortyx elegans Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 508 (“California”) ; Cent. Zook, 1832
189, pi. 61 (“California”).
[Callipepla] elegans Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, Feb. 1848, pi. 199,
fig. 1917. Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 273, No. 9795. — Sclater and Salvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138.
Callipepla elegans Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3, 1850, pi. 18 and text.— Baird,
Rep. Stansbury’s Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 334 (“California”).— Gray!
List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 78.— Finsch, Abh. Nat. Verh.
Bremen, 1870, 357 (Mazatlan). — Lawrence, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii,
1874, 306 (Mazatlan).— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. Rev. Soc. Cient.
“Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219, part (Sinaloa).
C[allipepla ] elegans Cubas, Cuadro Geograph., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los
Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 168 (common names; Mexico). — Ridgway,
Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 585 ; 2d ed., 1895, 588.
Lophortyx elegans Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds,
ed. 2, 1840, 792 (“Upper California”).— Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3,
Gallinae, 1844, 45.
Callipepla elegans hensoni Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-7 (1899),
219 (Culiacan and Limoncito, Sinaloa).
Ortyx spilogaster Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 2, 1832, 4 (Mexico or
Chile; coll. Ft. Cuming).
LOPHORTYX DOUGLASII BENSONI (Ridgway)
Benson’s Quail
Adult male. Similar to that of Lophortyx douglasii douglasii but
the black color of the throat decidedly predominating over the white, the
rusty markings of the hindneck, scapulars, inner secondaries, and flanks
averaging less rufescent ; the gray of the breast paler— smoke gray with
a faint brownish tinge, and the crest averaging paler.
Adult female. — Similar to that of Lophortyx douglasii douglasii but
with the crest usually uniformly dark sepia to fuscous (not barred and
spotted with tawny) ; the upper throat more broadly and heavily streaked
with dusky; whitish spots on the abdomen larger.
Juvenal female.— Similar to the adult but somewhat darker in gen¬
eral tone ; the scapulars and inner secondaries with more extensive olive-
buff; the crest feathers transversely spotted with olive-tawny; the outer
webs of the primaries mottled with pale huffy hair brown and the remiges
more pointedly distally.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDRE AMERICA
303
Adult male. — Wing 107-115 (111.3) ; tail 77-94 (83.8) ; oilmen from
base 15-16.1 (15.6); tarsus 28.6-31 (29.7); middle toe without claw
25.6-29.4 (27.6 mm.).04
Adult female.— Wmg 108-115 (112.2); tail 80-87 (83.8); oilmen
from base 14.9-15.4 (15.1); tarsus 28.9-29.3 (29.0); middle toe with¬
out claw 25.3-27.1 (26.1 mm.).8'
Range. — Resident in Sonora from close to the northern boundary to
Guaymas and San Javier ; in extreme southern Sonora it is replaced by
the nominate form.
Type locality. — Campos = 18 miles north of Cumpas, Sonora.
(?) Callipepla douglassii Gambel, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, i, 1847, 218,
part (“common about the Gulf” [of California]).
Lophortyx douglasi Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 404, part
(Ysleta, Guadalupe, Quiriego, and Sierra de Alamos, Sonora).— Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 293 (Ysleta, Campos, Guadalupe,
Quiriego, Sierra de Alamos, and Nacori, Sonora).
Callipepla elegans bensoni Ridgway, Forest and Stream, xxviii, No. 6, 1887, 106;
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 148 (Campos, Sonora; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
C[allipepla] elegans bensoni Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 585 , ed. 2,
1896, 587.
[ Lophortyx ] bensoni Sharpe, Hand-List, i, 1899, 44.
Lophortyx bensoni Nelson, Auk, xix, 1902, 239 (crit.).
Lophortyx douglasi bensoni Thayer and Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xix,
1906, 18 (Opodepe, north-central Sonora).
Lophortyx douglasii bensoni van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1931,
246 (Sonora; Pesqueira, Tecoripa, San Javier, Guaymas; spec.).— Peters,
Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 46— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 236 (syn.; distr.).
[Lophortyx douglasii] bensoni Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii,
1943, 370 (crit.).
Callipepla elegans (not Ortyx elegans Lesson) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
v, 1893, 33 (Nacori, Sonora).
LOPHORTYX DOUGLASII TERES Friedmann
Jalisco Crested Quail
Adult male. — Like that of Lophortyx douglasii douglasii but with
shorter wing, 101-104 (as opposed to 109-114) ; with the longest sec¬
ondaries reaching the tips of the primaries (in douglasii the priinaiies
extend 15-20 mm. beyond the secondaries) in the closed wing; and
with the general coloration darker, the reddish brown on the wings
chestnut instead of Sanford’s brown (as in douglasii'), the lowci back
and rump more brownish; the gray of the breast darker— neutral gray
(pale neutral gray in douglasii ) and the white spots on the abdomen
with blackish ringlike edges.
81 Ten specimens.
85 Five specimens.
304
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with shorter
wing, 98-102 (as opposed to 101-104) ; with the longest secondaries
reaching the tips of the primaries (in douglasii the primaries extend
15—20 mm. beyond the secondaries) in the closed wing; and generally
darker in color, the brown on the underparts noticeably darker — dark
olive-brown.
Adult male.— Wing 101-104 (102.6); tail 66-72 (68.6); oilmen
from base 14-14.5 (14.1); tarsus 25-29 (27.8); middle toe without
claw 27-29 (28 mm.).96
Adult female.— Wing 98-102 ( 99.7) ; tail 65-67 (66.1) ; culmen from
base 13.8—14.3 (14); tarsus 27.5—29 (28.3); middle toe without claw
26-27 (26.3 mm.).97
Range. Northwestern Jalisco (Las Palmas; Las Penas), possibly
to Colima. However, no specimens appear to have been taken yet in
Colima. This State is included in current accounts of the range of the
species on the sole basis of Grayson’s statement that he “also found it
in the State of Jalisco and Colima, but not as far south as Tehuantepec”
(in Lawrence’s paper, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1874, 306).
Type locality. — Las Palmas, northwestern Jalisco.
Callipepla elegans Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio
Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219, part (Colima).
Lophortyx douglasi Ogie vie- Grant, Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 126, part
(Jalisco).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 293, part
(Jalisco, Colima).
Lophortyx douglasii douglasii Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 46, part.—
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 237, part. '
Lophortyx douglasii teres Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii, 1943,
369 (Las Palmas, nw. Jalisco; descr. ; distr. ; crit. ; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.)!
LOPHORTYX DOUGLASII IMPEDITA Friedmann
Nayarit Crested Quail
Adult. Similar to the adult of the same sex of typical douglasii and
of teres, combining the darker coloration of the latter with the wing tip
of the former ; in other words— a dark Douglas’s quail with a noticeable
wing tip.
Adult male.— Wing 105.4-110 (107.7); tail 70-77 (73.7); culmen
from base 14-15 (14.6); tarsus 29.5-34.7 (32.4); middle toe without
claw 27-30 (28.8 mm.).98
Adult female.— Wing 100.5; tail 68; culmen from the base 13.5; tar¬
sus 33; middle toe without claw 28 mm. (1 specimen).
Range. — Known only from Nayarit.
Type locality. — San Bias, Tepic, Nayarit.
M Five specimens including the type.
07 Three specimens.
“ Six specimens, including the type.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
305
Lophortyx douglasi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 404, part (San
Bias, Tepic). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 293, part
(San Bias). — Bailey, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 384 (San Bias, Tepic).
Lophortyx douglasii douglasii Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 46, part.—
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 237, part.
Lophortyx douglasii impedita Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii,
1943, 369 (San Bias, Tepic, Nayarit; descr. ; distr. ; crit. ; type in U. S. Nat.
Mus.).
LOPHORTYX DOUGLASII LANGUENS Friedmann
Chihuahua Crested Quail
Adult male. — Like that of the nominate race but with the gray of the
breast less pure gray, lightly washed with brownish, most of the feathers
with indistinct pure rufescent medioterminal spots ; the pale spots on
the abdomen slightly huffier, and the pale buffy area on the lower median
part of the abdomen more extensive; wing 110-111; tail 77.5-79; cul-
men from the base 15.5-15.8; tarsus 29-30; middle toe without claw
28.5-29.5 mm. (2 specimens, including the type).
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Range. — Known only from the type locality — Trompa, or La Trompa,
western Chihuahua.
Lophortyx douglasii languens Friedmann, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., xxxiii,
1943, 370 (Trompa, Chihuahua; descr.; distr.; crit., type in Mus. Comp. Zook).
Genus COLINUS Goldfuss
Ortyx (not of Oken, 1816) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. ZooL, xi, pt. 2, 1819, 376. (Type,
as designated by Gray, 1840, Perdix borealis Temminck = Tetrao virginianus
Linnaeus.)
Ortix (emendation) D’Orbigny, in La Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. y Nat. Cuba, iii, Aves,
1839, 10.
Ortygia (not Ortygis Illiger, 1811) Boie, Isis, 1826, 978. (Type, by monotypy,
"Perdix virginiana Lath. Wils., pi. 47, fig. 2 u.s.w.”).
Colinus Goldfuss, Handb. Zook, ii, 1820, 220. (Type, by monotypy, Tetrao mexicanus
Linnaeus [ = T. virginianus Linnaeus ?].)
Colinia (emendation ?) Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, Land Birds,
1832, 646. (New name for Ortyx Stephens.)
Colina (emendation) Wood, Orn. Guide [1837], 217.
Gnathodon Streubel, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encych, sect. 3, xvi, 1842, 283,
290. (Type, by original designation, Perdix marilandica Latham = Tetrao vir¬
ginianus Linnaeus.)
Philortix (not Philortyx Gould, 1845) Des Murs, in Chenu, Encych Hist. Nat.
Ois., vi, 1854, 147.
Eupsychbrtyx Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. i, 1844, pi. 10. (Type, as fixed by
Reichenbach, 1850, Tetrao cristatus Linnaeus.)
Eupsychortix (emendation) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxviii, 1854, 663.
Eupsichortyx (emendation) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 954.
Eupsycortyx (emendation) Sclater, Guide to Gardens Zook Soc. London, ed. 23,
1870, 7.
■Callipepla Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 317, part (includes Colinus cristata and
Colinas nigrogularis as well as Callipepla, Oreoriyx, and Lophortyx) .
306
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Medium-sized to rather small Odontophorinae (wing about 96-120
mm.) with tail less than three-fifths as long as wing, scapulars, tertials,
and rump spotted or blotched with blackish, and with crest indistinct
(obvious only when erected) or distinct (subgenus Eupsychortyx) .
Bill moderate in size, the culmen (chord, from extreme base) less
than half to half as long as tarsus, its depth at base greater than distance
from anterior end of nasal fossa to tip of maxilla, its width at rictus
equal to or greater than its depth at same point; culmen strongly con¬
vex, more or less distinctly ridged, especially toward base. Outermost
primary usually longer than eighth (from outside) (shorter than
eighth in subgenus Eupsychortyx) , the third, fourth, and fifth (from
outside) longest, the second and sixth but little shorter. Tail between
one-half and three-fifths as long as wing, distinctly rounded, the rec-
trices (12) firm, broad, and rounded at tips. Tarsus a little less than
one-third as long as wing, shorter than middle toe with claw; planta
tarsi covered with small hexagonal scutella, those along posterior edge
of outer side larger (more or less) and forming a nearly to quite con¬
tinuous row.
Plumage and coloration. — Feathers of crown somewhat, to distinctly,
elongated either forming or not a distinct crest when not erected.
Upperparts mixed gray and cinnamon-rufous, vermiculated with darker,
the posterior scapulars, tertials, and rump (especially upper portion)
blotched or irregularly spotted with black, the upper tail coverts and
median rectrices with shaft streaks of the same, the inner webs of tertials
broadly edged with buff ; underparts largely white variously marked with
black and cinnamon-rufous, sometimes plain cinnamon-rufous ; head
striped with black and white, but sometimes mostly black, in males, buff
replacing white in females.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
307
Range. — Transition Life Zone of eastern North America southward
to Cuba and through Central America to northern South America
(northern Brazil, the Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia). (Four species
with many races.)
KEY TO THE NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICAN FORMS OF COLINUS
a. Chin and upper throat pure white, not washed with buff.
b. White of chin and upper throat completely surrounded by a black band
laterally and' posteriorly.
c. Abdomen rufescent or chestnut, unbarred.
d. Abdomen uniform, unmarked, chestnut.
e. Black breast band very narrow, less than 15 mm. broad in midventral
line (southern tableland of Mexico from northern Jalisco and west¬
ern San Luis Potosi to Valley of Mexico).
Colinus virginianus graysoni, ad. $ (p. 333)
ee. Black breast band broader, more than 30 mm. wide in midventral line.
f. Abdomen paler — vinaceous-cinnamon to cinnamon (southern Puebla).
Colinus virginianus nigripectus, ad. S (p. 334)
ff. Abdomen darker; sayal brown.
g. Black feathers of pectoral band with concealed white shaft spots
(eastern base of Cordillera in Veracruz from Jalapa to Isthmus
of Tehuantepec) Colinus virginianus pectoralis, ad. $ (p. 335)
gg. Black feathers of pectoral band with no, or few and small, con¬
cealed white shaft spots (Isthmus of Tehuantepec, eastern
Oaxaca) . Colinus virginianus thayeri, ad. $ (p. 343)
dd. Abdomen not uniform chestnut, but abundantly streaked with black.
e. Black confined to breast and upper abdomen (Cuba and Isle of Pines).
Colinus virginianus cubanensis, ad. $ (p. 329)
ee. Black marks continuing down midventrally to lower portion of abdomen.
f. Breast and middle of abdomen nearly to vent almost solid black,
chestnut largely confined to sides (lowlands of southern Veracruz).
Colinus virginianus godmani, ad. $ (p. 336)
ff. Breast and upper abdomen chestnut, the feathers edged with blackish,
separating black collar from black midabdominal area (north¬
eastern Chiapas and adjacent Tabasco).
Colinus virginianus minor, ad. $ (p. 337)
cc. Abdomen not chestnut, but whitish, more or less barred with black.
d. Scapulars, tertials, and lower back usually without conspicuous blackish
blotches.
e. Underparts extensively reddish laterally (central and southwestern
Tamaulipas to central-eastern San Luis Potosi).
Colinus virginianus aridus, ad. $ (p.332)
ee. Underparts not extensively reddish laterally (central and southern
Texas, northern and central Tamaulipas).
Colinus virginianus texanus, ad. $ (p. 323)
dd. Scapulars, tertials, and lower back with conspicuous blackish blotches.
g A broad conspicuous cinnamomeous area just below black pectoral band
(the area may be streaked with black or plain).
f. Reddish color of underparts richer— chestnut (Florida Peninsula;
introduced in Bahamas).
308
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
g. Smaller, wing 97 mm. (Key West; extinct; doubtfully distinct from
the next race) . . . .Colinus virginianus insulanus, ad. $ (p. 328)
gg. Larger, wing over 100 mm. (Florida Peninsula; introduced in
Bahamas) . Colinus virginianus floridanus, ad. $ (p. 326)
ff. Reddish color of upperparts paler — hazel or paler.
g. Black areas of upperparts well developed and extensive (arid
tropical zone from central Tamaulipas to eastern San Luis
Potosi) . Colinus virginianus maculatus, ad. $ (p. 331)
gg. Black areas of upperparts reduced and grayish (between Tropical
and Lower Sonoran Zones from central Tamaulipas to south¬
eastern San Luis Potosi).
Colinus virginianus aridus, ad. $ (p. 332)
ee. No broad conspicuous cinnamomeous area below black pectoral band,
sometimes washed with cinnamon, but not conspicuously enough to
form a definite band (southeastern Canada, eastern and central
United States; introduced in West Indies and western United States).
Colinus virginianus virginianus, ad. $ (p. 312)
bb. White of chin and throat not completely bordered with black.
c. Breast and most of abdomen white.
d. Slightly paler, the scapulars and upper wing coverts only slightly suffused
with rufescent (western Guatemala).
Colinus leucopogon incanus, ad. $ (p. 359)
dd. Slightly darker, the scapulars and upper wing coverts richly suffused
with rufescent (El Salvador west of Lempa River).
Colinus leucopogon hypoleucus, ad. $ (p. 358)
cc. Breast and most of abdomen not white.
d. With a well-developed occipital crest.
e. Auriculars pale buffy to whitish; crest pale wood brown to buffv
(Pacific lowlands of western Panama).
Colinus cristatus panamensis, ad. $ (p. 363)
ee. Auriculars dusky brown; crest dark brown (chiefly extralimital — the
Guianas, Brazil, and Venezuela; introduced in Grenadines and Virgin
Islands) . Colinus cristatus sonnini, ad. $ (p. 360)
dd. With no well-developed occipital crest (El Salvador, east of Lempa
(River) . Colinus leucopogon leucopogon, ad. $ (p.357)
aa. Chin and upper throat not pure white.
b. Chin and upper throat blackish or blackish brown, uniform or spotted with
white.
c. Abdomen uniform hazel brown.
d. A distinct white superciliary or postocular stripe.
e. Sides of head and neck partly chestnut (southern Arizona and Sonora).
Colinus virginianus ridgwayi, ad. $ (p. 344)
ee. Sides of head and neck plain black (eastern Chiapas and western
Guatemala) . Colinus virginianus insignis, ad. $ (p. 338)
dd. Superciliary region entirely black, but sometimes with an indication of
a white postocular stripe.
e. Upper breast solid black.
/. Lower breast and belly solid chestnut ; rufous above fairly extensive
(western Oaxaca) . . . .Colinus virginianus atriceps, ad. $ (p. 344)
//. Lower breast and belly solid chestnut; usually marked with black;
rufous above much restricted (San Benito and Tapachula,
Chiapas) . Colinus virginianus salvini, ad. $ (p. 341)
ee. Upper breast mainly rufous, with black streaks or squamations.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
309
/. Feathers of center of crown with broad brown edges ; crissum
heavily marked (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, to Tonala, Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus coyolcos, ad. $ (p. 339)
ff. Feathers of whole head and neck usually black, crissum scarcely
marked (Chicomuselo, Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus nelsoni, ad. 8 (p. 342)
cc. Abdomen not uniform hazel brown.
d. Breast wood brown finely vermiculated with black.
e. A distinct, broad whitish malar stripe present ; feathers of chin and
throat brownish basally.
/. Malar and postorbital stripes heavily washed with buffy (western
Nicaragua) . Colinus leucopogon sclateri, ad. 8 (p. 355)
//. Malar and postorbital stripes white or only slightly tinged with
buffy (western Flonduras) .
Colinus leucopogon leylandi, ad. 8 (p. 353)
ee. White malar stripe broken and indefinite ; feathers of chin and throat
white basally (plateau and western slope of Costa Rica).
Colinus leucopogon dickeyi, ad. 8 (p. 356)
dd. Breast not wood brown, but white, the feathers edged with black.
e. Tail largely unspeckled (Yucatan exclusive of the Progreso region).
Colinus nigrogularis caboti, ad. 8 (p. 347)
ee. Tail largely speckled.
f. Brown of hindneck and interscapulars paler — pale argus brown
(arid region about Progreso, Yucatan).
Colinus nigrogularis persiccus, ad. 8 (p. 350)
ff. Brown of hindneck and scapulars darker — rich chestnut (Guatemala,
Honduras) . Colinus nigrogularis nigrogularis, ad. 8 (p. 350)
bb. Chin and upper throat buffy.
c. Abdomen more or less barred, not spotted, the middle of the abdomen only
lightly or not at all barred.
d. Breast with a distinct cinnamomeous wash.
e. Upperparts (crown, nape, back, and wings) decidedly more grayish
than reddish brownish.
f. General coloration richer and darker, the ventral V-shaped bars deep
black (Mexican tableland from northern Jalisco and southern San
Luis Potosi to the Valley of Mexico).
Colinus virginianus graysoni, ad. 9 (p. 333)
ff. General coloration paler; the ventral V-shaped bars fuscous.
g. Pinkish cinnamon pectoral band well developed.
h. Dorsal dark markings darker — fuscous-black (Arid Tropical
Zone from central Tamaulipas to eastern San Luis Potosi).
Colinus virginianus maculatus, ad. 9 (p. 331)
hh. Dorsal dark markings paler — marbled with sayal brown.
i. Pale edges of dorsal feathers white (southern Arizona and
northern Sonora).
Colinus virginianus ridgwayi, ad. 9 (p. 344)
it. Pale edges of dorsal feathers grayish (central southern Texas
to northern and central Tamaulipas).
Colinus virginianus texanus, ad. 9 (p.323)
gg. Pinkish cinnamon pectoral band very faint (between Tropical Arid
and Lower Sonora Zones from central and southwestern
Tamaulipas to central eastern San Luis Potosi).
Colinus virginianus aridus, ad. 9 (p. 332)
653008° — 4
-21
310
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ee. Upperparts (crown, nape, back, and wings) more reddish brown than
grayish.
f. Pale edges of feathers of crown more grayish than brownish
(Palenque area, Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus minor, ad. 9 (p. 337)
ff. Pale edges of feathers of crown more brownish than grayish.
g. Size smaller; wing under 110 mm. (Florida Peninsula; introduced
in the Bahamas).
Colinus virginianus floridanus, ad. 9 (p. 326)
gg. Size larger; wing over 110 mm. (eastern and central United States;
southeastern Canada; introduced in West Indies and western
United States).
Colinus virginianus virginianus, ad. 9 (p. 312)
dd. Breast without a distinct cinnamomeous wash.
e. Size larger; wing over 106 mm. (southern Puebla).
Colinus virginianus nigripectus, ad. 9 (p. 334)
ee. Size smaller; wing under 106 mm.
f. Pale edges of feathers of crown more grayish than brownish.
g. Smaller, wing under 95 mm.
h. Breast washed with tawny-buff (Palenque area, Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus minor, ad. 9 (p. 337)
hh. Breast not washed with tawny-buff (Honduras and Guatemala).
Colinus nigrogularis nigrogularis, ad. 9 (p. 350)
gg. Larger, wing over 95 mm.
h. Upperparts slightly darker, more brownish, less grayish00
(Yucatan, except Progreso region).
Colinus nigrogularis caboti, ad. 9 (p. 347)
hh. Upperparts slightly paler, less brownish, more grayish (Progreso
region, Yucatan).
Colinus nigrogularis persiccus, ad. 9 (p. 350)
ff. Pale edges of feathers of crown more brownish than grayish.
g. Dorsal coloration grayer ; interscapulars and upper brown more
grayish than rufescent.
li. Buff confined to chin and upper throat (Cuba and Isle of Pines).
Colinus virginianus cubanensis, ad. 9 (p. 329)
hh. Entire throat and upper breast buffy (Putla area, western
Oaxaca) . Colinus virginianus atriceps, ad. 9 (p. 344)
gg. Dorsal coloration more rufescent; interscapulars and upper back
with little grayish; dark brown and rufescent-brown.
h. Shaft streaks of interscapulars broader and darker — Mikado
brown (eastern Chiapas and adjacent western Guatemala).
Colinus virginianus insignis, ad. 9 (p. 338)
hh. Shaft streaks of interscapulars narrower and paler — cinnamon-
rufous . Colinus virginianus thayeri, ad. 9 (p.343)
Colinus virginianus coyolcos, ad. 9 (p.339)* 1
00 The females of C. n. caboti and C. n. persiccus are impossible to “key out” except
by such comparative adjectives, which are, admittedly, useless when the reader has
but one of the two forms available. In such cases, geography must be used as a
guide.
1 These two races cannot be distinguished in this sex. The range of C. v. thayeri
is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, eastern Oaxaca; that of C. v. coyolcos is the Pacific
slope of Oaxaca and Chiapas, from Tehuantepec City to Tonala.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 311
cc. Abdomen spotted rather than barred (spots sometimes broadened so as to
approximate barrings).3
d. Entire chin and upper throat streaked or heavily spotted with blackish
brown.
e. Upperparts dark grayish black, not brownish (coastal plains of southern
Chiapas) . Colinus virginianus salvini, ad. $ (p. 341)
ee. Upperparts definitely brownish.
f. Feathers of upper back tawny to dark brown with numerous black
blotches as well as vermiculations.
g. General tone of upperparts rufescent-tawny (Pacific lowlands of
western Panama).
Colinus cristatus panamensis, ad. 2 (p. 363)
gg. General tone of upperparts bister (largely extralimital — the
Guianas, Brazil, and Venezuela; introduced in the Grenadines and
Virgin Islands) . Colinus cristatus sonnini, ad. 2 (p. 360)
ff. Feathers of upper back grayish brown, with no black blotches but
only vermiculations.
g. Pale spots on abdomen definitely buffy (El Salvador, east of
Lempa River).
Colinus leucopogon leucopogon, ad. 2 (p. 357)
gg. Pale spots on abdomen white, only slightly tinged with buffy.
h. Chin, throat, and superciliaries darker — ochraceous-buff to honey
yellow (western Nicaragua).
Colinus leucopogon sclateri, ad. 2 (p.355)
hh. Chin, throat, and superciliaries paler — light pinkish buff to pale
ochraceous-buff (western Honduras).
Colinus leucopogon leylandi, ad. 2 (p. 353)
dd. Entire chin and upper throat immaculate or only faintly spotted with
blackish brown.
e. Chin and upper throat with some blackish spots.
f. Chin and upper throat bordered laterally and posteriorly with a band
of tawny spotted with blackish.
g. Paler, general color of upperparts pale buckthorn brown with a
grayish tinge (western Guatemala).
Colinus leucopogon incanus, ad. 2 (p. 359)
gg. Darker, general color of upperparts snuff brown with a grayish
tinge (El Salvador west of Lempa River).
Colinus leucopogon hypoleucus, ad. 2 (p. 358)
ff. Chin and upper throat without a tawny, black-spotted border (plateau
and western slope of Costa Rica).
Colinus leucopogon dickeyi, ad. 2 (p. 356)
ee. Chin and upper throat immaculate.
f. Breast feathers avellaneous to wood brown, finely vermiculated with
blackish, forming a distinct pectoral band.
g. Throat generally pale, slightly washed with buffy; middle of
abdomen also slightly tinged with buffy (western Honduras).
Colinus leucopogon leylandi, ad. 2 (p. 353)
gg. Throat generally darker, heavily suffused with ochraceous-buff;
middle of abdomen definitely buffy (western Nicaragua).
Colinus leucopogon sclateri, ad. 2 (p. 355)
3 As in some specimens of Colinus leucopogon hypoleucus.
312
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
ff. Breast feathers not avellaneous to wood brown, not vermiculated, but
broadly tipped with white to buff, subterminally barred with fuscous.
g. Upperparts with much hazel to pale chestnut, especially on the
back; the upper tail coverts decidedly brownish (lowlands of
southern Veracruz).
Colinus virginianus godmani, ad. $ (p. 336)
gg. Upperparts with little or no hazel or pale chestnut but decidedly
grayish wood brown; upper tail coverts grayish (eastern base of
the Cordillera in Veracruz from Jalapa to the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec) . Colinus virginianus pectoralis, ad. $ (335)
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS VIRGINIANUS (Linnaeus)
Eastern Bobwhite
Adult male (normal phase). — Forehead and broad superciliary stripe
extending back to the sides of the nape white, the forehead usually very
narrowly interrupted at the base of the culmen by the black of the ante¬
rior part of the crown which extends posteriorly as a narrow black
upper margin to the superciliaries ; rest of crown and occiput hazel to
dark russet, many of the coronal feathers blackish on the basal two-
thirds, this color often showing through as spots, and many of the
occipital feathers laterally, but not terminally, edged with pale huffy
which also often shows through as streaks; feathers of nape bicolored,
their median portion russet to chestnut, separated by a blackish line
on each web from the broad lateral white edgings, the more lateral nape
feathers tending to have broader white marks on their outer than on
their inner webs; interscapulars and upper back Mikado brown to Ver¬
ona brown edged and clouded with light drab to smoke gray, and later¬
ally incompletely barred with blackish, the more posterior feathers fre¬
quently completely crossed by these bars ; scapulars dark hazel to amber
brown very heavily blotched, and basally irregularly barred with .black;
and broadly edged, especially on their inner webs with pale warm buff;
upper wing coverts orange-cinnamon to cinnamomeous Mikado brown,
the lesser coverts often with largely grayish median portions, and the
feathers incompletely, narrowly barred with dusky along their edges;
secondaries between pale clove brown and hair brown, the innermost
ones suffused with hazel terminally and crossed by narrow, but widely
spaced grayish white wavy bars each of which is narrowly bordered
with blackish, the intervening dark area sparingly vermiculated with
dusky, and the feathers edged on both webs, and narrowly tipped, with
pinkish buff to pale pinkish buff ; remaining secondaries similar but with
the pale bars restricted to the outer half of the outer web, which alone
is edged with pinkish buff (in some specimens the edging and the in¬
complete external bars are heavily washed with pale russet) ; primaries
uniform, between pale clove brown and hair brown; feathers of middle
of upper back dark amber brown to almost chestnut, subterminally very
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
313
heavily blotched with fuscous-black, and very narrowly tipped and
edged with pale warm buff ; lateral feathers of upper back, and feathers
of lower back, and rump paler — pale slightly grayish buckthorn brown
to antique brown, narrowly barred with dusky and crossed by numerous
dusky-bordered, pale warm buffy bands ; upper tail coverts similar but
more rufescent and with black shaft streaks, the streaks sometimes
broken into a series of connected blotches; rectrices neutral gray to deep
neutral gray, the median pair freckled with pale vinaceous-buff becom¬
ing slightly rufescent terminally, the more lateral ones either uniform
or only slightly freckled terminally; lores white in their upper part,
black in their lower part ; circumocular ring blackish ; cheeks and auricu-
lars hazen to dark russet bordered above and below by a narrow line
of black; chin and upper throat white; a fairly broad blackish band
across the lower throat, followed posteriorly by a broader one of cin¬
namon to sayal brown; this band is fairly uniform in some birds while
in others it is broken to the extent of being little moi*e than a series
of brownish lateral segments of white centered feathers ; the posterior
feathers comprising this band are narrowly tipped with black and are
subterminally white ; upper abdomen white washed with pale warm
buflf, the feathers crossed by 4 or 5 narrow black bars ; lower abdomen
without the buffy wash and with the blackish bars fewer or absent ;
feathers of sides and flanks like those of the abdomen but longer and
with broad median stripes of bright ochraceous-tawny ; thighs like the
abdomen but slightly washed in spots with pale ochraceous-tawny ; under
tail coverts pale ochraceous-tawny, the longer ones with incomplete
blackish shaft stripes; inner under wing coverts hair brown broadly
edged with white; outer under wing coverts similar but with narrow
whitish margins ; bill blackish ; iris dark brown ; tarsi and toes grayish
flesh color, claws horn color.
Adult male (erythristic phase). — Entire bird rich auburn to chestnut;
the blackish or fuscous markings of the normal plumage (on head, scapu¬
lars, upper back, etc.) also present in this plumage but less distinct as
there is less contrast in tone in these dark birds ; chin and throat black¬
ish ; a white transverse patch on the breast in some and not in other
specimens ; dusky ventral barrings smaller, finer, and more restricted to
the margins of the feathers than in normal plumaged birds.
Adult female (normal phase) — Similar to the adult male except for
the coloration of the head, which is as follows : Lores, broad superciliary
stripe, chin, and throat between ochraceous-buff and pale orange-yellow ;
center of forehead, crown, and occiput between tawny and russet, the
coronal feathers with largely concealed black median areas, the occipital
ones with buffy edges ; the postocular area, including the auriculars, like
the crown ; the posterior border of the upper throat very narrowly fus¬
cous to auburn, not black as in males ; underparts generally as in males
314
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
but the dark bars on the abdominal feathers paler, narrower, more
widely spaced and less conspicuous; bill blackish with the base of the
mandible pale yellowish ; iris dark brown ; tarsi and toes as in males
but paler.
Adult female (erythristic phase). — Similar to the erythristic male,
with the chestnut color even more uniformly distributed, including the
chin, throat, and the whole head (no blackish frontal or parietal marks).
Immature (first winter). — Similar to the adult of the corresponding
sex and phase but with the two outer primaries more pointed terminally
(retained from the ju venal plumage).
Juvenal male (normal phase). — Forehead and center of crown and
occiput dull fuscous to chaetura drab, bordered laterally with broad
hair-brown superciliaries ; scapulars, interscapulars, and feathers of
upper back between snuff brown and Saccardo’s umber, each feather
with a pale buffy shaft streak and subterminally blotched with dark
sepia to fuscous, the rest of the feather sometimes indistinctly banded
with pale ochraceous-tawny ; feathers of middle of lower back Saccardo’s
umber with very large subterminal blotches of deep fuscous, the umber
often merely forming a narrow edge; rest of back, rump, and upper tail
coverts dull wood brown indistinctly mottled transversely with dusky,
the upper tail coverts being more distinctly barred ; wings practically
as in adults but all the primaries more pointed ; rectrices as in adult but
the median ones with the freckling more definitely arranged into bars ;
lores, cheeks, and auriculars like the crown; chin and upper throat
dirty white, the breast dull light vinaceous-cinnamon with a grayish wash ;
abdomen dull whitish, the sides, flanks, and thighs washed with grayish
wood brown, a few of the side feathers with russet shaft stripes ; ventral
under tail coverts wood brown tinged with cinnamomeous ; bill dusky
or reddish brown above and on the tip of the mandible, paling to pinkish
white on its base ; tarsi and toes dull yellowish white ; iris dark brown.
Juvenal female (normal phase). — Like the male of the same stage
but duller, the white areas more clouded with grayish, the brown areas
less rufescent.
Juvenal (erythristic phase).— Similar to the adult of the same phase
but with considerable white on the chin, throat, and upper breast.
Natal dozvn (normal phase). — Forehead, lores, broad superciliaries,
cheeks, and auriculars pale ochraceous-tawny to ochraceous-buff ; a line
of blackish from back of the eye to the nape; center of crown and oc¬
ciput and entire middorsal tract to the tail deep russet to chestnut deep¬
ening along the edges to bay ; wings pale ochraceous-tawny mixed and
blotched with russet to chestnut ; rest of upperparts wood brown vari¬
ously tinged with ochraceous-buff and transversely mottled with dusky;
chin and throat pale buffy white ; rest of underparts similar but slightly
duskier ; bill, tarsi, and toes pinkish white ; iris dark brown.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
315
Natal down (erythristic phase).— Like that of the normal phase but
with the russet to chestnut covering the entire upper surface of the
head and body; also the underparts of the body.
Adult male. — Wing 106-119 (111.5) ; tail 53.6-69.7 (62.1) ; culmen
from base 14.7-18.2 (16.3) ; tarsus 28.0-34.1 (31.5) ; middle toe with¬
out claw 24.8-30.3 (29.3 mm.).* 3
Adult female. — Wing 103.5-118 (111.6); tail 51.5-63 (57.7); cul¬
men from the base 14—15.5 (14.7) ; tarsus 28.5-34 (30.8) ; middle toe
without claw 25.5-31 (28.1 mm.).4
Range. — Resident in open uplands from southwestern Maine (West
Gardiner and West Fryeburg), Vermont (Londonderry), eastern New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, and southern New England, southern On¬
tario (Toronto, Port Hope, etc.), Michigan, Wisconsin, southern
Minnesota, North Dakota (Bartlett, Larimore, etc.), southeastern
Wyoming (Horse Shoe Creek) south through eastern and central
United States to northern Florida (south to Gainesville), the Gulf
coast, eastern and northern Texas, and eastern Colorado.
Introduced successfully, either as pure or as mixed stock, in Utah,
Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, California, British Columbia,
Manitoba, New Zealand (in the South Aukland district only), and some
of the West Indian Islands. Introduced unsuccessfully in China, England,
France, Germany, and Sweden.
Type locality. — South Carolina.
[Tetrao] virginianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 161 (“America” = Vir¬
ginia; based on Perdix virginiana Catesby, Carolina, i, 12, pi. 12, etc.) ; ed. 12,
i, 1766, 277. — Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 761.
Tetrao virginiana Richmond, Auk, xix, 1902, 79, in text (nomencl.).
[Perdix] znrginiana Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 650.
Perdix virginiana Wilson, Amer. Orn., vi, 1812, 21, pi. 47. — Bonaparte, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1825, 268, No. 203; Contr. Maclurean Lyc., i,
1827, 22; Syn., 1828, 124 (subg. Ortyx ). — Doughty, Cab. Nat. Hist., i, 1830,
37, pi. 4. — Audubon, Orn. Biogr., i, 1831, 388, pi. 76; v, 1839, 564, pi. 76.—
Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, i, 1832, 646. — Brown, in Wilson
and Bonaparte, Illustr. Amer. Orn., 1835, pi. xi [lxix]. — Faxon, Auk, xx, 1903,
239, in text (nomencl.).
C(oturnix) virginiana Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., i, 1791, 219.
Ortyx virginianus Jardine, Nat. Libr., Orn., iv, 1834, 123, pi. 10; Contr. Orn., 1848,
79 (Bermudas). — Audubon, Synopsis, 1939, 199. — Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847,
328 (Jamaica). — Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. i, 1844, pi. 1. — Woodhouse,
Rep. Sitgreaves Expl. Zuni and Colorado R., 1853, 94 (Indian Territory and
Texas). — Barry, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1854, 8 (Racine, Wis. ;
abundant). — Kneeland, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1857, 237 (Keweenaw
Point, Lake Superior). — Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 640; Rep.
U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., x, pt. 2, 1859, 32.— Newton, Ibis, 1859, 254 (St.
’ One hundred twenty-nine specimens selected from a much larger series, to cover
the whole range of the form.
4 Sixty-eight specimens from all parts of the range.
316
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Croix, West Indies; introduced) —Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., 1860, 640. — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, 80 (Jamaica;
introduced). Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxiii, 1909, 70 (Jamaica, exterminated by-
mongoose) . — Albrecht, Journ. fur Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica).— Hayden, Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc., xii, 1862, 173 (Missouri River to White River). — March,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, 303 (Jamaica). — Gray, List Birds
Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 75; Handlist, ii, 1870, 272, No. 9777. — Samuels,
Orn. and Ool. New England, 1868, 393 (New England; habits). — Allen,
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1868, 501 (w. Iowa; very common), 526 (Rich¬
mond, Ind.) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 352 (crit.) ; iii, 1872, 181
(Kansas) ; Bull. Essex Inst., x, 1878, 23 (Massachusetts; common) ; Ibis, 1883,
226 in text (distr.). — Trippe, Comm. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 118 (Minnesota) ;
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 240 (Iowa) .—Snow, Cat. Birds Kansas,
ed. 2, 1872, 12 (Kansas; abundant). — Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872,
237; Birds Northwest, 1874, 431 (monogr). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 468, pi. 63 (monogr.). — Ridgway, Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1874, 23 (lower Wabash Valley). — Brewer, Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 12 (New England). — Nelson, Bull. Essex
Inst., ix 1877, 62 (s. Illinois; Union County) 65 (s. Illinois). — Purdie, Bull.
Nuttall Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 15 in text (New England).— Bendire, Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877, 140 (Boise City, Idaho and Oregon side Snake River;
introduced). — Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 237, 487 (Antigua;
West Indies; introduced), 450 (Guadeloupe and Martinique; introduced). —
Scott, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 147 (w. Missouri; abundant).—
Langdon, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1879, 15 (Cincinnati, Ohio). —
Loomis, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 217 (South Carolina; abundant). —
Dalgleish, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, v, 1880, 144 (Great Britain; intro¬
duced) .—Cory, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 154 (Haiti; introduced) ; Birds
Haiti and San Domingo, 1885, 138. — Newton, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 117.—
Wheaton, Rep. Birds Ohio, 1882, 448, 580, 587 (Ohio; syn. ; descr. ; habits).—
Beckham, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vi, 1882, 165 (Bayou Sara, La.; abundant).—
Cooke, Auk, i, 1884, 247 (Chippewa name). — Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 14 (Colorado;
introduced). — Feilden, Ibis, 1889, 410 Barbadoes ; introduced). — Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 415; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 135
(monogr.). — Feilden, West Indian Bull., iii, 1902, 346 (Barbados). — Oliver,
New Zealand Birds, 1930, 377 (New Zealand; introduced).
0[rtyx] virginianus Ridgway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, x, 1874, 382
(Illinois; resident). — Hatch, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, 62 (Minne¬
sota; introduced; not yet common). — Boies, Cat. Birds Southern Michigan,
1875, No. 148 (s. Michigan). — Deane, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, i, 1876, 22, in
text (albinism). — Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 122 (ne. Illinois; common
resident; ix, 1877, 59 (Cairo, s. Illinois; few seen).
Orlyx virginiana Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 199; Birds Amer., v, 1842, 59, pi. 289. —
DeKay, Zool. New York, 1844, 202, pi. 75 (New York). — Giraud, Birds Long
Island, 1814, 187 (Long Island, N. Y.; habits). — Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847,
328 (Jamaica).— Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 40 (spec.; Essex County,
Mass.; Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 589. — Trippe, Comm. Essex Inst.,
vi, 1871, 118 (Minnesota; abundant). — Gibbs, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr.
Bull. 5, 1879, 491 (Michigan; common resident) .—Dalgleish, Bull. Nuttall
Orn. Club, v, 1880, 66, in text (Europe). — Hay, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vii,
1882, 93 (Lower Mississippi; Vicksburg). — Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 22 (Knox County, Ind.). — Bailey, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, viii, 1883,
41 (eggs; Georgia). — Agersborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 285 (se. Dakota; common). —
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
317
Wilcox, Auk, ii, 1885, 315, in text (Boise Valley, Idaho; introduced). — Tippen-
hauer, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, 320, 322 (Haiti).
0[rtyx] virginiana Maximilian, Journ. fur Orn., 1858, 443 (descr.).
Perdix (Colima) virginiana Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and Canada, i, 1832,
646.
Ortyx virginianus, var. virginianus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 468.
0[rtyx] virginianus var. virginianus Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 43 (s.
Illinois; very numerous on the uplands).
Ortyx virginianus a virginianus Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 431 (monogr.)
Philortyx virginianus Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., vi, 1854, 148 ( fig.
of head and foot) .
Colinus virginianus Cory, List Birds West Indies, 1885, 24; Auk, iv, 1887, 224, part
(Haiti, San Domingo, Jamaica, St. Croix, Antigua), viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua) ;
Cat. West Indian Birds, 892, 96 (Greater and Lesser Antilles).— Stejneger,
Auk, ii, 1885, 45 (nom end.). —Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 100, in text, 103 (w.
North Carolina; abundant); Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 4, 1906, 170 (Cam¬
bridge region, Mass.; resident).— Batchelder, Auk, iii, 1886, 314 (North
Carolina mountains in winter). — Rives, Auk, iii, 1886, 161 in text (Salt Pond
Mountain, Va.).— Anthony, Auk, iii, 1886, 164 (Oregon; introduced in Wash¬
ington County).— Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 319 (Roane County, Tenn., very com¬
mon). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 167; ed. 2, 1895,
106.— Langdon, Auk, iv, 1887, 129 (Chilhowee Mountain, Tenn., abundant).—
Richmond, Auk, v, 1888, 20 (District of Columbia; quite rare) ; xvii, 1900, 178
(Oneida County, N. Y.). — Evermann, Auk, v, 1888, 349 (Carroll County, Ind. ;
now rare). — Lawrence, Auk, vi, 1889, 53, in text (White Top Mountain, Va.). —
Faxon, Auk, vi, 1889, 99, footnote (Berkshire County, Mass.); xiii, 1896, 215
(Abbot’s drawing of a Georgia bird). — Pindar, Auk, vi, 1889, 313 (Fulton
County, Ky.). — Belding, Occ. Pap. California Acad. Sci., ii, 1890, 8. — Loomis,
Auk, vii, 1890, 35 (Pickens County, S. C.) ; viii, 1891, 326 (Caesars Head, S. C.).
— Goss, Plist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 219 (Kansas; abundant; habits) .—Hatch,
Notes Birds Minnesota, 1892, 155, 454 (Minnesota; distr. ; habits). — Scott,
Auk, ix, 1892, 120 (Jamaica; introduced).— Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer.
Birds, i, 1892, 1, pi. 1 (life hist.).— Coombs, Auk, ix, 1892, 204 (Louisiana; very
common) .—Todd, Auk, x, 1893, 37 in text (Indiana and Clearfield Counties,
Pa.).— Allen, Auk, x, 1893, 133 (distr.); xxv, 1908, 59 (s. Vermont).—
White, Auk, x, 1893, 223 (Mackinac Island, Mich.).— Field, Auk, xi, 1894,
123 (Jamaica). — Shufeldt, Auk, xi, 1894, 129, in text, pi. v (plum.). — Stone,
Auk, xi, 1894, 136 (Cape May County, N. J.) ; Birds New Jersey, 1908, 149
(New Jersey; descr.; habits).— Hoffman, Auk, xii, 1895, 88 (c. Berkshire
County, Mass.).— Young, Auk, xiii, 1896, 281 (Lumber Yard, Luzerne County,
Pa.).— Bagg, Auk, xiv, 1897, 226 (near Oneida Lake, N. Y.).— Johnson, Auk,
xiv, 1897, 316, in text (Oneida and Lewis Counties, N. Y.) ; Condor, viii,
1906, 26 (Cheney, Wash.; introduced).— Cooke, Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull.
37, 1897, 69 (Colorado; introduced in places); 56, 1900, 201 (Colorado; intro¬
duced) ; Auk, xxvi, 1909, 410 (Colorado; native 60 years ago at Bents Fork).—
Oberholser, Auk, xv, 1898, 184 (plum.). — Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
1896-1897 (1899), 253 (Kansas; resident; abundant).— Rhoads, Auk, xvi, 1899,
310 (w. Pennsylvania; rare). — Barlow, Condor, ii, 1900, 131 (Santa Clara
County, Calif.; introduced) .— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 197 (s. Ontario).
—Nash, Check-list Birds Ontario, 1900, 26 (Ontario; common); Check-list
Vert. Ontario; Birds, 1905, 34 (Ontario; common) .—Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900,
43, 151 in text (molts and plum.).— Bangs and Bradlee, Auk, xviii, 1901, 250
318
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
(Bermuda; introduced).— Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902,
115 (descr. ; distr.) Rathbun, Auk, xix, 1902, 133 (Seattle, Wash.; intro¬
duced).— Wayne, Auk, xix, 1902, 197 (abnormal plum,; Mt. Pleasant, S. C.).—
Dawson, Birds Ohio, 1903, 437, 652, pi. 53 (Ohio; descr.; habits). — Jones,
Birds Ohio, Revised Cat., 1903, 83 (Ohio; common). — Snow, Cat. Birds Kansas,
ed. 5, 1903, 15 (Kansas; abundant).— Maxon, Auk, xx, 1903, 263 (Madison
County, N. Y.).— Judd, U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook for 1903 (1904), 193 (eco¬
nomic value).— Eifrig, Auk, xxi, 1904, 237 (w. Maryland).— Williams, Auk,
xxi, 1904, 453 (Leon County, Fla. ) —Allison, Auk, xxi, 1904, 476 (West
Baton Rouge Parish, La.) ; xxiv, 1907, 16 (Tishomingo County, Miss.) .—Town¬
send, Mem. Nuttall Om. Club, iii, 1905, 201 (Essex County, Mass.). — Wood
and Frothingham, Auk, xxii, 1905, 46 (Au Sable Valley, Mich.; occasional).—
Kopman, Auk, xxii, 1905, 141 (Jefferson Parish, La.). — Stockard, Auk, xxii,
1905, 149 (Mississippi; abundant).— Rhoads and Pennock, Auk, xxii, 1905,
199 (Delaware).— Clark, Auk, xxii, 1905, 262 in text (Barbados; 2 records) ;
Pioc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxii, 1905, 246 (Barbados; very rare). — Bowles,
Auk, xxiii, 1906, 142 (Tacoma, Wash.; introduced).— Warren, Condor, viii]
1906, 19 (se. Colorado; s. of Monon) .—Fleming, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 71 (Toronto,
Canada).— Ferry, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 283, 432 (s. Illinois; abundant at Olive
Branch).— Woodruff, Auk, xxv, 1908, 198 (Shannon and Carter Counties,
Mo.). — Saunders, Auk, xxv, 1908, 417 (c. Alabama). — Edson, Auk, xxv, 1908,
432 (Bellingham Bay, Wash.; introduced). — Beyer, Allison, and Kopman,
Auk, xxv, 1908, 439 (Louisiana; common).— Reagan, Auk, xxv, 1908, 464
(Rosebud Reservation, S. Dak.; rare).— Rockwell, Condor, x, 1908, 160 (Mesa
County, Colo.; introduced).— Dawson and Bowles, Birds Washington, ii, 1909,
560 (Washington; habits; distr.).— Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed.
2, 1909, 215 (s. Ontario).— Hersey and Rockwell, Condor, xi, 1909, 116 (Barr
Lake District, Colo.; common). — Palmer, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 25, in text (instinct¬
ive stillness).— Howell, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 132 (Young Harris, Brasstown Bald,
Tate, and Ellijay; n. Georgia) ; xxvi, 1910, 296 (Kentucky and Tennessee), 301
(Tennessee— High Cliff, Coal Creek, Crass Mountain, Walden Ridge, and
Lawrenceburg).— Visher, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 147 (near Rapid City, S. Dak.).—
Trotter, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 355 (common names). — Hess, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 22
(centr. Illinois).— Embody, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 171 (Ashland, Va.) .—Chaney,
Auk, xxvii, 1910, 273 (Mason County, Mich.).— Philipp, Auk, xxvii, 1910,
322 (St. James Island, S. C.).— Tullsen, Condor, xiii, 1911, 104, in text
(S. D.).— Widmann, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 312 (Estes Park, Colo.).— Zimmer,
Proc. Nebraska Orn. Union, v, pt. 2, 1911, 20 (Dawes County, Nebr. ; resident) ;
pt. 5, 1913, 69 (Nebraska; Thomas County Forest Reserve). — Sclater, Hist.
Birds Colorado, 1912, 139 (Colorado; recently spread into eastern Colorado;
introduced from Pueblo to Fort Collins).— Isely, Auk, xxix, 1912, 28 (Sedg¬
wick County, Kans.).— Kennedy, Condor, xvi, 1914, 254, in text (Yakima
Valley, Wash.) .— Rust, Condor, xvii, 1915, 123 (Kootenai County, Idaho;
influx from Spokane Prairie, Wash.).— Phillips, Auk, xxxii, 1915, 204, in text]
pi. xvi (New England; crit. ; plum.; meas.) ; U. S. Dept. Agr. Techn. Bull. 6l]
1928, 31 (introduced into Bermuda and New Providence, Jamaica; Puerto
Rico, and other West Indian Islands). — Griscom, Birds New York City Region,
1923, 175 (status; New York City Region). — Johnston, Birds West Virginia,
1923, 8, 88 (West Virginia).— Neilson, Condor, xxvii, 1925, 73, in text (Wheat-
land, Wyo.).— Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 160 (w. Canada; descr.;
habits) ; Birds Canada, 1934, 164 in text (Canada, distr.) ; Can. Water Birds]
1939, 177 (Canada; field characters).— Beebe, Zool. Soc. Bull., xxx, 1927, 139;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, 220 (Bizoton, Ltang Miragoane, Haiti). — Sprunt,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
319
Auk, xlv, 1928, 210, in text (albinism) ; Hi, 1935, 80 in text (North Carolina,
Blowing Rock, Watauga County, nest with 17 eggs, August 10, 1934; nest with 11
eggs, August 27). — Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxx, 1928 (1929),
493 (Haiti) ; Auk, xlvii, 1930, 270 (St. Croix, V. I.). — Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x,
1929, 762 (care in captivity). — Danforth, Auk, xlvi, 1929, 362 (Mirebalais,
Grand Goave, Fonds des Negres, Hispaniola) ; Leeward Isl. Gazeteer, Suppl., Nov.
16, 1933, 2 (Antigua; introduced; now extinct). — Uuner, Abstr. Linn. Soc. New
York, Nos. 39,40, 1930, 71 (Union County, N. J.).— Miller, Murrelet, xi, 1930, 60
in text (Washington; Palouse region; habits; food).— Christy, Auk, xlviii,
1931, 367 (change of status; Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie). — Bailey and Wright,
Wils. Bull., xliii, 1931, 201 (Avery Island, La.). — Gabrielson, Condor, xxxiii,
1931, 112 (Brownsboro, Tolo, Jackson County, Oreg. ; introduced). — Groebbels,
Der Vogel, i, 1932, 532 in text (lining of gizzard), 664 (body temperature) ; ii,
1937, 384 in text (infertile eggs), 402 in text (parental care). — Caum, Occ. Pap.
Bishop Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, 12 (Hawaii; introduced; not known to breed). —
Nice and Kraft, Wils. Bull., xlvi, 1934, 122, in table (erythrocite count). —
Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxiv, 1934, 12 (Arnett, Laverne, and Kenton,
Okla. ; crit.). — Anderson, Journ. Barbados Mus. Hist. Soc., ii, 1935, 138
(Barbados; accidental). — Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus.
Zool., No. 8, 1936, 30 (Ontario; formerly common; reduced in numbers; native
and introduced races mixed and not now identifiable) . — Bagg and Eliot, Birds
Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, 1937, 173 (status; habits).— Griffee and
Rapraeger, Murrelet, xviii, 1937, 14 in text, 16 (Portland, Oreg.; 1 nesting
record). — Errington, Wils. Bull., Ii, 1939, 22, in text (ability to withstand cold
and hunger) ; liii, 1941, 85 in text (central Iowa; habits) ; Auk, lvi, 1939, 170,
in text (food habits; Wisconsin). — Todd, Birds Western Pennsylvania, 1940, 131,
in text (remains found in stomachs of eastern goshawks). — McCabe and Leo¬
pold, Wils. Bull., lii, 1940, 280 (Wisconsin; snow-killed). — Lack, Condor, xlii,
1940, 270, in text, 274 in text (pairing habit). — Allin, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst.,
xxiii, pt. 1, 1940, 96 (Darlington Township, Ontario; extinct) .— Lesher and
Kendeigh, Wils. Bull., liii, 1941, 170 in text (molt). — Hand, Condor, xliii,
1941, 225 (St. Joe Natl. Forest, Idaho). — Stevenson, Condor, xliv, 1942, 110
(Central Panhandle of Texas). — Baiile, Condor, xlvi, 1944, 72 (Utah; introd.).
C[olinus] virginiamis Ridgway, Man. North Arner. Birds, 1887, 188. — Reichenow,
DieVdgel, i, 1913, 315.
Colinus virginiana Petiudes, Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 322, in
text (age indicators in plumage).
Colinus virginianus virginianus Wetmore, Condor, xi 1909, 157 (e. Kansas) ; Sci.
Surv. Puerto Rico and Virgin Ids., ix, pt. 3, 1927, 330 (Puerto Rico; Virgin
Islands ; distr. ; habits) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxxiv, 1937, 407 (West Virginia ;
spec. ; Big Bend, Calhoun County; seen near Gilboa, Freed, and near Grantsville) ;
lxxxvi, 1939, 184 (Tennessee; spec, from Shady Valley); lxxxviii, 1940, 535
(Kentucky; spec, from near Bedford ; sev. sight records). — American Ornithol¬
ogists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 134; ed. 4, 1931, 88. — Saunders, Condor,
xiv, 1912, 24 (sw. Montana ; introduced in Deer Lodge Valley; not yet common) ;
Pacific Coast Avif., No. 14, 1921, 172 (introduced into Montana with local
success). — Bailey, Auk, xxix, 1912, 80 (mountains of Virginia; abundant). —
Bruner and Field, Auk, xxix, 1912, 376 (w. North Carolina). — Harlow,
Auk, xxix, 1912, 477 (Chester County, Pa.) ; xxxv, 1918, 23 (Pennsylvania
and New Jersey). — Smyth, Auk, xxix, 1912, 514 (Montgomery County, Va.). —
Allen, Auk, xxx, 1913, 24 (Essex County, Mass.). — Eifrig, Auk, xxx, 1913,
239, in text (Chicago area). — Stone, Auk, xxx, 1913, 338 (William Bartram’s
records) ; Bird Studies Cape May, i, 1937, 323 (New Jersey; habits; distr.). —
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Wright and Harper, Auk, xxx, 1913, 494 (Okefinokee Swamp, Ga.). —
Bailey, Birds Virginia, 1913, 83 (Virginia; distr. ; habits). — Grave and Walker,
Birds Wyoming, 1913, 38 (Wyoming; small coveys on lower portions of Platte
and Laramie Rivers in eastern part of the State). — Kennedy, Ibis, 1914, 188
(Bermuda; spec.). — Tinker, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 77 (Clay and Palo Alto Counties,
Iowa). — Golsan and Holt, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 219 (Alabama; abundant). —
Rockwell and Wetmore, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 314 (Golden, Colo., introduced).—
Cooke, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 478 (Oklahoma; winter). — Smith, Condor, xvii, 1915,
42 (Boston Mountains, Ark.; very local). — Grinnell, Pacific Coast Avif., No.
11, 1915, 180 (California; hypothetical) .—Shelton, Univ. Oregon Bull., new
ser., xiv, No. 4, 1917, 20, 26 (west-central Oregon; introduced). — Dice, Auk,
xxxv, 1918, 43 (se. Washington, introduced). — Burns, Orn. Chester County,
Pa., 1919, 48 (Chester County, Pa.; common). — Pearson, Brimley, and
Brimley, Birds of North Carolina, 1919, 152 (North Carolina; descr. ; distr.);
1942, 108. — Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 5, 1920, 95 (Essex County,
Mass.; rare). — Fleisher, Auk, xxxvii, 1920, 569 (southeastern North Caro¬
lina).- — Bangs and Kennard, List Birds Jamaica, 1920, 688 (Jamaica; intro¬
duced). — Hunt, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 376 (Tillar, Ark.; common) ; xlviii, 1931,
236 (near Maumelle, Ark.).- — Over and Thoms, Birds South Dakota, 1921,
75 (South Dakota; common throughout). — Holt, Geol. Surv. Alabama, Mus.
Pap. No. 4, 1921, 36, 53 in text (Alabama; abundant; habits; food; spec.). —
Wilson, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 235 (Bowling Green, Ky.). — Corrington, Auk, xxxix,
1922, 543 (Biloxi, Miss.; winter). — Swope, Auk, xl, 1923, 323 in text, (increas¬
ing in Ohio). — Wood, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, No. 10, 1923, 81
(North Dakota, introduced; rare). — Pindar, Wils. Bull., xxxvi, 1924, 204
(status, s. Arkansas) ; xxxviii, 1925, 83 (Fulton County, Ky.).— Beck, Auk, xli,
1924, 292, in text (Pennsylvania; German common names). — Gabrielson, Auk,
xli, 1924, 554 (Imnaha Canyon, Wallowa County, Oreg.) ; Wils. Bull., xlviii, 1936,
306 (Lake Francis, Minn.; abundant). — Howell, Birds Alabama, 1924, 117;
ed. 2, 1928, 117 (Alabama; habits; distr.); Florida Bird Life, 1932, 192
(Florida; distr.; descr.; habits). — Nice and Nice, Birds Oklahoma, 1924, 35
(Oklahoma; distr.; habits). — Wheeler, Birds Arkansas, 1925, 38, xiv, xx
(Arkansas; descr.;1 habits; food; nests and eggs) .—Bailey, Birds Florida,
1925, i, 59, pi. 32 (col. fig.; distr.; Florida). — Larson, Wils. Bull., xxxvii,
1925, 27 (status; Sioux Falls region, S. Dak.). — Blincoe, Auk, xlii, 1925, 408
(Bardstown, Ky.). — Holland, Auk, xliii, 1926, 94, in text (late nesting,
Illinois) ; xliv, 1927, 100, in text (late nesting). — Worthington and Todd,
Wils. Bull., xxxviii, 1926, 211 (Florida; Choctowhatchee Bay). — Forbush,
Birds Massachusetts and Other New England States, ii, 1927, 2, pi. 34 (col.
fig.; New England; distr.; descr.; habits).- — Linsdale and Hall, Wils. Bull.,
xxxix, 1927, 96 (Douglas County, Kans.).— Linsdale, Auk, xliv. 1927, 52
(Pratt, Garden City, and Coolidge, sw. Kansas) ; Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., xviii,
1928, 532 (near Geary, e. Kansas). — Horsey, Auk, xliv, 1927, 119 (Montgomery
and Boyd Counties, Ky.). — Davis, Auk, xliv, 1927, 418, in text (late nest¬
ing).— Baerg, Auk, xliv, 1927, 546 (Mount Magazine, Ark.); Univ. Arkansas
Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 258, 1931, 53 (Arkansas; distr.; descr.; habits; food). —
Sutton, Birds Pennsylvania, 1928, 52 (Pennsylvania; distr.; habits) ; Ann. Car¬
negie Mus., xxvii, 1938, 178 (Tarrant County, Tex.; breeds). — Pickens, Wils.
Bull., xl, 1928, 189 (upper South Carolina). — Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila¬
delphia, lxxx, 1928 (1929), 493 (Haiti; distr.; habits) ; Birds West Indies, 1936,
414 (distr. in West Indies) ; Check List Birds West Indies, 1940, 164 (introduced
and now extirpated in St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, and Martinique; intro¬
duced and established in Jamaica, s. Haiti, and St. Croix, in all of which
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
321
islands it is not common). — Cahn and Hyde, Wils. Bull., xli, 1929, 36 (Little
Egypt HI.; ecol., distr.). — Cooke, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlii, 1929, 33
(Washington, D. C.). — Harper, Wils. Bull., xli, 1929, 236 (Randolph County,
Ga.) .— Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., lxviii, 1929, 311 (Dominican Re¬
public). — Danforth, Journ. Agr. Porto Rico, xiv, 1930, 115 (St. Croix, V. I.) ;
xix, 1935, 466 (St. Croix; introduced) ; xxiii, 1938, 22 (Guadeloupe, intro¬
duced 1886-7; now extinct); Auk, li, 1934, 357 (introduced into Antigua;
became extinct there soon after 1890) ; Trop. Agr., xiii, 1936, 214 (St. Kitts;
introduced; now extinct). — Beatty, Journ. Agr. Porto Rico, xiv, 1930, 139
(St. Croix, V. I.; breeds). — Roads, Auk, xlvii, 1930, 268, in text (late nest¬
ing; Ohio). — Fitzpatrick, Wils. Bull., xlii, 1930, 125 (status in northeastern
Colorado). — Brooks, Wils. Bull., xlii, 1930, 246 (Cranberry Glades, W. Va.). —
Pierce, Wils. Bull., xlii, 1930, 265 (Buchanan County, Iowa) ; Proc. Iowa Acad.
Sci., xlvii, 1941, 376 (ne. Iowa, recently became scarce). — Nice, Birds Okla¬
homa, rev. ed., 1931, 81 (Oklahoma; distr.; habits); Auk, 1, 1933, 97 (hen
giving call of male) .—[Arthur], Birds Louisiana, 1931, 216 (Louisiana; habits;
descr. ; status). — Wetmore and Swales, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 155, 1931, 122
(Hispaniola; distr.; habits; syn.). — Snyder and Logier, Trans. Roy. Canadian
Inst., xviii, pt. 1, 1931, 176 (Long Point area, Norfolk County; Ontario;
formerly). — Esten, Auk, xlviii, 1931, 573 (weight). — Bird and Bird, Wils.
Bull., xliii, 1931, 293, in text (food in winter; Oklahoma). — Bradlee and
Mowbray, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. His., xxxix, 1931, 325 (Bermuda; not com¬
mon; spec.). — Roberts, Birds Minnesota, i, 1932, 408 (distr.; habits; Minne¬
sota). — Bennitt, Univ. Missouri Studies, vii, No. 3, July 1932, 26 (Missouri; res¬
ident). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 9 (life hist, monogr. ; distr.;
plum.). — Griscom, Trans. Linn. Soc. New York, iii, 1933, 97 (Dutchess County,
N. Y. ; now largely extirpated). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 47
(distr.). — Brodkorb and Stevenson, Auk, li, 1934, 101 (Beach, Ill., adult
female in male plumage). — Nagel, Wils. Bull., xlvi, 1934, 147 (Missouri; diet
and internal parasites). — Breckenridge, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 269 (Minne¬
sota).— McCreary and Mickey, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 129 in text (se.
Wyoming; resident). — Youngworth, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 217 (Fort
Sisseton, South Dakota; few seen). — Perkins, Auk, lii, 1935, 460 (Berwick,
Maine). — Fisher, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlviii, 1935, 161 (Plummers
Island, Md.). — Imler, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xxxix, 1936, 301 (Rooks
County, Kans. ; fairly common until 1934; since quite uncommon) .— Bellrose,
Auk, liii, 1936, 348 (nesting September 8 near Ottawa, n. Illinois). — Scott,
Wils. Bull., xlix, 1937, 21 (Iowa; snow-killing). — Stewart, Auk, liv, 1937,
326, in table (weight). — Alexander, Univ. Colorado Stud., No. 24, 1937, 91
(Boulder County, Colo.; infrequent) .— Murphey, Contr. Charleston Mus., ix,
1937, 14 (Savannah Valley, Ga. ; abundant; varying in numbers from year to
year).— Deaderick, Wils. Bull., 1, 1938, 263 (Hot Springs Nat. Park, Arkansas;
common). — Bennett, Blue-winged Teal, 1938, 46 in text (egg dropping). —
Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 379, 1938, 12 (Michigan;
permanent resident). — Sutton, Ann. Carngie Mus., xxvii, 1938, 178 (Tarrant
County, Tex.; breeds). — Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana, 1938, 191 (Louisiana,
common; habits). — Niedrach and Rockwell, Birds Denver and Mountain
Parks, 1939, 64 (Denver, Colo., region; distr.; habits; not common). —
Trautman, Bills, and Wickliff, Wils. Bull., li, 1939, 99, in text (winter
mortality; Ohio). — Campbell, Bull. Toledo Mus. Sci., i, 1940, 63 (Lucas County,
Ohio; spec.; common; eggs).— Long, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xliii, 1940, 440
(Kansas; fairly common resident in east but not so abundantly as formerly).—
Trautman, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 44, 1940, 224 (Buckeye
322
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Lake, Ohio; habits; common). — Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940,
220 (Oregon; distr. ; descr. ; habits). — Todd, Birds Western Pennsylvania, 1940,
172 (w. Pennsylvania; descr.; distr.; habits; syn.). — Burleigh, Auk, lviii,
1941, 337 (North Carolina, Mount Mitchell) .— Goodpaster, Journ. Cincinnati
Soc. Nat. Hist., xxii, 1941, 13 (sw. Ohio; resident). — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 238 (syn.; distr.).— PIerm an, Jankiewicz,
and Saarni, Condor, xliv, 1942, 168 in text (coccidiosis) . — Cruickshank,
Birds New York City, 1942, 151 (status; habits).
Colinus v[irginianus] virginianus Wetmore, Condor, xi, 1909, 155 (e. Kansas) ;
Maryland Conservationist, 1930, 4, 5 in text.— Peck, Condor, xiii, 1911, 65
(Willow Creek Valley, Oreg.).— Lincoln, Auk, xxxvii, 1920, 65 (Clear Creek
district, Colo.; introduced) .— Soper, Auk, xl, 1923, 497 (Wellington and Water¬
loo Counties, Ontario). — Holt, Auk, xlii, 1925, 147 (nesting dates, Alabama). —
Wing, Auk, xlvii, 1930, 417 (killed by pheasants). — Stoddard, The Bobwhite
Quail, 1931, 83 (monogr.).— Hicks, Wils. Bull., xlv, 1933, 180 (Ashtabula
County, Ohio).— Breckenridge, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 272 (eaten by marsh
hawk).— Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 167 (data on breeding biology), 239,
in text (egg number).— Poole, Auk, lv, 1938, 516, in table (weight; wing area)!
Stabler, Auk, lviii, 1941, 561 (used in parasite experiment). — Amadon, Auk,
lx, 1943, 225 (body weight and egg weight).
C[olinus] v[irgmianus] virginianus Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxiv, 1934, 12,
in text (Panhandle, Oklahoma).— Bond, Birds West Indies, 1936, 82 in text,' 403
in text (introduced, but now extirpated, in Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, Antigua,
Guadeloupe, and Martinique; established in Jamaica, southern Haiti and
St. Croix).
[Colinus] virginianus virginianus Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario
Mus. Zook, No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 30, in text (native Ontario race now mixed with
imported stock).
Colinus virginianus texanus (not of Lawrence, 1853) Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas,
1891, 222 (Kansas; spec.; descr.).— Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 1896-97
(1899), 253 (Kansas; resident in southwestern part).— Cooke, Colorado State
Agr. Coll. Bull. 56, 1900, 201, part (Colorado). — Snow, Cat. Birds Kansas, ed.
5, 1903, 15 (sw. Kansas; rare).
Colinus v[irginianus] texanus Niedrach, Condor, xxv, 1923, 182, in text (Baca
County, Colo.).
Colinus virginianus floridanus (not of Coues, 1872) Figgins, Auk, xl, 1923, 674
(Black Bayou, La.).
O [rtyx] virginianus var. floridanus (not of Coues, 1872) Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst.,
ix, 1877, 43 (Mount Carmel, Ill,).
Tetrao marilandicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 277 (based on Perdix
novae-angliae Brisson, i, 229).
Tetrao marilandica Brackenridge, Views of Louisiana, 1817, 119 (Louisiana).
Tetrao marilandus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 761.
Perdix marilanda Latham, Index Orn. ii, 1790, 651.
Tetrao marylandus Smith, Wonders of Nature and Art, rev. ed., 1807, xiv, 69
(New York, Pennsylvania).
Ortyx marylandus Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1847, 38 (part; Jamaica).
(?) Tetrao mexicanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 277.— Gmelin Syst
Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 762.
Perdix mexicana Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 653.— Richmond, Auk, xix, 1902,
79, in text (nomencl.).
Tetrao colin Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 129 (“America”).
Tetrao colinicui Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 130 (Louisiana).
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
323
Perdix borealis Temminck, Pig. et Gallin., iii, 1815, 436, 475 (part). — Vieillot,
Gal. Ois., ii, 1825, 44, pi. 214.
Ortyx borealis Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 3 77. — Jardine and Selby,
lllustr. Orn., i, 1828, text to pi. 38; Nat. Libr. Orn., iv, 1834, pi. 10.
T[etrao minor ] Bartram, Trav. in Florida, etc., 1791, 290.
(?) Ortyx castanea Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1842 (1843), 142 (“South
America”; coll. J. Gould).
(?) Ortyx castaneus Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3, 1850, pi. 3.- — Gray, List
Birds, Brit. Mus. pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 76; Hand-list, ii, 1870, 273, No. 9780.—
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxii, 1893, 424; Handbook Game Birds,
ii, 1897, 145 (monogr.).
(?) Colinus virginianus castaneus Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 49 and
footnote. — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 247.
Ortyx hoopesii “Krider,” "Homo” [pseudonym], Forest and Stream, v, 1875, 243
(near Philadelphia, Pa. = black-throated variety).
C[olinus] v[irginianus] verus Allen, Auk, iii, 1886, 276, in text (not apparently
intended as a new name but signifying “true” or “typical” virginianus) .
Colinus virginianus taylori Lincoln, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxviii, 1915, 103
(Laird, Yuma County, Colo.; coll. Colorado Museum Nat. Hist.). — American
Ornithologists' Union, Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 426. — Long, Bull. Univ. Kansas Sci.,
xxxvi, 1935, 233 (common; w. Kansas) ; Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xliii, 1940,
441 (Kansas; common resident in western part; probably as far east as the
Flint Hills).
Colinus v[irginianus] taylori Lincoln, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., 1915, 6
(Yuma County, Colo.; resident).
[Colinus] [virginianus] taylori Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxiv, 1934, 12, in text.
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS TEXANUS (Lawrence)
Texas Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate form but without any
black loreal band from the bill to the eye and without large, conspicuous
black blotches on the scapulars, innermost secondaries, and back; gen¬
erally much more grayish, less rufescent above, and less tinged with ochra-
ceous or buffy below ; the feathers of upperparts of head and body paler
in their brownish parts than in the typical form and each feather termi¬
nally edged with pale smoke grayish, the interscapulars and feathers of
the back and upper wing coverts barred with whitish each of these bars
bordered by blackish ; the black border posterior to the white throat nar¬
rower; size generally smaller.
Adult jemale. — Similar to that of the nominate race but slightly paler
and much grayer, as in the male, and without large black blotches on the
scapulars, inner secondaries, and back.
Immature. — Similar to the adult of corresponding sex, but with the
two outer primaries more pointed terminally.
Juvenal. — Like that of the nominate race of corresponding sex but
somewhat paler, and, for this reason, appearing somewhat more brownish,
less dusky.
Natal down. — Not distinguishable from that of the typical race.
324
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult male. — Wing 103-112.5 (107.9) ; tail 57-64 (61) ; culmen from
the base 13.5-14 (13.7) ; tarsus 28-31 (29.8) ; middle toe without claw
25-28 (26.3 mm.).5
Adult female. — Wing 98.5—110.5 (107.1) ; tail 50.5—62 (56.3) ; culmen
from base 12.5—14 (13.1) ; tarsus 28—31 (29.4) ; middle toe without claw
25-28 (26.5 mm.).5
Range. — Resident in open country in the Upper and Lower Sonoran
Zone from southeastern New Mexico (Carlsbad, Texline, Nara Vasa,
sandhills near Logan, etc.) ; central and southern Texas (north to the
neighborhood of the Brazos River, where it intergrades with the nominate
race), south to northeastern Coahuila and Nuevo Leon and to north-
central Tamaulipas.
Introduced, either by itself or mixed with typical virginianus, and now
hopelessly mixed beyond the point of subspecific identifiability, into central
Colorado, Utah, Idaho, California, Montana, Oregon, Washington, many
of the eastern States, and in the West Indies, especially Haiti.
Type locality. — Above Ringgold Barracks, Tex.
Ortyx virginiana (not Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus) McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, 1851, 220 (sw. Texas; “New Mexico”). — Nehrling, Bull. Nuttall
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 175 (Houston, etc., se. Texas).
Ortyx virginianus Woodhouse, in Rep. Sitgreaves Expl. Zuni and Colorado Rivers,
1853, 94 (Indian Territory; Texas e. of San Pedro River) .—Baird, Rep. U. S.
and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 22 (e. Texas).
Colinus virginianus American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 106;
ed. 3, 1910, 134, part— Friedmann, Auk, xlii, 1925, 543 (lower Rio Grande
Valley, Tex.) —Sutton and Burleigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zook, Louisiana State
Univ., No. 3, 1939, 28 (ne. Mexico; common n. Tamaulipas, n. Nuevo Leon).
Ortyx texanus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, 1 (Ringgold
Barracks, Tex.; coll. G. N. Lawrence). — Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., ix,
1858, 641; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 22, pi. 24 (Devils
River and Laredo, Tex.; Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Nuevo Leon); Cat. North
Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 472. — Heermann, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., x, No. 1,
1859, 18 (Pecos River, Tex.). — Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Pacific
R.R. Surv., 1860, atlas, pi. 62. — Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 315, 317, in text, 1866, 27
(s. Texas).— Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 75.— Butcher,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1868, 150 (Laredo, Tex.). — Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, pi. 63, figs. 3, 4— Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 298, part (s. and w. Texas;
Matamoros, etc., n. Tamaulipas; Hacienda de las Escobas, San Agustin, San
Pedro, Vaqueria, Estancia, and Topo Chico, Nuevo Leon?).”
Ortix texanus Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los Estados
Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 175 (common names; Mexico).
[Ortyx virginianus ] Var. texanus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 237.
Ortyx virginianus . . var. texanus Coues, Check-list North Amer. Birds, 1874 No
389b.
' Ten specimens of each sex.
" Some of these localities, at least, may refer to C. v. maculatus.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
325
0[rtyx] virginianus, var. texanus Ridgway, Forest and Stream, i, No. 19, 1873,
290, in text.
Ortyx virginianus, var. texanus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 474.
Ortyx virginiana var. texana Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 160 (Fort
Brown, Tex.; habits; descr. nest and eggs).
Ortyx virginiana texana Sennett, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., Bull. 4,
No. 1, 1878, 53 (Rio Grande Valley, Tex.; eggs); Bull. 5, 1879, 429 (Lomita
Ranch, Texas; habits). — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196 (Nom.
North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 480b. — Coues, Check-list North Amer. Birds,
ed. 2, 1882, No. 573. — Brown, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 41 (Boerne,
Kendall County, w. Texas).
0 [rtyx] v[irginiana\ texana Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 591.
[Ortyx virginianus] b. texanus Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 431 (synonymy).
[Ortyx virginianus] Subsp. b. Ortyx texanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxii, 1893, 419, part (Hacienda de las Escobas, San Agustin, San Pedro,
Vaqueria, Estancia near Monterey, and Topo Chico, Nuevo Leon; Brownsville,
Corpus Christi, Medina, San Antonio, and Papalote, Bee County, Texas).
Colinus virginianus texanus Stejneger, Auk, ii, 1885, 45 (nomencl.). — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 289b; ed. 2, 1895, No. 289b;
ed. 3, 1910, p. 134. — Goss, Auk, iv, 1887, 9 (Republican Fork, w. Kans.). —
Sennett, Auk, iv, 1887, 24 (descr. first plumage). — Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 186
(Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., west to Pecos River). — Beckham,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 637, 640, 655 (Bexar and Bee Counties, Texas). —
Hasbrouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 237 (Eastland County, Texas). — Bendire, Life Hist.
North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 8. — Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 233 (San Antonio,
Tex.). — Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 121 (Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, ne. Mexico,
sea level up to 2,500 feet) ; xix, 1902, pi. 14, fig. 5. — Lantz, Trans. Kansas
Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 253 (sw. Kansas).— Cooke, Colorado State
Agr. Coll. Bull. 56, 1900, 201, part (distr.) . — Carroll, Auk, xvii, 1900, 341
Refugio County, Tex. ; abundant). — Dwight, Auk, xviii, 1900, 46 (molts, etc.). —
Smith, Condor, xii, 1910, 95, in text (lower Rio Grande Valley) ; Auk, xxxiii,
1916, 188 (Kerr County, Tex.; nests; eggs). — Phillips, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 74
(Matamoros and San Fernando, Tamaulipas). — Lacey, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 206
Kerrville, Kerr County, Tex.). — Simmons, Auk, xxxii, 1915, 321 (se. Texas;
habits; Birds Austin Region, 1925, 79 (Austin, Tex.; habits; local distr.). —
Quillin and Holleman, Condor, xx, 1918, 39 (Bexar County, Tex.). — Pearson,
Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 523 (se. Texas).— Cahn, Condor, xxiv, 1922, 176 (Bird
Island, Tex.; none seen, but common on mainland) .—Bent, Wils. Bull., xxxvi,
1924, 12 (se. Texas) ; U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 34 (life hist.; distr.).—
De Laubenfels, Wils. Bull., xxxvi, 1924, 170 (Brownsville, Tex.). — Griscom
and Crosby, Auk, xlii, 1925, 532 (Brownsville region, s. Texas). — Bailey,
Birds New Mexico, 1928, 213 (New Mexico; habits; distr.).- — Burleigh, Auk,
xlvi, 1929, 509 (Tacoma, Wash.; introduced). — Compton, Condor, xxxiv, 1932,
48 (hybrid between this species and Lophortyx calif ornica) . — Bennitt, Univ.
Missouri Studies, vii, No. 3, 1932, 26 (Missouri; uncommon). — Ransom,
Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 52, in text (flight; habits; Benton County, Wash.; intro¬
duced). — Murray, Auk, 1, 1933, 199 (introd. in all parts of Virginia). — Peters,
Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 47. — Miller, Lumley, and Hall, Murrelet,
xvi, 1935, 57 (Washington, San Juan Islands; introduced). — Edson, Murrelet,
xvi, 1935, 12 (Washington, Whatcom County; introduced). — Groebbels, Der
Vogel, ii, 1937, 167 (breeding biology). — Davis, Condor, xlii, 1940, 81 (Brazos
653008
22
326
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
County, Tex.; resident).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 241 (syn.; distr.).— Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, lv, 1942, 69
(crit. ; spec.; distr.). — Amadon, Auk, lx, 1943, 226 (body weight and egg
weight) .
Colinus virginianus texensis Allen, Auk, x, 1893, 134.
C[olinus] virginianus texanus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 188.
C\olinus] v[irginianus ] texanus Bailey, Plandbook Birds Western United States,
1902, 116 (descr. ; distr.).
Colinus v [irginianus] texanus Niedrach, Condor, xxv, 1923, 182 (se. Colorado near
Oklahoma boundary; crit.). — Wetmore, Maryland Conservationist, 1930, 4, 5,
in text (introduced in Pennsylvania and Maryland; hybridizing). — Stoddard,
The Bobwhite Quail, 1931, 84 (imported to Georgia and Florida).
[Colinus] v[irginianus] texanus Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 239, in text (number
of eggs).
[Colinus] texanus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45, part.
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS FLORIDANUS (Coues)
Florida Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but slightly smaller
and generally darker in color, more heavily marked with black above
and below, the pectoral area immediately posterior to the black collar
with a distinct, broad band of tawny to hazel, streaked with black ; the
lower back and rump more olive-grayish, more contrasting with the color
of the upper back and rump than in the typical form.
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race but slightly smaller
and with all the blackish marks more heavily and conspicuously developed ;
and with a broad pectoral band of dull tawny-cinnamon more or less
mottled with black.
Immature. — Similar to the adult of the corresponding sex but with
the outermost primaries more pointed terminally.
Juvenal.- — Similar to that of the corresponding sex of the nominate
form but darker, the black markings larger and heavier.
Natal down. — Similar to that of the nominate form but slightly darker.
Adult male. — Wing 110-111 (106.1) ; tail 53-62 (57.4) ; oilmen from
the base 14-15.5 (14.8) ; tarsus 27-31 (29.3) ; middle toe without claw
25-29 (26.6 mm.).6
Adult female. — Wing 101-110 (105.8) ; tail 49-61.5 (56.1) ; oilmen
from base 14-16 (14.5) ; tarsus 28-30 (28.7) ; middle toe without claw
25-29 (26.2 mm.).6
Range. — Resident in the Florida Peninsula, north to Gainesville, and,
on the east coast, to Anastasia Island, south to Miami and Paradise Key,
in open pinelands, on prairies among palmetto scrub, and about the borders
of bushy “hammocks.”
Type locality. — Enterprise, Volusia County, Fla.
0 Ten specimens of each sex.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
327
Ortyx virginianus (not Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus) Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., vii, 1859, 120 (Bahamas).— Taylor, Ibis, 1862, 129 (Florida).—
Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 352 (e. Florida). — Cory, Birds Bahama
Islands, 1880, 142.
Ortyx virginiana Albrecht, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 55 (Bahamas).
[ Ortyx virginianus] Var. floridanus Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 237 (En¬
terprise, Volusia County, Fla.).
Ortyx virginianus . . . var. floridanus Coues, Check-list North Amer. Birds, 1874
No. 389a.
Ortyx virginianus, var. floridanus, Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 522 (Miami, Fla.).
[Ortyx virginianus ] c. floridanus Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 431.
Ortyx virginiana floridana Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 196 ; Norn.
North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 480a.— Coues, Check-list North Amer. Birds
ed. 2, 1882, No. 572.
0[rtyx] v[irginiana] floridana Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 591.
Ortyx virginianus floridanus Goode, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 20, 1883, 332.— Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ixx, 1930, 159 (type in Mus. Comp. Zool.).
[Ortyx virginianus ] Subsp. a Ortyx floridanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxii, 1893, 418.
Colinus virginianus floridanus Stejneger, Auk, ii, 1885, 45 (nomencl.).— American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 289a; ed. 2, 1895, No. 289a;
ed. 3, 1910, p. 134; ed. 4, 1931, 88 (distr.). — Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv,
1892, 290 (San Pablo, s. Cuba; crit.). — Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 245 (Tarpon
Springs, Fla.; abundant); ix, 1892, 212 (Caloosahatchie River area, Fla.).—
Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 7— Wayne, Auk, x, 1893,
337 (Suwannee River, nw. Florida); xii, 1895, 364 (vicinity of Waukeenah,
Jefferson County, Fla.).— Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 45 (molt, etc.).— Todd,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 412 (New Providence, Bahamas; spec.; crit.).—
Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 446 (New Providence; habits). —
Baynard, Auk, xxx, 1913, 243 (Alachua County, Fla.; abundant; breeding). —
Phillips, Auk, xxxii, 1915, 207, in text.— Griscom, Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 330
(Leon County, Fla.; winter).— Pancborn, Auk, xxxvi, 1919, 400 (Pinellas
County, Fla.).— Howell, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 255 (Royal Palm Hammock,
Fla.; rare resident); Florida Bird Life, 1932, 193 (genl. ; habits;
distr.; Florida).— Bailey, Birds of Florida, i, 1925, 59, pi. 32 (col. fig.; distr.
Florida) .—Holt and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xvi, 1926, 426 (habits, s.
Florida) —Fargo, Wils. Bull, xxxviii, 1926, 148 (Pinellas and Pasco Counties,
Fla.).— Bent and Copeland, Auk, xliv, 1927, 379 (near Orlando, Fla.).—
Williams, Auk, xlv, 1928, 167 (Leon County, Fla.). — DuMont, Auk, xlviii,
1931, 250 (Pinellas County, Fla.). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 32
(habits; distr.; plum.) .—Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 47. — Bond,
Birds West Indies, 1936, 414 (introduced in West Indies) ; Check-list Birds
West Indies, 1940, 164 (introduced on Abaco and Whale Cay (Berry Island)
where now extirpated; established on New Providence). — Hellmayr and Con¬
over, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 240 (syn. ; distr.).
Colinus v[ir ginianus] floridanus Stoddard, The Bobwhite Quail, 1931, 83 (Florida).
C[olinus] virginianus floridanus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 188.
C[olinus] v[irginianus] floridanus Stone, Birds New Jersey, 1908, 149, in text.
Bond, Birds West Indies, 1936, 82, in text, 403, in text (introduced on some of
the Bahama Islands — New Providence, Abaco (?), and Whale Cay, but appar¬
ently established only on New Providence).
[Colinus] floridanus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45.
328
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
[Colinus] virginianus Cory, List Birds West Indies, 1885, 24, part; rev. ed., 1886,
24, part.
Colinus virginianus Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 224, part; Birds West Indies, 1889, 223,
part; Auk, viii, 1891, 294 (New Providence); Cat. West. Indian Birds, 1892,
96, part (New Providence), 138, part (crit.) .—American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 106; ed. 3, 1910, 134, part. — Bonhote, Ibis, 1899,
517 (New Providence).
Ortyx bahamensis Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, 299 (New Providence; spec.).
Colinus bahamensis Maynard, App. Cat. Birds West Indies, 1899, 33 (New Provi¬
dence Island, Bahamas; coll. C. J. Maynard). — Bangs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 286
(New Providence; crit.); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, lxx, 1930, 159 (type in
Mus. Comp. Zool.). — Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, 299 (New Providence; crit.;
habits). — Allen, Auk, xxii, 1905, 122 (NeW Providence).
Colinus virginianus bahamensis Riley, Auk, xxii, 1905, 352 (New Providence) ;
in Shattuck, Bahama Islands, 1905, 360 (New Providence; breeds).
C[olinus ] virginianus cubanensis (not Ortyx cubanensis Gould) Ridgway, Man.
North Amer. Birds, 1887, 188, part (sw. Florida).
Colinus virginianus cubanensis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 593,
part. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Suppl. Check List, rev. ed., 1889,
7, part. — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 9, part.
(?) Colinus virginianus cubanensis Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 245 (Key West, Fla.).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS INSULANUS Howe
Key West Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of C. v. florid anus but smaller, “crown
uniform dark fuscous, forehead showing more white. Otherwise colored
like floridanus . . . wing 97, tail 44, culmen 14, tarsus 30 mm.”
Known only from the type specimen, doubtfully distinct from C. v.
floridanus.1
Range. — Known only from the type locality, Key West, Fla. ; now
extinct.
Colinus virginianus cubanensis (not of Gray) Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 245 (Key West,
July 5, 1888; spec.).
Colinus virginianus insulanus Howe, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xvii, 1904, 168
(Key West, Fla.; meas. ; crit.). — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, lxx, 1930, 160
(type spec, in Mus. Comp. Zool.). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check
List North Amer. Birds, ed., 4, 1931, 88 (Key West; extinct). — Howell, Florida
Bird Life, 1932, 194 (Key West; history). — Peters, Check List Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 47 (Key West; extinct). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 240 (syn. ; distr.).
Colinus virginianus virginianus (not of Linnaeus) Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162,
1932, 31, in text, part (Key West).
7 According to persons who have been in Key West, there is reason to question
whether there ever was any country there suitable for bobwhites. This would make
the present form seem more likely to have been based on a stray, small example
of the south Floridian race. For this reason, and also since, being extinct and known
from only a single example, material of it is not apt to be forthcoming for identi¬
fication, it might well be looked upon as not distinct from C. v. floridanus.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
329
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS CUBANENSIS (Gray)
Cuban Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but much darker
and more reddish, the black gular collar very much broader, the entire
upper and lateral parts of the abdomen between hazel and ochraceous-
tawny, the feathers margined with black (the black broken with white
patches on the feathers of the sides) and not transversely barred with
black as in the typical subspecies (except in examples with mixed blood
due to the introduction of birds from the North American mainland) ;
anterior upperparts with less grayish and more deep tawny russet than
in the nominate race ; posterior upperparts with no rufescent, all grayish ;
the grayish edgings of the interscapulars and upper back darker — deep
mouse gray, the black blotches on the wings and lower back much larger ;
the black feather edgings on the interscapulars nape much broader, forming
almost a black collar across that area.
Adult female. — Very similar to that of the Texas race Colinus virgin-
ianus texanus but darker, the blackish blotches, edges, and bars broader
and thereby appearing darker, the ground color of the upperparts more
grayish, less rufescent ; the broad superciliaries, the chin and upper throat
averaging darker — ochraceous-buff with a slightly dusky tinge, and the
edges of the feathers of the crown more grayish than brownish.
Immature. — Like the adult of corresponding sex but with the outer
primaries more pointed terminally.
Juvenal. — Like that of the nominate race but generally slightly darker.
Natal down. — Like that of the nominate race.
Adult male. — Wing 97.5-106 (101.9); tail 48.5-56 (53.3); culmen
from base 15.1-17.2 (16.0) ; tarsus 28.3-31.4 (30.1) ; middle toe without
claw 24.5-27.1 (25.7 mm.).8
Adult female. — Wing 98-106 (102.4); tail 51.5-58 (54.1); culmen
from base 15.0-16.5 (16.0) ; tarsus 28.5-31 (29.6); middle toe without
claw 23.8-27.4 (25.4 mm.).9
Range. — Resident in Cuba and the Isle of Pines ; introduced into Puerto
Rico (where now apparently extinct) and the Dominican Republic. Now
much mixed with stock introduced from the North American mainland
and into Cuba.
Type locality. — Cuba.
Ortyx virginianus (not Tetrao "virginianus Linnaeus) D’Orbigny, in La Sagra, Hist.
Fis. Pol. y Nat. Cuba, Aves, 1839, 133; 8vo ed., p. 182. — Sundevall, Ofv.
Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1869, 601 (Puerto Rico).
Ortyx (virginianus ?) Gundlach, Journ. fur Orn., 1878, 186 (Puerto Rico).
Ortyx marykmdus (not Tetrao marilandicus Linnaeus, T. marilandus Gmelin)
Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1847, 38, part (Cuba).
* Twenty specimens.
* Eleven specimens.
330
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ortyx cubanensis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 514 (Cuba) ; Mon. Odontoph.,
pt. iii, 1850, pi. 2 and text. — Cabanis, Journ. fur Orn., 1856, 357 (Cuba; habits;
crit.). — Albrecht, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 213 (Cuba). — Gundlach, Journ. fur
Orn., 1862, 81 (Cuba) ; 1874, 300 (Cuba, habits) ; 1875, 293 (Cuba, habits) ;
1878, 161 (Puerto Rico) ; Contr. Orn. Cubana, “1876” (= 1873), 140.
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vii, 1860, 270 (crit.). — Stahl,
Fauna Puerto Rico, 1883, 62, 149 (Puerto Rico; spec.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 421 (Cuba).
Ort[y.v] cubanensis Gundlach, Anal. Hist. Nat., ii, 1873, 148 (Cuba; habits).
[Ortyx] cubanensis Gundlach, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 336 (Cuba) ; Rep. Fisico Nat.
Cuba, i, 1865-6, 302.
0[rtyx] cubanensis Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 237, in text (chars.).
Ortix cubanensis ? Gundlach, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, 350 (Puerto Rico;
introduced at Hacienda Sta. Ines, near Vega Baja).
0[rtyx] virginianus, var. cubanensis Ridgway, Forest and Stream, i, No. 19, 1873,
290, in text.
Ortyx virginianus, var. cubanensis Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 468, part.
Ortyx (virginianus? ) cubanensis Gundlach, Journ. fur Orn., 1874, 313 (Puerto
Rico) ; 1878, 161 (Puerto Rico).
[Ortyx virginianus] d. cubanensis Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874, 431 (synonymy).
Ortyx cubanensis Gundlach, Auk, viii, 1891, 190 (Cuba; albino).
[Colinus] cubanensis Cory, List Birds West Indies, 1885, and rev. ed., 1886, 24
(Cuba; Puerto Rico).
Colinus cubanensis Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 233 (syn. ; descr.) ; Birds West Indies, 1889,
223 (Cuba and Puerto Rico; syn.; descr.) ; Auk, viii, 1891, 294 (recorded in list
of Cuban birds) ; ix, 1892, 272 (Habana markets) ; Auk, xii, 1895, 279 (Santo
Domingo). — Gundlach, Orn. Cubana, 1893, 171 (Cuba; habits). — Clierrie,
Contr. Orn. San Domingo, 1896, 24 (introduced into Santo Domingo). — Bangs
and Zappey, Amer. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 192 (Isle of Pines; crit.). — Todd, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., x, 1916, 199 (Bibijagua, Los Indios, and Neuva Gerona, Isle
of Pines; crit.). — Barbour, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 6, 1923, 51 (habits;
etc. ; the only form indigenous to Cuba, C. v. floridanus and C. v. texanus having
been introduced) ; No. 9, 1943, 40 (Cuba; habits; hist.) .—Bailey, Birds Florida,
i, 1925, 60, pi. 32, (fig.; distr. ; Florida; introduced). — Danforth, Wils. Bull.,
xl, 1928, 180 (vicinity of Santiago de Cuba) ; Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico,
xix, 1935, 423, 424, 425 (Cuba; economic status) ; Pajaros de Puerto Rico, 1936,
51 (Puerto Rico; introduced; none seen since 1900) .—Rutter, Ardea, xxiii,
1934, 116 (Cuba; Santa Clara, Sierra del Regidor, Sierra de los Organos).
Colinus cubanensis Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, 96 (Cuba; Isle of Pines;
Puerto Rico).
[Colinus] cubanensis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45 (Cuba; ? Puerto Rico).
C[olinus] cubanensis Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 315.
Colinus virginianus cubanensis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 593,
part; Auk, xi, 1894, 324 (crit., not found in Florida). — Chapman, Auk, v, 1888,
395, part (Cuba) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, 1892, 290 (near Trinidad,
s. Cuba, in mountains), American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, rev.
ed., 1889, 7, part; Auk, xii, 1895, 168 (eliminated from North Amer. Check¬
list). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 9, part. — Bowdish,
Auk, xix, 1902, 360 (Puerto Rico; very rare; saw only one).— Menegaux,
Rev. Frang. d’Orn., No. 2, 1909, 31 (Figuabas, e. Cuba). — Wetmore, U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bull. 326, 1916, 34 (Puerto Rico; introduced); Sci. Surv. Porto
Rico and Virgin Islands, ix, pt. 3, 1927, 331 (Puerto Rico; introduced; now
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
331
probably extinct). — Gardner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxvii, art. 19, 1925, pi. 8
(structure of tongue). — Wetmore and Swales, U. S. Nat Mus., Bull. 155,
1931, 124 (habits; distr. ; Hispaniola). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii,
1934, 47. — Bond, Birds West Indies, 1936, 414; Check-list Birds West Indies,
1940, 27 (Cuba and Isle of Pines; introduced in Dominican Republic, and
Puerto Rico where now extirpated). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 241 (syn. ; distr.).
Colinus v[irginianus] cnbanensis Stoddard, The Bobwhite Quail, 1931, 61 (hunted
with dogs).
C[olinus] virginianus cubanensis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 188,
part (Cuba); ed. 2, 1895, 188, exclusively.
C[olinus] v[irginianus] cubanensis Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 763, in text
(care in cantivity).— Bond, Birds West Indies, 1936, 81 in text, 82, in text
(descr. ; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Dominican Republic (introduced; Puerto Rico
(introduced, now extirpated)).
\Ortyx] cubensis Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137.
Colinus cubensis Balboa, Las Aves de Cuba, 1941, 201 (Cuba; descr.; habits).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS MACULATUS Nelson
Spotted-bellied Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus virginianus texanus but with
the entire lower surface posterior to the black pectoral band ochraceous-
tawny instead of white and with no dark transverse wavy bars, but the
feathers with black and white elongated spots on their lateral edges near
their tips, these spots, especially the white ones, largest and most numer¬
ous on the thighs, flanks, and under tail coverts; above like the Texas
race but darker, the interscapulars and upper back more clearly dull russet,
less obscured by grayish transverse markings, crown and postocular stripe
more blackish ; back, lower back, and upper tail coverts with the dark
blotches larger and darker — dark sepia to mummy brown, and the rest
of the plumage of these areas less grayish, more brownish.
Adult female. — Similar to that of Colinus virginianus texanus but
darker above, the dark markings larger and deeper, the rufescent areas
more clouded and blotched with dusky grayish (this is especially true of
the crown, occiput, interscapulars, and upper back) ; below with a some¬
what darker pectoral band of ochraceous-fawn color spotted with blackish
and white.
Other plumages apparently not known.
Adult male. — Wing 100-104.5 (102.7); tail 52.5-60 (55.5); culmen
from base 15.2—16.3 (15.6) ; tarsus 28.2-32.4 (30.3) ; middle toe without
claw 25-27.4 (21.9 mm.).10
Adult female. — Wing 100-107 (104.3); tail 51-58 (53.8); culmen
from base 15.2-15.9 (15.5); tarsus 29-31 (30.2); middle toe without
claw 24.3-25.9 (25.4 mm.).* 11
“ Fifteen specimens from Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and San Luis Potosi.
11 Five specimens from Tamaulipas.
332
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Range. — Resident in the Arid Tropical Zone from southeastern Tamauli-
pas (Alta Mira, Tampico, Hacienda de Naranjo) and central northern
Veracruz (Chijol) to southeastern San Luis Potosi (Tancanhuitz, Ma-
talpa, near Tamazunchale, and south of Valles).
Type locality— Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Colinus virginianus maculatus Nelson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 26, part (Alta Mira, s.
Tamaulipas, e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; xix, 1902, 389 (crit.), pi. 14,
fig. 6. — Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1903, 110 (crit.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 299, in text under Ortyx texanus (crit.).—
Phillips, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 74, part (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas). — Peters, Check¬
list Birds World, ii, 1934, 48, part.— Sutton and Burleigh, Condor, xlii, 1940,
260 (Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico) ; Wils. Bull., Iii, 1940, 223 (fairly com¬
mon; Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi, Mexico). — Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, lv, 1942, 67 in text, 68 in text (crit.; spec.; distr.). — Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 242, part (syn. ; distr.).
[Colinus] maculatus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45.
Ortyx texanus (not of Lawrence) Salvtn and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
iii, 1903, 298, part (Xicotencatl, Sierra Madre above Victoria, and Alta Mira,
Tamaulipas).
Ortyx graysoni panucensis Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxiii, 1908, 18 (Valley of the
Panuco River, near Tampico, Mexico) —Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing¬
ton, lv, 1942, 67, in text (crit.).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS ARIDUS Aldrich
Jaumave Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus virginianus maculatus but paler,
more grayish, the black areas more restricted above and the reddish
coloration of underparts paler; from C. v. texanus it differs in being
more grayish with the underparts more extensively rufescent.
Adult female . — Similar to that of C. v. maculatus but paler and more
grayish, the reddish pectoral band almost obsolete; more grayish also
than C. v. texanus.
Adult male— Wing 104-109.5 (106.8); tail 56-65.5 (60.2); exposed
culmen 13-14 (13.8); tarsus 29-32.5 (30.8); middle toe without claw
25.5- 27.5 (26.4 mm.).12
Adult female. — Wing 104.5-106.5 (105.6) ; tail 58-65 (60.8) ; exposed
culmen 14-14.5 (14.2) ; tarsus 29.5-31 (30.3) ; middle toe without claw
25.5- 28 (26.5 mm.).13
Range. — Resident in the arid regions of the interior of the coastal
plain and valley of the eastern foothills of the high tableland of north¬
eastern Mexico, between the Arid Tropical and the Lower Sonoran
u Nine specimens, measurements ex Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, lv,
1942, 68.
“Four specimens, measurements ex Aldrich, cit. supra.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
333
Life Zones, from central and central-western Tamaulipas south to the
northern part of southeastern San Luis Potosi.
Type locality. — Jaumave, Tamaulipas.
Colinus virginianus maculatus Nelson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 26, part (Jaumave Valley,
Tamaulipas).— Phillips, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 74, part (Guiaves, Rio Santo,
Santa Leonara, Rio de la Cruz, Montelunga, Tamaulipas, Mexico).- — Peters,
Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 48, part.— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 242, part (syn. ; distr.).
C[olinus] v[irginianus ] maculatus Sutton and Pettingill, Auk, lix, 1942, 12, in text
(Gomez Farias region, southwestern Tamaulipas; crit.).
Colinus virginianus aridus Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, lv, 1942, 67
(Jaumave, Tamaulipas; orig. descr. ; crit.; meas.).
Colinus virginianus Sutton and Pettingill, Auk, lix, 1942, 12 (Gomez Farias area,
sw. Tamaulipas).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS GRAYSONI (Lawrence)
Grayson’s Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate form but with the entire
underparts posterior to a narrow black pectoral band uniform bright
ochraceous-tawny with a slight hazel tinge; the top of the head darker,
more blackish; the interscapulars darker and redder — between dark cin¬
namon-rufous and hazel, the feathers marginally incompletely barred with
blackish ; rest of upperparts darker, the blackish markings more extensive
and the brownish ground color duskier, more grayish ; upper wing coverts
brighter reddish — hazel to bright ochraceous-tawny, heavily barred with
black and white, the white bars always bordered broadly with black ; the
superciliary, lores, chin, and upper throat often washed with pale buff.
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race, even more similar
to that of Colinus virginianus t exanus but with the entire underparts warm
buff tinged with pale ochraceous, becoming fairly tawny on the breast, the
markings on this ground color as in the nominate form, but many of the
abdominal V-shaped bars fuscous instead of black; the black pectoral
necklace narrower and more interrupted ; the immediately posterior tawny
area less extensive than in the typical race ; above very similar to texanus
but more rufescent, the interscapulars bright ochraceous-tawny to hazel
barred very heavily with black and, to a lesser extent, with whitish ; rest
of upperparts buffy brown abundantly barred with black-bordered white
bars and splotched with black to dark sepia.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 104—114.5 (108.5); tail 57.5-67 (61.3); culmen
from base 15-17.1 (15.7) ; tarsus 29.1-32.5 (31.0) ; middle toe without
claw 25.5-28.7 (26.9 mm.).14
u Twenty specimens from Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Guadalajara, and
Guanajuato.
334
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Wing 101-112 (106.9) ; tail 54.5-67 (59.6) ; culmen
from cere 14.5-17.2 (15.6) ; tarsus 28.1-32.5 (30.3) ; middle toe without
claw 25.4—27.9 (26.2 mm.).15
Range. — Resident in the southern part of the tableland of Mexico from
northern Jalisco (Ameca, Etzatlan, Guadalajara, Hacienda El Molino,
Hacienda El Rosario, La Barca, Lagos, Lake Chapala, Ocotlan, Santa
Ana, and Tuxpan) ; western and southern San Luis Potosi (Rio Verde,
Llacienda Angostura) ; and southeastern Nayarit (Rio Ameca, near
Amatlan de Canos) to Guanajuato (Guanajuato and Celaya) ; Hidalgo
(Pachuca) ; and northern Morelos (Alpuyeca).
Type locality. — Guadalajara, Jalisco; Mexico.
Orty.v graysoni Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, viii, 1867, 476 (Guada¬
lajara, Jalisco, w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Mem. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., ii, 1874, 306 (Guadalajara; habits). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii, 1893, 422 (Santa Ana, near Guadalajara, and Lake Chapala, Jalisco) ;
Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 142, pi. 32 (fig.; descr. ; distr. ; habtis). — Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 300 (Guadalajara, Santa Ana
near Guadalajara, Hacienda El Rosario, Hacienda El Molino, and Lake Chapala,
Jalisco; Hacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi).
0[rtix] graysoni Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los Estados
Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 175 (common names).
Colinus graysoni Stejneger, Auk, ii, 1885, 45. — Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds,
189, 1887, 189, 585. — Chapman, Auk, v, 1888, 401 (deleted from Check-list). —
Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 790 (Guadalajara and Hacienda El
Molino, Jalisco; Llacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi). — Nelson, Auk, xv,
1898, 121 (San Luis Potosi and n. Jalisco to Valley of Mexico, 3,000 to 7,500
feet). — del Campo, Anal. Inst. Biol., viii, No. 3, 1937, 336 (Morelos; Alpiryeca ;
spec.).
C[olinus] graysoni Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., i, 1886, 289, 290. in text
(crit.).
[ Colimis ] graysoni Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
C\olinus ] v[ irginianus] graysoni Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
lxviii, 1928, 386, in text (crit.).
Colinus virginianus graysoni Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 48 (s.
Mexican tableland from n. Jalisco, w. and s. San Luis Potosi, south to the
Valley of Mexico). — Aldrich, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, lv, 1942, 68, in
text (sw. San Luis Potosi southward). — LIellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 243 (syn. ; distr.).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS NIGRIPECTUS Nelson
Puebla Bobvvhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus virginianus graysoni above;
similar also below but with the blackish pectoral band very much broader,
extending from the posterior margin of the white throat patch over the
entire breast and the sides of the neck, this black area considerably blotched
15 Fourteen specimens from Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Guadalajara, and Guana¬
juato.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
335
with white; the uniformly colored abdomen, sides, flanks, and thighs
slightly paler than in graysoni — cinnamon to orange-cinnamon.
Adult female. — Very similar to that of Colinus virginianus graysoni
but darker, more grayish above, the pectoral band of dark markings much
broader, and the ground color of the underparts whiter, less buffy.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 101—109 (105.1) ; tail 53—63 (57.9) ; culmen from
base 15—17.8 (16.3) ; tarsus 28.1—32.2 (30.2) ; middle toe without claw
25-28.7 (26.8mm.).10
Adult female.— Wing 102-106.5 (104.6); tail 52-55 (54.1); culmen
from base 15.3—16.4 (15.8) ; tarsus 28.2—31.5 (30.1) ; middle toe without
claw 27-27.1 (27.05 mm.).17
Range. — Resident in the plains country of the tableland of the southern
half of the States of Puebla (Atlixco, Chietla) and Morelos (Cuernavaca,
Puente de Ixtla).
Type locality. — Atlixco, Puebla, Mexico.
Colinus graysoni nigripectus Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 47 (Atlixco, s. Puebla,
Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; xv, 1898, 121 (s. Puebla); xix, 1902, 389
(crit.), pi. 14, fig. 2.— Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1903, 110 (crit.). — Salvin and
Gorman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 300, in text (crit.). — Smith,
Condor, xi, 1909, 64, in text (Morelos, Mexico).
[Colinus] nigripectus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
Colinus virginianus nigripectus Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 48
(tableland of southern part of Puebla). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 244 (syn. ; distr.).
Colinus pectoralis (not Ortyx pectoralis Gould) Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., ix, 1886, 176 (Chietla, Puebla).
Ortyx pectoralis Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio
Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219 part (Puebla). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 299, part (Chietla and Atlixco, Puebla).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS PECTORALIS (Gould)
Black-breasted Bobwhite
Adult male. — Very similar to that of Colinus virginianus nigripectus
but smaller and the abdomen darker — sayal brown — and with the thighs
and vent more or less barred with blackish and spotted with white ; the
black breast band with less white showing, but all the black breast feathers
extensively white basally.
Adult female. — Similar to that of Colinus virginianus nigripectus but
smaller and with the darker markings, especially on the undersurface,
heavier and darker; the interscapulars with their centers less hazel, more
pale tawny.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
10 Seventeen specimens from Puebla and Morelos.
IT Four specimens from Puebla and Morelos.
336 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult male. — Wing 95—100.5 (98.7) ; tail 47-53 (48.9) ; culmen from
base 14.8-15.8 (15.2) ; tarsus 25.7—29.2 (27.2) ; middle toe without claw
23.5-25.6 (24.3 mm.).18
Adult female. — Wing 98-99; tail 49-53.5; culmen from base 14.8 — 1 5.6 ;
tarsus 28.3-29.2; middle toe without claw 25-26 mm. (2 specimens).
Range. — Resident in the Tropical Zone along the eastern base of the
Cordillera of central Veracruz from 500 to 5,000 feet (Jalapa, Orizaba,
Carrizal, Coatepec, La Estranzuela, Cordoba, Llanos de Paso de Orejas).
Type locality. — Mexico.
Ortyx pectoralis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1842 (1843), 182 (Mexico; coll.
Earl of Derby) ; Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3, 1850, pi. 5 and text.— Hartlaub,
Journ. fur Orn., 1854, 412 (descr. female). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1856, 310 (Cordoba, Veracruz) ; 1857, 206 (Jalapa, Veracruz). — Gray, List
Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 76. — Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., i, 1869, 560 (tierra caliente of Veracruz). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 421 (Jalapa); Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 142;
Ibis, 1902, 240 (crit.). — Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient.
“Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219, part (Veracruz). — Nelson, Auk, xix, 1902,
pi. 14, fig. 1. — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 299,
part (Llanos de Paso de Orejas, La Estranzuela, Orizaba, Cordoba, and Carrizal,
Veracruz).
[Ortyx] pectoralis Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137.
0[rtex] pectoralis Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr., e Hist, de los Estados
Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 175 (common names; Mexico).
Colinus pectoralis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., i, 1886, 289, in text (crit.). —
Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 117, in text (near Orizaba), 121 (e. base of Cordillera
in Veracruz; Jalapa to Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 500 to 5,000 feet alt.). —
Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-7 (1899), 219 (Coatepec, Vera¬
cruz). — Nelson, Auk, xix, 1902, pi. xiv, fig. 1 (descr.; plum.).
C[olimis] pectoralis Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 189. — Bailey, Avicult.
Mag., ser. 3, ix, 1918, 114 (breeding in captivity). — Reichenow, Die Vogel, i,
1913, 315.
[ Colinus ] pectoralis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45.
C[olinus] v[irginianus ] pectoralis Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
lxviii, 1928, 386, in text. — Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 763, in text (care
in captivity).
Colinus virginianus pectoralis Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 48 (e. base
of the Cordillera in Veracruz from Jalapa to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec). —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 243 (syn. ; distr.).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS GODMANI Nelson
Godman’s Bobwhite
Adult male. — Above very similar in coloration to that of Colinus virgi¬
nianus pectoralis but with the dark blotches on the back, lower back, and
wings averaging larger and darker; below like pectoralis as far as the
head and throat are concerned ; breast blackish but the basal parts of the
feathers not white as in pectoralis but orange-cinnamon; abdomen bright
18 Four specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
337
orange-cinnamon to hazel, the feathers broadly margined with black, those
of the midventral area with these margins so broad as to leave only a
narrow shaft line (wider basally) of cinnamon causing the appearance of
a large midabdominal continuation of the black pectoral band; feathers
of thighs and vent with a white lateroterminal spot on each web, these
spots proximally bordered with black.
Adult female. — Very similar in coloration to that of Colinus virginianus
pectoralis but with more rufescent on the interscapulars, and with the
upper tail coverts also more rufescent ; size smaller.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 98.5 ; tail 56.5 ; culmen from base 14.4; tarsus 26.0;
middle toe without claw 23.1 mm. (1 specimen).
Adult female. — Wing 94.5-96.5 (95.0) ; tail 49.5-54 (51.8) ; culmen
from base 13.5—14.7 (14.0) ; tarsus 25.9—28.5 (27.1) ; middle toe without
claw 22.2-26.2 (22.9 mm.).19
Range. — Resident in the lowlands of southern Veracruz (Catemaco,
Jaltipan, Minantlan) and probably Tabasco from sea level up to about
1500 feet.
Type locality. — Jaltipan, Veracruz, Mexico.
Colinus godmani Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 45 (Jaltipan, Veracruz, se. Mexico; coll.
U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; xv, 1898, 121, pi. 2 (lowlands of s. Veracruz; Tabasco ?; sea
level to 1,500 feet) ; xix, 1902, pi. 14, fig. 4.
[Colinus] godmani Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
Ortyx godmani Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., iii, sig. 38, Feb. 1903, 301
(coast plain above Jaltipan and Minantlan and n. to Lake Catemaco, Veracruz).
Colinus virginianus godmani Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 48 (low¬
lands of southern Veracruz). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 244 (syn.; distr.) .— Brodkorb, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michi¬
gan, No. 56, 1943, 31 (Veracruz, Mexico).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS MINOR Nelson
Least Bobwhite
Adult male. — Above very similar to that of Colinus virginianus god¬
mani; below differs in that the black pectoral band is much narrower, the
feathers of the lower breast, upper abdomen, sides, and flanks orange-
cinnamon edged with black, feathers of the midventral part with these
margins much broader, forming a conspicuously blackish streaked area
(in some specimens these feathers have a good deal of white subterminally,
in others none at all) ; thighs and vent spotted with white and barred
irregularly and incompletely with black as in godmani; size smaller.
Adult female. — Very similar to that of C. v. godmani but generally less
rufescent, more dusky brown ; the edges of the coronal feathers more
grayish than brownish, back, rump, and upper tail coverts much less
“Three specimens from Veracruz.
338
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
brownish, more grayish; below with the abdominal bars smaller and more
numerous ; size smaller.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 90.5-96.5 (93) ; tail 45-50.5 (48.2) ; culmen from
base 13.8-15.6 (14.3) ; tarsus 25-27.9 (26.0) ; middle toe without claw
21.7-23.1 (22.5 mm.).20
Adidt female. — Wing 94.5 ; tail 46; culmen — ; tarsus 26.5 ; middle toe
without claw 22.5 mm. (1 specimen).
Range. — Resident in the grassy plains in the northeastern part of
Chiapas, the adjacent portion of Tabasco, and probably also the neighbor¬
ing sections of Guatemala.
Type locality. — Plains of Chiapas, near Palenque.
Colinus minor Nelson, Auk, xviii, 1901, 47 (plains of Chiapas, near Palenque ; coll.
U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; xix, 1902, pi. 14, fig. 3. — Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1903, 111 (crit.).
C[olinus ] minor Nelson, Auk, xix, 1902, 389 (crit.).
0[rtyx] minor Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves. iii, 1903, 300, in text
(crit.).
Ortyx pectoralis (not of Gould) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii,
1903, 299, part (Palenque, Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus minor Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 48 ( grassy
plains in the northeastern part of Chiapas and adjacent portion of Tabasco;
probably also neighboring sections of Guatemala). — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 244 (syn. ; distr.). — Brodkorb, Misc. Publ. Mus.
Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 56, 1943, 31 (Chiapas, Palenque; crit.).
Cyrtonyx sp. Rovirosa, La Naturaleza, vii, 1887, 380 (Valle de Baluji and Cerro del
Limon, Chiapas).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS INSIGNIS Nelson
Guatemalan Bobwhite
Adult male. — Above very similar to Colinus virginianus godmani but
with the forehead, lores, chin, and throat solid black (not white), the
superciliaries narrower; below the entire underparts posterior to the black
chin and throat between orange-cinnamon and hazel, the breast feathers
with or without blackish margins, the abdomen and sides uniformly hazel ;
feathers of thighs, vent, and under tail coverts spotted with white, the
spots edged with black.
Adult female. — Very similar to that of C. v. godmani in coloration, but
somewhat paler above, the interscapulars with more extensive median
cinnamomeous areas, the dark blotches of the upperparts generally smaller
and less intense, and the ground color paler and grayer; and the ventral
barrings narrower and paler — dark sepia to fuscous instead of fuscous-
black to blackish.
Juvenal female.- — Like the adult but with the interscapulars without
cinnamomeous shaft stripes but broadly barred with dark sepia to fuscous,
Five specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
339
the dark bars much wider than the narrow cinnamon-buff interspaces;
general ground color of upperparts slightly more brownish; the ventral
barrings averaging wider.
Other plumage apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 98-108 (101.8) ; tail 54.5-64 (57.8) ; culmen from
base 14.7-16.3 (15.4) ; tarsus 27.8-30.8 (28.9) ; middle toe without claw
23-26.5 (25.0 mm.).21
Adult female. — Wing 93-103 (98.9) ; tail 51-58.5 (54.2) ; culmen from
base 14.4-16.2 (15.2) ; tarsus 27.4—30.2 (28.4) ; middle toe without claw
23.5-25.5 (24.7 mm.).21
Range. — Resident in the Comitan-Nenton Valley of eastern Chiapas
and western Guatemala, between 3,000 and 6,000 feet.
Type locality. — Nenton, Guatemala.
Colinus insignis, Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 46 (Nenton, Guatemala; U. S. Nat.
Mus.) ; xv, 1898, 119, in text, 122 (Valley of Comitan, Chiapas, to w. Guate¬
mala).
[ Colinus ] insignis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
Ortyx insignis Salvtn and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 302 (Valley
of Comitan and Cailco, Chiapas; Nenton, Guatemala).
Colinus virginianus insignis Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 106
(distr. ; parts of Chiapas and the adjacent border of western Guatemala between
3,000 and 6,000 feet). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 48 (Comitan
Valley in eastern Chiapas, and in adjacent part of western Guatemala). —
Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, xi, 1939, 361 (Chiapas, Juncana;
spec.; crit.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 245,
part (syn. ; Vallej' of Rio Chiapas from Nenton, Guatemala, to the western
boundary of the State of Chiapas, Mexico; spec.; Chiapas — Moriscal, Ocozoco-
autla, Jiquipilas, Comitan, Tuxtla Guitierrez, San Bartolome, San Vicente,
Chiapa, Petapa, Hda. La Razon, Valle de Zintalpa, Valley of Jiquipilas; Guate¬
mala — Nenton). — Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 467,
1942, 3, in text (crit.).
C[olinus ] v[irginianus] insignis Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
No. 467, 1942, 3, in key (Comitan-Nenton Valley of eastern Chiapas and western
Guatemala).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS COYOLCOS (Mailer)
Coyolcos Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus virginianus graysoni above, but
with the forehead and lores black, as are also the chin and throat, the only
white on the head being the superciliaries and occasional feathers on the
throat ; feathers of crown and occiput with broad brown edges ; black of
throat extending over the breast either as a solid mass or as broad mar¬
gins to the pectoral feathers ; rest of the underparts as in graysoni ; size
smaller ; bill deep black, iris brown ; feet cinereous.
“Twenty specimens of each sex from Chiapas and Oaxaca.
“To judge by the variations in the series studied, it appears that some mixture
of stocks has transpired in Oaxaca, possibly owing to introductions of birds from
340
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Similar to that oi C. v. graysoni but averaging slightly
darker above, and with the breast less washed with ochraceous-tawny,
more heavily barred with dark brown to black, and the abdomen ground
color less bufify; thighs, vent, and under tail coverts more heavily barred
with dark brown ; size smaller ; maxilla dusky, mandible pale brownish ;
iris brown ; feet full grayish.
Juvenal male. — Similar to the adult male but with the chin, throat, and
superciliaries buffy, the top of the head paler, wood brown to buffy brown,
some of the feathers with broad medial streaks of dull sepia ; interscapulars
with the rufescent median parts duller and with whitish shafts ; wings and
lower back somewhat browner; iris light brown; feet pale flesh color; bill
(in dried skin) tawny-brown above, yellowish below.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 98-105 (101.9) ; tail 51-62 (57.8) ; culmen from
cere 15.4-16.6 (16.0) ; tarsus 27.5-31 (29.2) ; middle toe without claw
24-26.5 (26.0 mm.).23
Adult female.— -Wing 101-105 (103.1); tail 57-57.5 (57.3); culmen
from base 15.3-15.8 (15.5) ; tarsus 28.1-30.2 (29.4) ; middle toe without
claw 25.2-27 (26.1 mm.).24
Range. — Resident in the coastal area (from sea level to 3,000 feet) of
southeastern Oaxaca and southwestern Chiapas, from Tehuantepec City
to Tonala.
Type locality. — Mexico, based on “Le Coyolcos” of Buffon.
Tetrao coyoleos (typog. error) Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 129 (Mexico;
based on Le Coyolcos Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., ii, 486, ex “Coyolcozque” Her¬
nandez, Hist. Anim. Nov. Hisp. p. 19).
C\olinus] coyoleos Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 200, in text.
[ Tetrao ] coyolcos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 763 (cites Coturnix mexicana
Brisson, Av., i, 256; Coyolcozque sen Coli sonalis Ray, Av., 158; Coyolcos
Buffon, Ois., ii, 486; Lesser Mexican Quail Latham, Synopsis, ii, pt. 2, 786; etc.).
Tetrao coyolcos Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 241.
[Perdix] coyolcos Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 653.
P[erdix ] coyolcos Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., i, 1791, 215.
Ofrtyx] coyolcos Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 514.
Ortyx coyolcos Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3, 1850, pi. 6, right-band fig., and
text, part.- — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 76. — Lawrence,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 4, 1876, 45 (Tapana and Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca). — Ocilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 423 (Juchitan,
elsewhere. Thus, one male from San Mateo del Mar has the black area sharply
terminated at the posterior margin of the throat, the breast being rufescent like
the abdomen, while another from the same place has the breast all black. Two
birds from Huilotepec have unusually extensive amounts of white on the chin
and upper throat and resemble C. v. thayeri! The dark markings on the lower
back and rump vary greatly; most birds have them deep and numerous, one has
hardly any, while another has them very rufescent.
23 Nine specimens from Oaxaca.
54 Three specimens from Oaxaca.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
341
Oaxaca) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 144.- — Beristain and Laurencio, Mem.
y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219 (Mexico, se. coast). —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 303 (Tehuantepec
City, Juchitan, Tapana, Santa Efigenia, and Cacoprieto, Oaxaca; Tonala, n.
Chiapas).
[Orlyx] coyolcos Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137.
C[olinus] coyolcos Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., i, 1886, 290, in text (crit.).—
Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 189.
Colinus coyolcos Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 117, in text, 121 (Pacific coast, Oaxaca
and Chiapas; Tehuantepec City to Tonala, sea level to 3,000 feet).
[ Colinus ] coyolcos Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
Colinus virginianus coyolcos Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxviii,
1928, 386 (Tapanatepec, Oaxaca, Mexico).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 49 (Pacific coast of Oaxaca and Chiapas from the City of Tehuantepec
to Tonala).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 246
(syn. ; distr.).
C[olinus ] v[irginianus] coyolcos Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxviii,
1928, 386, in text.— Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 467,
1942, 1, in text, 4, in key.
Orlyx nigrogularis (not of Gould) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae,
1844, 44.
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS SALVINI Nelson
Salvin’s Bobwhite
Adult male. — The darkest of all the races of the species ; above very
similar to the male of Colinus virginianus insignis but darker, the head
with less rufescent, more solidly fuscous to fuscous-black, the rufescent
median areas of the interscapulars between dark hazel and Sanford’s
brown ; the blackish markings on the wings, back, rump, and upper tail
coverts larger and less mixed with rufescent, the ground color of these
areas duskier ; entire head, chin, and throat dark fuscous to fuscous-black
with an interrupted, narrow, white postocular line on each side ; the
feathers of the occiput and nape with narrow whitish edges; the blackish
brown of the throat extends over the entire breast, where the feathers
have narrow cinnamon to hazel shaft streaks ; abdomen, sides, and flanks
uniform hazel, vent and under tail coverts barred with black and white.
Adult female. — Similar to that of C. v. insignis but generally darker,
more grayish, less brownish above, the interscapulars, back, lower back,
and rump deep hair brown edged with dusky smoke gray and subterminally
blotched very extensively with chaetura drab to chaetura black, the more
posterior parts with a considerable mixture of dark olive-brown ; the dark
markings on the underside heavier, darker, and more numerous.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 91.5-96 (93.8); tail 48.5-53.5 (51.1); culmen
from base 14.5-15.8 (15.2) ; tarsus 26-28.3 (26.9) ; middle toe without
claw 21.5—25.6 (23.8 mm.).25
“ Seven specimens.
653008°— 46 - 23
342
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Wing 93-96.5 (94.3) ; tail 45.5-49 (46.8) ; culmen from
base 14.5-15.5 (15.0) ; tarsus 26.5-27.3 (26.9) ; middle toe without claw
23.3-24.4 (23.3 mm.).26
Range. — Resident in the coastal plains of southern Chiapas, Mexico,
near the Guatemalan border (Tapachula, San Benito) from sea level to
500 feet.
Type locality. — Tapachula, Chiapas.
Colinus salvini Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 45 (Tapachula, Chiapas, s. Mexico; coll.
U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; xv, 1898, 122 (s. Chiapas, Pacific coast to 500 feet). —
Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, 241 (crit. ; spec.; San Benito, Chiapas; plum.).
[ Colinus ] salvini Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
Ortyx salvini Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 304 (Tapa¬
chula and San Benito, Chiapas).
Colinus virginianus salvini Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 48 (coast plains
of southern Chiapas near the Guatemalan border). — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 246 (syn. ; distr.).
[Colinus] v [irginianus] salvini Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No.
467, 1942, 1, in text, 4, in key.
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS NELSONI Brodkorb
Nelson’s Bobwi-iite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus virginianus salvini but with
the dark markings even darker, purer black, instead of brownish black,
although less extensive ; the white markings also purer, less grayish, and
smaller in extent ; rufescent markings brighter and more extensive ; the
black of the chin and throat not extending over the breast, except as a few
of the pectoral feathers have blackish margins ; some of the abdominal
feathers, especially the midventral ones, may also have narrow blackish
margins; thighs, vent, and under tail coverts almost pure bright hazel
with no or few blackish markings. From C. v. coy ole os it differs in hav¬
ing more extensive and deeper black markings, deeper hazel markings,
and purer (less buffy) white markings, all of which are more in contrast
with each other ; no white superciliaries ; the crown is entirely black in
two males, but has a brown patch on the occiput and nape in one example.
Adult female. — Like that of C. v. salvini but with the black markings
smaller and the brown and buff markings more extensive. All the colors
are brighter, clearer, more sharply contrasted. From C. v. coyolcos it
differs in being darker and in having all the markings more sharply
contrasted.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 102.5-103 ; tail 56-57 ; culmen from base 14.9-15.1 ;
tarsus 27.5-28.6; middle toe without claw 23.6-24.7 mm. (2 specimens).
28 Three specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
343
Adult female. — Wing 97.5-101.5; tail 53-54.5; oilmen from base 14.4-
15.4; tarsus 25.1-28.2; middle toe without claw 24 mm. (2 specimens).
Range. — Known only from the type locality, Chicomuselo, Chiapas.
Colinus virginianus insignis (not of Nelson) Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 245, part (Chiapas, Chicomuselo).
Colinus virginianus nelsoni Bkodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No.
467, 1942, 1 (Chicomuselo, Chiapas; spec.; descr. ; crit. ; meas.).
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS THAYERI Bangs and Peters
Thayer’s Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus virginianus coyolcos but writh
the chin and throat, upper lores, forehead, and superciliaries white, the
throat sometimes streaked with black ; above slightly paler and grayer,
less blotched and spotted. Similar also to the male of C. v. pectorahs but
with a broader black pectoral band, with less or no white at the base of
the feathers of this area.27
Adult female. — Very similar to, not certainly distinguishable from, that
of C. v. coyolcos. In very fresh plumage thayeri seems to have more
grayish on the upper back and interscapulars, but after even slight wear
this distinction disappears.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 97-101 (99.9) ; tail 48-55.5 (52.6) ; oilmen from
base 14.8-16.2 (15.3) ; tarsus 27.6-30 (28.7) ; middle toe without claw
24.8- 26.6 (25.4 mm.).28
Adult female. — Wing 98-102.5 (100.1) ; tail 50-54 (52) ; oilmen from
base 14.5-16.2 (15.2) ; tarsus 26.9-29.6 (28.2) ; middle toe without claw
23.8- 25.3 (24.7 mm.).29
Range. — Resident in the dry country of inland eastern Oaxaca from
Chivela to Guichicovi and Tutla.
Type locality. — Chivela, Oaxaca.
Colinus virginianus thayeri Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxviii, 1928,
386 (Chivela, Oaxaca, Mexico; spec.; descr.; crit.). — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., lxx, 1930, 160 (type spec, in Mus. Comp. Zool.).— Peters, Check-list
Birds of World, ii, 1934, 49 (known only from the type locality). — Heli.mayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 245 (syn. ; distr. ; Oaxaca, Tutla,
and Guichicovi; spec.).
27 The status of thayeri and coyolcos is puzzling and cannot be settled with present
information. While the two groups are easily distinguished in the male plumage,
as noted in the description of coyolcos, two adult males from Huilotepec are more like
thayeri than like coyolcos, even though they come from the farthest side of the
range of the latter !
” Eight specimens.
79 Six specimens.
344
BULLETIN 60. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS ATRICEPS (Ogilvie-Grant)
Black-headed Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to Colinus vir ginianus salvini but larger and paler,
the lower breast and abdomen with no blackish markings ; the rufescent
color above more extensive. “Differs chiefly from the male of . . . coyolcos
in having the top of the head, superciliary stripe, chin, and throat all
uniform black without a trace of white, and the general color of both upper
and underparts darker” (ex Ogilvie-Grant) .
Adult female. — - Differs from the female of . . . coyolcos in being
altogether darker, especially on the upper parts ; the gray markings of the
mantle in the latter . . . being replaced by brownish black” (ex Ogilvie-
Grant) .
Adidt male. — Wing 106.6; tail 58.4; tarsus 30.4; middle toe and claw
35.5 mm.
Adult female. — Wing 101.6; tail 58.4; tarsus 27.9; middle toe and claw
34.3 mm.30
Other plumages unknown.
Range. — Known only from the type locality, Putla, western Oaxaca.
May range into Guerrero, but this is yet to be established.
Ortyx coyolcos (not Tetrao coyoleos Muller) Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3,
1850, pi. 6, left fig.
Ortyx atriceps Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 424 (Putla, w.
Oaxaca, sw. Mexico; coll. Brit. Mus.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 303.
Colinus atriceps Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 122 (Putla, w. Oaxaca, 4,000 feet alt.).
[ Colinus ] atriceps Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
Colinus vir ginianus atriceps Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 49 (known
only from type locality) .— Hellm a yr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No.
1, 1942, 245 (syn. ; distr. ; known only from Putla, w. Oaxaca, probably ranging
into Guerrero).
C[olinus ] v[irginicmus ] atriceps Brodkorb, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
No. 467, 4, in key.
COLINUS VIRGINIANUS RIDGWAYI Brewster
Masked Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus virginianus insignis but with
the sides of the head, at least the auriculars and sides of neck, rufescent ;
above, especially on the head, back, rump, and wings, paler, the blackish
markings much reduced and replaced largely by brown ; the interscapulars
paler hazel ; breast and abdomen also slightly paler. “Hind part of crown,
occiput, and nape, light hazel-brown, spotted with black, and streaked,
especially on the nape, with white ; rest of head, including chin and throat,
” Measurements adapted from Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893,
424. No specimens seen by me.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
345
uniform black, with an indistinct series of small white streaks immediately
above the ear-coverts, suggestive of a postocular stripe. Upper back and
entire underparts light tawny-cinnamon, the latter absolutely uniform,
except on hinder flanks, and longer under tail-coverts, which are varied
with black and whitish, in the form of edgings and terminal spots of the
latter, the former as sub-edgings and V-shaped markings; feathers of the
upper back varied by a blackish speckling along the edges. Lower back,
scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, rump, and upper tail-coverts confusedly
mottled and vermiculated with brownish gray and blackish, the scapulars
and tertials suffused or stained with rusty brown; wing-coverts rather
broadly but irregularly barred with whitish, the inner webs of the latter
deeply indented with the same, forming an irregular or interrupted border ;
feathers of lower rump and upper tail-coyerts with irregular ‘herring-bone’
markings of blackish. Tail bluish gray, minutely mottled with whitish and
dusky. Primaries brownish gray, their outer webs coarsely mottled with
paler. Bill uniform black; feet (in dried skin) dark horn-color.” (R. R.)
Adult female. — Very similar to that of Colinus virginianus t exanus but
with the pale edges of the dorsal feathers averaging more whitish, less
grayish, more in contrast to the rest of the coloration of the feathers
involved ; top of head with the dusky median stripes to the feathers darker,
the edges paler and huffier. “Upper parts essentially as in the adult male,
lores and sides of forehead pale buff, this extending back to the nape in a
continuous, broad superciliary stripe ; chin, malar region, and entire throat
uniform pale buff, bordered behind by a narrow transverse chain or series
of black and rusty triangular spots. Chest pale cinnamon, slightly varied
with black and whitish; rest of lower parts white, the sides and flanks
broadly striped with pale cinnamon, enclosed between U- or V-shaped
black markings, the breast and belly having sparse V-shaped bars of black ;
under tail-coverts pale cinnamon, broadly tipped with buffy whitish and
each ornamented by a subterminal V-shaped mark of black.” (R. R.)
Juvenal male.— Forehead, crown, and occiput mottled fuscous-black and
light ochraceous-buff, the feathers having shafts, edges, and narrow tips
of the latter color; interscapulars and upper wing coverts as in the adult
female, but with white shaft streaks terminally widening into small tri¬
angular spots, and the feathers blotched with clove brown to dark chestnut-
brown ; remiges as in the adult male ; lower back, rump, and upper tail
coverts as in the adult female ; rectrices dusky sepia crossed by numerous
narrow wavy white bars each of which is proximally bordered with mummy
brown, the brown widening medially to form a large shaft spot ; the median
pair of rectrices slightly more brownish, less grayish than the outer ones ;
sides of head, chin, and throat dusky fuscous, a whitish patch on the lower
cheek on either side; many of the gular and mental feathers with narrow
grayish white edges; breast, sides, and flanks, pinkish buff to pale pinkish
buff mottled with dull dusky sepia, the feathers with narrow white shafts ;
346
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
thighs, vent, and under tail coverts pale pinkish buff faintly mottled with
dusky ; abdomen grayish white obscurely mottled with dusky, especially
anteriorly; hill and feet (in dried skin) yellowish.31
Juvenal female .- — Like the juvenal male but with the chin and throat
pure white ; iris brown ; bill brownish above, light plumbeous below ; feet
“flesh and brownish.”
Natal down. — Apparently unknown.
Adult male.- — -Wing 101-111 (107); tail 59-64 (61.5); culmen from
base 15.2-16.5 (15.5) ; tarsus 29.4—31.3 (30.6) ; middle toe without claw
25.1-28.1 (26.9 mm.).32
Adult female. — Wing 105.5-115.5 (110.5) ; tail 60-69 (64.1) ; culmen
from base 14—16 (15.2) ; tarsus 28-31.3 (29.4) ; middle toe without claw
26.6-27.1 (26.8 mm.).33
Range. — Resident in the open grassy plains country (1,000 to 2,500
feet) from the middle portion of the southern Arizona boundary (north to
the Baboquivari, Whetstone, and the Huachuca Mountains) south to south-
central Sonora (Sasabe, Magdalena, Bacuachi, Campos) ; now extirpated
in Arizona.
Type locality. — 18 miles southwest of Sasabe, Sonora, Mexico.
Ortyx virginianus (not Tetrao virginianus Linnaeus) Brown, Forest and Stream,
xxii, No. 6, 1884, 104 (Baboquivari Mountains, s. Arizona).
Ortyx graysoni (not of Lawrence) Grinnell, Forest and Stream, xxii, No. 13,
1884, 243 (Baboquivari Mountains). — Stephens, Auk, ii, 1885, 227 (Sonora,
nw. Mexico).
Colinus graysoni Ridgway, Forest and Stream, xxv, No. 25, Tan. 14, 1886, 484. —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 290.
Colinus ridgwayi Brewster, Auk, ii, 1885, 199 (18 miles sw. of Sasabe, Sonora; coll.
F. Stephens, type in Brit. Mus.) ; iv, 1887, 159 (Bacuachi and 18 miles n. of
Campos, Sonora; crit.) ; iv, 1887, 159, 160 (plumage). — Stephens, Auk, ii, 1885,
228, 231 (Sasabe, Sonora). — Brown, Forest and Stream, xxv, No. 5, 1885, 445.
- — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, and ed. 2, 1895, No. 291 ;
ed. 3, 1910, p. 135; ed. 4, 1931, 88. — Allen, Auk, iii, 1886, 275 (Baboquivari
Mountains, s. Arizona), 483 (as to location of type specimen) ; iv, 1887, 74, 75
(crit.); vi, 1889, 189 (Tubal, Ariz. ; descr. young); Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., i, 1886, 279, pi. 23 (monogr.).- — Scott, Auk, iii, 1886, 387 (historical). —
Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 10. — Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 121
(Sonora and Arizona, 1,000 to 2,500 feet alt.). — Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900. 46
(molts, etc.). — Bailey, Handbook Birds Western United States, 1902, 116
(descr.). — Brown, Auk, xxi, 1904, 209 [-213] (habits, range, etc.). — Judd, U. S.
Biol. Surv. Bull. 21, 1905, 46 (habits; range; food). — Smith, Condor, ix, 1907,
81 It may be that the specimen on which this description is based, collected late in
October in Sonora (Conover coll. 92944), had already begun its postjuvenal molt, as
Allen (Auk, 1889, 189) described a young male in postjuvenal molt as having the
“throat . . . pure white, with new black feathers appearing irregularly along the sides
of the chin and upper throat . . .” It may be that in males in full juvenal plumage the
throat is not blackish as in the above account. If so, the sexes are alike in this stage.
32 Eight specimens from Arizona and Sonora.
33 Five specimens from Sonora.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
347
196 (Whetstone Mountains, s. Arizona, 4000-4500 ft.).— Swarth, Pacific Coast
Avif., No. 10, 1914, 21 (Arizona; Baboquivari Peak to Huachuca Mountains;
now extinct in Arizona). — Law, Condor, xxxi, 1929, 219 (Altar Valley, Ariz.).
■ — Phillips, Verh. 6th Internal. Orn. Kongr., 1929, 510 (extinct in U. S. ; still
found in Mexico). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 36 (habits; distr.). —
Cottam and Knappen, Auk, lvi, 1939, 152 (food habits).
[Colinus] r id gw ay i Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
Ortyx rid g way i Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 422. — Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 302 (Sasabe, Campos, and
Bacuachi, Sonora ; s. Arizona) .
Colinus virginianus ridgivayi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vi,
1931, 245 (Sonora, Mexico) ; Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool., lxxvii, 1934, 431 (Cumpas
and Bacuachi, Sonora). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 49. — Hell-
mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 242 (syn. ; distr.).
C[olinus] v[ir ginianus] ridgwayi Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 763, in text (care
in captivity) .—Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, ser. 2, xi, 1939, 361, in
text (Arizona; crit.). — Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No.
467, 1942, 3, in key.
Orlyx virginianus Brown, Auk, xxi, 1904, 211, in text (Sonora).
COLINUS NIGROGULARIS CABOTI Van Tyne and Trautman
Yucatan Bobwiiite
Adult male. — Lores and superciliaries black, the black of the lores con¬
necting narrowly above the base of the oilmen ; a white stripe immediately
above this from the middle of the upper forehead completely borders the
black of the lores and the superciliaries; feathers of crown and occiput
bister, those of the crown broadly bone brown medially; those of the
occiput with somewhat grayish edges; nape, sides of neck, and inter¬
scapulars between auburn and chestnut, the feathers with conspicuous
white shaft streaks or spots, these white markings reduced or absent on
the more posterior interscapulars; upper back like the posterior inter¬
scapulars but the feathers broadly margined with neutral gray finely
flecked with darker ; inner median and greater upper wing coverts like the
upper back ; scapulars similar but blotched subterminally with fuscous-
black to black and margined internally with whitish ; outer upper wing
coverts like the inner ones but much washed with ochraceous-tawny and
more coarsely vermiculated with dusky ; secondaries olive-brown, their
outer webs flecked and vermiculated with grayish ochraceous-tawny; pri¬
maries uniformly olive-brown; feathers of back, rump, and upper tail
coverts light mouse gray to mouse gray, medially lightly tinged with
ochraceous-tawny and subterminally blotched with fuscous-black to black,
these blotches becoming elongated into shaft streaks on the upper tail
coverts, the gray areas faintly vermiculated with dusky and tipped and in¬
completely barred (sparingly) with grayish white; rectrices between deep
mouse gray and hair brown, the median ones mottled with paler gray and
faintly huffy grayish white; chin and throat black; a line under the eye and
extending more broadly over the upper cheeks, auriculars and sides of
348
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
throat white ; feathers of breast and middle upper abdomen white edged and
tipped with black, giving a scalloped appearance to these areas, the black
margins increasing in width posteriorly very much ; sides of breast and
abdomen to the flanks, white broadly edged and tipped with Brussels
brown ; thighs, vent, and under tail coverts dull pale grayish ochraceous-
tawny, the under tail coverts with subterminal blackish shaft stripes ;
middle of lower abdomen like the thighs but slightly more grayish, less
rufescent ; under wing coverts dull brownish, edged with pale grayish.34
Adult female. — Narrow forehead, broad superciliary stripes, chin, and
throat between warm buff and ochraceous-buff ; feathers of crown and
occiput fuscous to fuscous-black narrowly edged with neutral gray; nape
similar but the lateral margins pale buffy white and much broader ; inter¬
scapulars cinnamon-brown, grayish basally, narrowly edged and tipped
with dusky grayish, and transversely spotted with buffy white, each of
these pale marks bordered on both sides by blackish, and sparsely and ir¬
regularly barred with blackish, the grayish edges widening on the posterior
interscapulars and the feathers of the upper back which are subterminally
blotched with fuscous mixed with sepia ; scapulars as in the male but more
brownish, less grayish generally; upper wing coverts as in the male but
more brownish generally and barred, on their outer webs, with broader,
more conspicuous pale buffy to pale pinkish buffy, black-bordered bars, all
the markings heavier and coarser than in the male ; secondaries externally
edged with pale ochraceous-buff and incompletely banded with the same
on their outer webs; primaries as in the male but their outer webs very
faintly flecked with pale ochraceous-buffy ; back, lower back, rump, and
tail coverts as in the male but browner, less grayish, and with the median
dark blotches smaller and less noticeable ; rectrices as in the male but all,
the lateral as well as the median ones, externally flecked transversely with
grayish white ; auriculars dark dull auburn ; feathers of sides of neck and
of the entire breast white with blackish-brown shaft stripes and cross bars
dividing the feathers into at least two rows of white spots terminally, the
feathers, especially those of the sides of the neck, pale dull hazel to ochra-
ceous-tawny basally ; feathers of abdomen white crossed by widely spaced
fuscous bars, the most distal of which is medially extended as a shaft
stripe, these bars petering out on the middle of the abdomen; on the
feathers of the sides and flanks the shaft stripes are very much longer and
broader and contain within them a median core of pale cinnamon-brown
to ochraceous-tawny ; thighs and vent white obscurely barred with dusky
sepia ; under tail coverts pale cinnamon-brown with subterminal broad,
“One specimen from the type locality (Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. No. 103848) is
very brown on the wings, back, rump, and upper tail coverts, completely lacking the
gray. It also has the brown of the interscapulars, upper back, sides, and flanks
darker chestnut.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
349
distally attenuated blackish shaft stripes and broadly tipped with white,
the white area divided into two spots by the shaft stripe.
Natal dozvn (sexes alike). — Forehead and broad superciliary area pale
clay color paling to pinkish buff posteriorly on the nape ; center of crown
and forehead and a wide spinal band extending to the tail chestnut-brown
indistinctly edged with clove brown; rest of upperparts light pinkish
cinnamon with a faint grayish tinge, mottled with dark clove brown to
fuscous ; a narrow fuscous line from the back of the eye to the side of the
nape; sides of head pale dusty pinkish buff; chin, throat, and abdomen
white; breast, sides, flanks, thighs and vent washed with dusty light
pinkish cinnamon; bill and feet (in dried skin) yellowish.
Adult male. — Wing 95-103.5 (98.3) ; tail 50-58.5 (54.6) ; culmen from
base 14.7-16 (15.4); tarsus 27.1-32 (29.1); middle toe without claw
23.9-26.6 (25.3 mm.).35
Adult female. — Wing 95-103.5 (98.5) ; tail 50-58 (54.2) ; culmen from
base 14.5-16.3 (15.1) ; tarsus 27.2-31.1 (29.2) ; middle toe without claw
24.5-26.2 (25.2 mm.).36
Range. — Resident throughout Yucatan (Merida, Chichen Itza, Chable,
Tizimin, etc.) and Campeche (Campeche), except for the arid area
around Progreso.
Type locality. — Chichen Itza, Yucatan.
Ortyx nigrogularis Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 2, 1846, pi. 4 and text, part
(Yucatan). — Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 514, pi. 132; List Birds Brit. Mus., pt.
5, Gallinae, 1867, 76. — Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ix, 1869, 209
(Merida, Yucatan). — Nehrkorn, Joum. fur Orn., 1881, 69 (Yucatan; descr.
eggs) .— Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, 461 (Chable, Yucatan; habits).
— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate," vii,
1894, 219 (Yucatan).
[Ortyx] nigrogularis Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, 1848, Gallinaceae, pi. 193, fig.
1681. — Sclater and Salvin, Norn. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part (Yucatan).
Ortyx nigrigularis Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 225, part (Yucatan).
0[rtix] nigrogularis Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr., e Hist, de los
Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 175 (common names, Mexico).
Eupsycho-rtyx nigrogularis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 412,
part (Tizimin, Buctzotz, Chable, Peto, and Merida, Yucatan) .—Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 297, part (Chable, Tizimin,
Buctzotz, Peto, Merida, and Izamal, Yucatan) .— Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
1, 1906, 115, part (Chichen Itza, Yucatan).
[Eupsychortyx] nigrigularis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45, part (Yucatan).
Colimis nigrogularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., viii, 1896, 289
(Chichen Itza; habits; notes). — Nelson, Auk, xv, 1898, 122 (Yucatan).
[ Colinus ] nigrogularis Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 379, 1929, 2, in text (crit.).
Colinus nigrogularis nigrogularis Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 49. —
Traylor, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xxiv, 1941, 204 (Chichen
“Twenty specimens.
” T?n Specimens,
350
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Itza, Yucatan; spec.)/ — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 247 (syn. ; distr.).
Colinus nigrogularis caboti Van Tyne and Trautman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.
Michigan, No. 439, 1941, 5, 6 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; descr. ; plum.; meas. ;
distr.; crit.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 247,
footnote.
COLINUS NIGROGULARIS PERSICCUS Van Tyne and Trautman
Progreso Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus nigrogularis caboti but paler
and less brownish, more grayish; above, especially on the scapulars and
innermost remiges, very pale grayish ; the white centers of the feathers
of the interscapular and upper back areas larger and their rufescent borders
averaging slightly paler ; tail paler — between mouse gray and light mouse
gray, and more abundantly flecked with grayish white ; feathers of thighs,
flanks, lower middle abdomen, and under tail coverts paler, less rufescent.
Adult female. — Very similar to that of C. n. caboti but slightly paler
above, more grayish, less brownish ; the dark ventral barrings averaging
more brownish, less blackish.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 98-102 (100.1) ; tail 51.5-57 (54.4) ; culmen from
base 14.5-15.8 (15.1) ; tarsus 28.2-31.4 (30.0) ; middle toe without claw
24.1- 27.5 (25.9 mm.).37
Adult female. — Wing 100-102 (101.1); tail 54-58.8 (56.5); oilmen
from base 14.2-16 (15) ; tarsus 29-32 (30.2) ; middle toe without claw
24.1- 26.4 (25.2 mm.).38
Range. — Resident in the arid region about Progreso, Yucatan.
Type locality. — 5 kilometers south of Progreso, Yucatan.
Eupsychortyx nigrogularis Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 115, part (Progreso,
Yucatan).
Colinus nigrogularis per siccus Van Tyne and Trautman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Michigan, No. 439, 1941, 4, 6 (5 kilometers south of Progreso, Yucatan;
descr.; plum.; meas.; distr.; crit.).
COLINUS NIGROGULARIS NIGROGULARIS (Gould)
Honduras Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus nigrogularis caboti but much
darker above, much less grayish, more brownish, the white centers of the
interscapulars greatly reduced in size, and the blackish blotches on the
scapulars, back, and rump larger and darker ; below very similar to caboti
but averaging wider black margins on the feathers of the breast and ab¬
domen. “Pileum brownish black, passing into rusty exteriorly, and bor-
" Ten specimens.
,a Five specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
351
dered anteriorly and laterally by a broad fl -shaped stripe of brownish
white ; forehead, lores, and broad stripe passing thence backward over eyes
and auriculars to sides of hindneck, deep black ; chin, throat, and malar
region uniform deep black, bordered above by a broad stripe of brownish
white, beginning at rictus and extending beneath eye across auriculars.
Hindneck and sides of neck dark chestnut, the feathers with mesial guttate
streaks or spots of rusty white, these larger and purer white on sides of
neck; upper back dark chestnut, the feathers irregularly barred or trans¬
versely mottled on edges with black and brownish gray ; rest of back, with
scapulars, wing coverts, and tertials coarsely mottled and irregularly barred
with blackish on an olive and brownish gray ground, with lighter mark¬
ings along edges of many feathers, especially tertials and greater wing
coverts ; lower back and rump olive-brown, especially on lower back ; upper
tail coverts and middle rectrices similar but more grayish brown, marked
with broad mesial streaks of black and irregularly barred with lighter ;
rectrices dull slate-gray, tinged with olive, and indistinctly barred or
transversely mottled on outer webs with paler. Primaries plain, dull,
brownish slate. Chest, breast, and middle line of belly white, the feathers
broadly and abruptly bordered with black, this narrowest on upper part
of chest, broadest on belly ; sides and flanks chestnut, each feather whitish
centrally and bordered with black, this more or less broken or mottled on
many of the feathers ; under tail coverts rusty, tipped with dull light huffy,
and marked with a large central sagittate or triangular spot of black. Bill
entirely deep black; feet dark brown.” (R. R.)
Adult female. — Similar to that of C. n. caboti, but generally darker, less
grayish, more brownish above, the dark blotches larger and more numerous,
the ground color of the upper parts generally dark Dresden brown, the
feathers without grayish edgings; the inner edges of the scapulars pale
huffy (instead of white as in caboti) ; lores, superciliaries, chin, and throat
darker than in caboti — dark clay color with an ochraceous wash; basal
portions of feathers of breast and upper abdomen less rufescent, more
brownish ; brown centers of flank feathers deeper chestnut with broader
fuscous borders. ‘‘Broad superciliary stripe (including sides of forehead),
chin, throat, and malar region plain, dull ochraceous or clay color; pileum
brownish black, streaked with dull grayish buffy ; auriculars plain silky
brown ; suborbital region dull ochraceous, streaked with blackish ; hinder
part and sides of neck pale dull grayish buffy, thickly marked with tri¬
angular spots of black, these larger and more blended on hindneck, smaller
and more individualized on sides of neck. Upperparts in general coarsely
mottled, spotted, and barred with black and pale brownish buffy on a light
bister-brownish ground, the black spots (of irregular form) more con¬
spicuous on hinder scapulars, tertials, lower back, and rump; primaries
plain brownish slate, their outer webs more ashy ; tail as in male but more
coarsely mottled. Lower parts dull whitish, the chest and breast thickly
352
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
marked with irregular black spots having a brownish external suffusion,
the belly transversely spotted or barred with the same, the sides and flanks
with irregular broad U-shaped marks inclosing a pale cinnamon space, the
margins of the feathers soiled whitish ; under tail coverts much tinged with
pale rusty and heavily spotted with black. Bill brownish black, with basal
half of under mandible light colored ; feet deep horn-brown.” (R. R.)
Immature. — Like the adult of the same sex but with the outermost
primaries more pointed terminally.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Upperparts of head and body as in the adult
female, but the interscapulars, scapulars, and feathers of the upper back
with narrow, white shaft streaks ; the inner secondaries more completely
barred with pale pinkish buff; the feathers of the lower back, rump, and
upper tail coverts paler, less blotched with blackish, the ground color huffy
wood brown; chin and throat paler, more whitish; breast huffy wood
brown, each feather with a pale buffy-whitish shaft streak ; abdomen pale
buffy with a grayish tinge, transversely spotted with dusky wood brown ;
flanks, thighs, lower abdomen, and under tail coverts strongly washed with
pale cinnamon-buff; bill and feet (in dried skin) dark pinkish orange.
Natal down.— Apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 92-94 (93) ; tail 49.5-52.5 (51.0) ; culmen from
base 14.5—15.2 (14.8) ; tarsus 27.7-28.1 (27.9) ; middle toe without claw
24.1- 25.2 (24.7 mm.).39
Adult female. — Wing 86-95 (92) ; tail 48—51 (48.8) ; culmen from
base 14.4—15.7 (14.8) ; tarsus 26.4-28.5 (27.7) ; middle toe without claw
23.1- 25 (23.8 mm.).40
Range. — -Resident in the pine-forested parts of British Honduras, the
Peten district of northern Guatemala, and through the Caribbean lowlands
of Honduras east to Cantarranas and the Segovia River.
Type locality. — Honduras.
Ortyx nigrogularis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1842 (1843), 181 (Mexico; coll.
Earl of Derby ; = Honduras) ; Monogr. Odontoph., pt. ii, 1846, pi. 4 and text,
part (Honduras). — Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1854, 63 (Belize, British
Honduras) .
[Ortyx] nigrogularis Gray, Handlist, ii, 1870, 273, no. 9781 (Honduras). — Sclater
and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part (British Honduras).
Ortyx nigrigularis Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 225, part (Belize, British
Honduras) .
Colinus nigrogularis segoviensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 593
(Rio Segovia, e. Honduras; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Stone, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932, 302 (Honduras; Segovia River and Can¬
tarranas). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 49.— Van Tyne, Misc.
Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 27, 1935, 12 (Pacomon and La Libertad,
Peten, Guatemala; crit. ; spec.).- — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
38 Four specimens.
40 Seven specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
353
i, No. 1, 1942, 248 (syn. ; distr. ; Honduras, Guatemala, British Honduras). —
Van Tyne and Trautman, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 439,
1941, 3, in text.
Colinus nigrogularis nigrogularis Van Tyne and Trautman, Occ. Papers Mus,
Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 439, 1941, 6 (Honduras; Segovia River; Guatemala,
La Libertad).
Eupsychortyx nigrogularis (not Ortyx nigrogularis Gould) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 412, part (Honduras). — Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 297, part (Rio Segovia, Honduras; Belize,
British Honduras).
[Eupsychortyx] nigrigularis Sharpe, Handlist, i, 1899, 45, part (Honduras; British
Honduras) .
Colinus nigrogularis coffini Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlv, 1932, 169
(La Libertad, Peten, Guatemala; descr. ; crit.). — Peters, Check-list Birds World,
ii, 1934, 49 (Brit. Honduras and the Peten district). — Van Tyne and Trautman,
Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 439, 1941, 3, in text (crit.).
[Colinus] [nigrogularis] coffini Van Tyne, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
No. 27, 1935, 12, in text (crit.).
C[allipepla] nigrogularis Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 317.
COLINUS LEUCOPOGON LEYLANDI Moore
Leyland’s Quail
Adult male. — Forehead and crown between Sayal brown and snufl
brown, becoming tawny to ochraceous-tawny on the occiput; center of
crown dusky; nape like the occiput with large white spots, edged with
black on the lateral feathers, this black and white less pronounced on the
medial ones ; interscapulars and upper back Saccardo’s umber finely ver-
miculated with black and narrowly tipped with grayish ; scapulars, inner
greater upper wing coverts, and inner secondaries similar but heavily
blotched with fuscous to fuscous-black and distomedially suffused with
cinnamon-brown, the scapulars and inner secondaries internally broadly
edged with buffy white ; rest of upper wing coverts Saccardo’s umber
somewhat indistinctly and rather sparsely vermiculated with dusky, some
of the interspaces paler and huffier than the ground color of the feathers
producing faint paler cross bands; secondaries dark clove brown, thickly
flecked along their outer edges with pale buffy brown and whitish, the
latter color forming incomplete bars which are proximally bordered with
relatively unflecked dark clove brown, both webs very narrowly edged
with whitish ; primaries uniform dark clove brown ; feathers of back and
rump Saccardo’s umber heavily blotched with fuscous to fuscous-black and
finely flecked with grayish white, the dark blotches becoming smaller on
the rump feathers ; upper tail coverts like the rump but with the dark
blotches compressed into shaft stripes ; rectrices deep mouse gray to hair
brown transversely flecked and mottled with paler, forming indistinct ir¬
regular barrings ; lores, a broad superciliary, and a broad malar stripe on
each side white somewhat tinged with pale buff, many of the component
354
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
feathers narrowly edged with blackish ; cheeks dark sepia, borders of the
malar stripe blackish ; auriculars like the occiput ; chin and throat fuscous
with the paler basal parts of the feathers dark Verona brown, showing
through in varying amounts ; breast like the interscapulars but somewhat
more rufescent and with the dark vermiculations largely absent, but with
many of the feathers with conspicuous black-ringed white spots on their
medioterminal portion ; upper and lateral parts of abdomen like the breast
but brighter, more rufescent, and with many more and larger black-
bordered white spots, some of the feathers having as many as three of these
spots on each web, the pale spots larger than the remainder of the feather,
the spots more or less washed with buffy ; sides and flanks similar but with
the spots slightly reduced, the intervening brownish part of the feathers
thereby made more extensive and conspicuous ; middle of abdomen and
the thighs buffy white barred with dull dark sepia, the pale interspaces
much broader than the bars ; under tail coverts dark sepia washed, along
the shaft, with Saccardo’s umber and indented on both webs with large,
marginally continuous spots of white more or less tinged with buffy ; under
wing coverts barred dull sepia and buffy white, the whitish areas broader
than the darker bars.
Adult female. — Similar to the adult male on the upperparts of head and
body but differing below in that the chin and throat are pale buffy, longi¬
tudinally spotted or streaked with fuscous to fuscous-black, the breast
relatively more spotted with white and the pale spots of most of the ab¬
dominal feathers larger and running into each other reducing the sepia
parts to irregular bars with distally pointed median elongations.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult female but slightly darker
brownish above; the breast buffy white heavily and abundantly spotted
with sepia transverse marks, each of which is distally edged with tawny
buff; abdomen, sides, and flanks whitish transversely spotted with dark
sepia.
Natal down. — Forehead, lores, very broad supraorbital bands, auricu¬
lars, and cheeks between clay color and pale tawny-olive, center of crown
and occiput Brussels brown, the area edged with darker ; chin and throat
white tinged with pale cinnamon-buff ; a narrow blackish line running
posteroventrally from the eye to the sides of the neck.41
Adult male. — Wing 95.3-105.6 (99.4) ; tail 52.4-59.2 (55.8) ; culmen
from base 13.8-16.0 (14.6) ; tarsus 26.2-29.2 (28.1) ; middle toe without
claw 22.7-24.1 (23.5 mm.).42
Adult female.— Wing 97. 1-98.3 (97.5) ; tail 47.2-57.4 (51.8) ; culmen
from base 13.5-14.7 (14.2) ; tarsus 25.4—28.4 (27.1) ; middle toe without
claw 21.2-22.5 (21.9 mm.).43
41 Remainder of only example seen was already in juvenal plumage.
43 Ten specimens from Honduras.
43 Eight specimens from Honduras.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
355
Range. — Resident in the Plateau and Pacific slope of Honduras (Teguci¬
galpa, Monte Redondo, Comayaguela, El Caliche, Catacanias, Sabana
Grande, Omoa, Comayagua, etc.).
Type locality. — Flores, between Omoa and Comayagua, Honduras.
Ortyx leylandi Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 62 (Flores, between Omoa and
Comayagua, Honduras; coll. Derby Museum; descr. ; spec.; crit). — Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 226 (between Omoa and Comayagua, Honduras). —
Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 312 (Comayagua, Honduras; habits).
[Ortyx] leylandi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part (Honduras).
Eupsychortyx lencofrenatus Elliot, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vii, 1860, 106,
pi. 3 (Honduras).
Eupsychortyx leylandi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Mus., xxii, 1893, 411, part (Hon¬
duras) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 132, part (Honduras). — Sai.vtn and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 295, part (between Omoa and
Comayagua, Honduras).
E\upsychortyx] leylandi Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 762 (care in captivity).
[Eupsychortyx] leylandi Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45, part (Honduras).
Eupsychortyx lelandi Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932, 302
(Honduras ; Omoa and Comayagua).
Colinus leucopogon leylandi Conover, Condor, xxxiv, 1932, 175 (Honduras; Dept.
Tegucigalpa — Monte Redondo, Comayaguela; spec.). — Peters, Check-list Birds
World, ii, 1934, 50, part (western Honduras).
C[olinus] l[eucopogon] sclateri Dickey and van Rossem, Birds El Salvador, 1938,
149, in text, part (Honduras).
[Colinus] [leucopogon] leylandi Sassi, Temminckia, iii, 1938, 305 in text (central
and northern Honduras).
Colinus cristatus sclateri Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
250, part (Honduras; syn.).
COLINUS LEUCOPOGON SCLATERI (Bonaparte)
Sclater’s Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the Honduranian race but with the
malar and postorbital stripe warm buff to pale honey yellow, instead of
white; the breast and the brown shaft areas of the feathers of the middle
of the abdomen more rufescent — light cinnamon-brown instead of snuff
brown finely mixed with gray; upperparts of body also more brownish,
less grayish, the dark blotches on the lower back, rump, and upper tail
coverts larger and more richly colored.
Adult jemale. — Similar to that of the Honduranian race but with the
chin, throat, and superciliary stripes usually more heavly suffused with
yellowish — ochraceous-buff to honey yellow instead of light pinkish buff
to pale ochraceous-buff — and slightly darker on the upper parts of the
body, the dark blotches averaging larger and deeper.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male.— Wing 97.S-102.4 (100.4) ; tail 52.1-64.2 (57.0) ; culmen
from base 14.0-16.3 (15.2) ; tarsus 28.2-30.9 (29.6) ; middle toe without
claw 23.4—25.1 (24.4 mm.).44
Nine specimens from Nicaragua.
356
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Wing 97.4-100.8 (99.4) ; tail 51.3-54.3 (52.9) ; culmen
from base 14.3-15.8 (15.0) ; tarsus 29.1-30.8 (29.9) ; middle toe without
claw 23.5-24.1 (23.8 mm.).45
Range. Resident in the Plateau and Pacific slope of Nicaragua (San
Geronimo, Chinandega, Sucuya, Ocotal, Matagalpa, Granada, etc.).
Type locality. — None originally indicated; restricted to western Nicara¬
gua by van Rossem ( Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxvii, 1934, 486).
Eupsychortyx sclateri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 883, 954 (no locality
indicated = western Nicaragua; type in Paris Museum). — van Rossem, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxvii, 1934, 486 (crit.) .
Ortyx leylandi Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 390 (Sucuya, Nicaragua).
Eupsychortyx leylandi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 411, part
(Chinandega, Nicaragua) ; Hand. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 132, part (Nicaragua).—
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 295, part (Paraiso,
Jalapa, Sucuya, Ocotal, Matagalpa, and Chinandega, Nicaragua). — Rendahl,
Ark. Zool., xii, No. 8, 1919, 10 (Granada, w. shore of Lake Nicaragua,
Nicaragua) .
[Eupsychortyx] leylandi Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45, part (Nicaragua).
Colinus leucopogon leylandi Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, xxxii, 1930, 73, part
(w. Nicaragua).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 50, part
(Nicaragua).
C[olinus] /[ eucopogon ] sclateri Dickey and van Rossem, Birds El Salvador, 1938,
149, in text, part (w. Nicaragua).
[Colinus] [ leucopogon ] sclateri Sassi, Temminckia, iii, 1938, 305, in text (nw.
Nicaragua).
[Colinus] [leucopogon] [dickeyi] Sassi, Temminckia, iii, 1938, 305, in text, part (sw.
Nicaragua).
Colinus cristatus sclateri Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
250, part (syn. ; distr. ; Nicaragua).
COLINUS LEUCOPOGON DICKEYI Conover
Dickey’s Quail
Adult male. — Very similar to that of Colinus leucopogon sclateri but
with the feathers of the upper throat with extensive white centers.
Adult female. — Not certainly distinguishable from that of the Hondu¬
ranian race C. 1. leylandi, but with the chin and throat averaging somewhat
huffier.
Juvenal .- — Like that of C. I . leylandi.
Natal down. — Like that of C. 1. leylandi.
Adult male. — Wing 93.2—104.7 (98.9) ; tail 50.1—55.4 (53.1) ; culmen
from base 13.7—15.6 (14.6) ; tarsus 27.1—29.8 (28.6) ; middle toe without
claw 21.2-25.0 (23.2 mm.).46
Adult female.— Wing 95.1-99.4 (98.0) ; tail 51.1-53.4 (52.5) ; culmen
from base 14.3—15.5 (14.5) ; tarsus 26.1—29.3 (27.7) ; middle toe without
claw 22-24.1 (22.9 mm.).47
“ Five specimens from Nicaragua.
46 Eleven specimens from Costa Rica.
" Six specimens from Costa Rica.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
357
Range. — Resident in the Plateau region and Pacific slope of Costa Rica
(Las Canas, San Jose, Orosi, Miravalles, Guanacaste, Turrucares, Volcan
Irazu, Cartago, Barranca, Alajuela, etc.).
Type locality. — Las Canas, Guanacaste, western Costa Rica.
Ortyx leylandi Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ix, 1868, 139 (San
Jose and Barranca, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 373 (Costa
Rica). — Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, 42 (San Jose Valley, Costa
Rica).— Zeledon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1858, 112 (Costa Rica).
[Ortyx] leylandi Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part (Costa
Rica).
Colinus leylandi Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i. 1888, 128 (San Jose and
Alajuela, Costa Rica) .— Cherrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 329 (San Jose, Costa Rica).
Eupsychortyx leylandi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 411, part
(San Jose and Irazu district, Costa Rica) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 132, part
(Costa Rica).— Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 449 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica;
habits).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves., iii, 1903, 295, part
(Heredia, Barba, San Jose, Barranca, Alajuela, Irazu, Estrella de Cartago, and
Miravalles, Costa Rica).— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 386 (Santo
Domingo de San Mateo, Alajuela, San Jose, Tenorio, Cachi, and Miravalles,
Costa Rica).
[Eupsychortyx] leylandi Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45, part (Costa Rica).
Eupsychortyx leucofrenatus Elliot, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vii, 1860, 106,
pi. 3 (Honduras).
Colinus leucopogon leylandi Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, xxxii, 1930, 73, part
(nw. Costa Rica).
Colinus leucopogon dickeyi Conover, Condor, xxxiv, 1932, 174 (orig. descr. ; Las
Canas, Guanacaste, w. Costa Rica; spec.; crit.). — Peters, Check-list Birds
World, ii, 1934, 50, part (Costa Rica).— Sassi, Temminckia, iii, 1938, 304 (Costa
Rica, Bebedero and Cachi near San Jose; spec.; crit.).
Colinus cristatus dickeyi Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942,
251 (syn. ; distr.).
COLINUS LEUCOPOGON LEUCOPOGON (Lesson)
White-faced Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus leucopogon leylandi but with
the lores, forehead, superciliary bands, . chin, and throat pure white ;
the general tone of the upperparts of the head and body somewhat paler
that in the Honduranian race; auriculars paler — drab; breast and the
brownish areas of the abdominal feathers paler — the breast between
avellaneous and wood brown to Saccardo’s umber, the abdominal feathers
Saccardo’s umber to cinnamon-brown ; the pale abdominal spots averag¬
ing smaller and less pure white, more tinged with buffy ; bill black ; iris
dark brown ; tarsi and toes bluish horn color.
Adult female. — -Similar to that of C. 1. leylandi of Honduras but with
the interscapulars and upper back more heavily transversely marked with
blackish and with abdomen and throat more buffy ; bill black ; iris dark
brown ; tarsi and toes bluish horn color.
Juvenal. — Not distinguishable from that of C. 1. leylandi.
24
653008° — ii
358
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult male. — Wing 98.5-107.1 (102.9) ; tail 56.8-62.8 (59.9) ; culmen
from base 14.8-16.0 (15.6); tarsus 27.0-30.6 ( 29.2); middle toe with¬
out claw 23.5-26.0 (24.7 mm.).48
Range. — Grasslands and open country of the Arid Tropical Zone of
southeastern El Salvador, east of the Lempa River.
Type locality. — San Carlos, Americae centralis Oceani Pacifici = La
Union, El Salvador.
Adult female. — Wing 100.1-101.1; tail 55.6; culmen from base 1 5.6—
15.8; tarsus 27.6-29.1 ; middle toe without claw 22.4 mm. (2 specimens).
Ortyx leucopogon Lesson, Rev. Zool., v, 1842, 175 (“San Carlo,” Central America <=
La Union, El Salvador; coll. Paris Mus. ?). — Des Murs, Icon. Om., livr. 6,
1846, p. 36 and text, and table of contents. — Dickey and van Rossem, Condor,
xxxii, 1930, 72 (El Salvador, e. of Rio Lempa; crit. ; syn.).
[Ortyx] leucopogon Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 514; Handlist, ii, 1870, 273, No.
9791. — Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 194, fig. 1682.
Eupsychortyx leucopogon Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3, 1850, pi. 13 and text
(“San Carlos”),' — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903,
295, part (San Carlos). — Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 762 (care in
captivity) .
Eupsychortyx leucopogon leucopogon Todd, Auk, xxxvii, 1920, 203, part (San
Carlos; discussion of type).
Colinus leucopogon leucopogon Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, xxxii, 1930, 73
(El Salvador, e. of Lempa River). — Conover, Condor, xxxiv, 1932, 175 (El
Salvador; Dept. Morazan, Divisadero; Dept. La Union, Olomega; Rio Goas-
coran; spec.). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 50 (distr.) . — Dickey
and van Rossem, Birds El Salvador, 1938, 148, 149 (El Salvador; Lake Olomega,
Rio Goascoran, Divisadero; spec.; crit.; habits; colors of soft parts; distr.). —
Friedmann, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, lvii, 1944, 15.
[Colinus] [leucopogon] leucopogon Sassi, Temminckia, iii, 1938, 305, in text (east¬
ern El Salvador).
Colinus cristatus leucopogon Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 249 (syn.; distr.).
"Ortyx albifrons Less.” Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., v, 1842, 130 (San Carlos; Province
of San Salvador; nomen nudum).
COLINUS LEUCOPOGON HYPOLEUCUS Gould
Salvadorean White-breasted Bobvvhite
Adult male— Above very similar to that of the nominate race; below
differs in the great but very variable extension of the white posteriorly
over the breast and abdomen ; some individuals have almost the entire
underparts, except for the flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts, white,
while others have the breast and only a little of the upper abdomen
albescent; similarly, in some birds these white feathers have brown bases
which show through, while in others the feathers are completely white;
soft parts as in the nominate form.
18 Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
359
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race but less huffy on
the abdomen, the throat slightly streaked with dusky, general tone of
upperparts of body slightly more grayish, less brownish ; crown and oc¬
ciput duskier, more fuscous.
Juvenal. — Not distinguishable from that of C. 1. leylandi.
Adult male.— Wing 97.5-103.3 (100.1) ; tail 53.1-60.8 (57.2) ; oilmen
from base 14.5-16.0 (15.1); tarsus 27.3-29.3 (28.5); middle toe with¬
out claw 23.5-25.2 (24.1 mm.).49
Adult female. — Wing 95.9—102.1 ; tail 54.4—58.1 ; culmen from base
14.7-15.0; tarsus 27.4-29.2; middle toe without claw 22.5-23.0 mm.
(2 specimens).
Range. — Grasslands and up to 5,000 feet on the slopes of the volcanoes,
in El Salvador, west of the Lempa River.
Type locality. — “Acajutla in Mexico”= Acajutla, El Salvador.
Eupsychortyx hypoleucus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, xxviii, 1860, 62 (Aca¬
jutla, “Mexico,” i.e., El Salvador; coll. J. Verreaux) ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 3, vi, 1860, 77 (reprint).— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893,
413, part (Acajutla).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903,
297, part (Acajutla).
Colinus hypoleucus Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 379, 1929, 2 (plum.; crit.).
Colinus leucopogon hypoleucus Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, xxxii, 1930, 73,
part (El Salvador, w. of Lempa River) ; Birds El Salvador 1938, 151 (El
Salvador ; spec. ; habits ; colors of soft parts ; plum. ; crit.) .—Conover, Condor,
xxxiv, 1932, 175 (El Salvador, Dept. La Paz— Hacienda Miraflores; Dept.
Sonsonate, Volcan Santa Ana; Dept. La Libertad, Hacienda Zapotitlan, Setro
del Nino; Dept. Santa Ana — El Tablon; spec.). — Peters, Check-list Birds
World, ii, 1934, 50, part (El Salvador). — Friedmann, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing¬
ton, lvii, 1944 (plum.; crit.).
[ Colinus ] [leucopogon] hypoleucus Sassi, Temminckia, iii, 1938, 305, in text, part
(El Salvador).
Colinus cristatus hypoleucus Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 249, part (syn. ; distr.).
COLINUS LEUCOPOGON INCANUS Friedmann
Guatemalan White-breasted Bobwhite
Adult male. — Similar to that of Colinus leucopogon hypoleucus but very
slightly paler above; the scapulars and upper wing coverts only slightly
suffused with rufescent (deeply suffused in hypoleucus) .
Adult female. — Similar to that of Colinus leucopogon hypoleucus but
paler, especially above, the general color of the upperparts of the female
being pale buckthorn brown with a grayish tinge (as against snuff brown
with a grayish tinge in hypoleucus ) .
Other plumages apparently unknown.
“Twelve specimens.
360
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult male. — Wing 99.4-105.1 (102.6) ; tail 59.7-63.2 (61.7) ; oilmen
from base 14.4-15.0 (14.8; tarsus 28.1 ; middle toe without claw 23.2-24.0
(23.6 mm.) .50
Adult female. — Wing 97.1-101.1 (98.7) ; tail 53.1-62.7 (57.6) ; culmen
from base 14.1-14.8 (14.4) ; tarsus 27.1-28.4 (27.7) ; middle toe without
claw 21.4— 23.6 (22.5 mm.).51
Range- — Resident in southern Guatemala from the Upper Motagua
Valley to the Departments of Jalapa and Baja Vera Paz.
Type locality.— Saloma, Baja Vera Paz, Guatemala.
Eupsychortyx hypoleucus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 413,
part (San Geronimo, Vera Paz, Guatemala). — Beristain and Laurencio, Mem.
y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, Nos. 7, 8, 1894, 219 (Mexico; Chiapas
and Tabasco). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 297,
part (San Geronimo, Guatemala).
[Eupsychortyx] hypoleucus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138.—
Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45 (Guatemala).
Ortyx hypoleucus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, 1867, 77 (Mexico).
[Ortyx] hypoleucus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 273, No. 9789 (Mexico).
Eupsychortyx leucopogon (not Ortyx leucopogan Lesson) Salvin and Sclater,
Ibis, 1860, 277 (San Geronimo, Guatemala).
Colinus leucopogon hypoleucus Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, xxxii, 1930, 73,
part (Guatemala).- — Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 106
(Guatemala; distr.). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 50, part
(Guatemala) .
[Colinus] [leucopogon] hypoleucus Sassi, Temminckia, iii, 1938, 305, in text, part
(Guatemala) .
Colinus cristatus hypoleucus Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 249, part (syn. ; distr.).
Colinus leucopogon incanus Friedmann, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, lvii, 1944,
16 (Saloma, Baja Vera Paz, Guatemala; orig. descr.).
COLINUS CRISTATUS SONNINI (Temminck)
Sonnini’s Bobwhite
Adult male. — Forehead, lores, and anterior part of crown varying from
buffy whitish to pale huffy brown or grayish brown ; the posterior coronal
area with the dusky basal parts of the feathers showing through occa¬
sionally, giving a transversely marked appearance, crest darker — dull
sepia to fairly pale bister — the feathers edged with buffy brown to al¬
most buckthorn brown ; sides of crown and occiput edged with feathers
that are black on their inner webs, edged with buffy white, and light
ochraceous-tawny on their outer webs; broad superciliaries bright
ochraceous-tawny to ochraceous-orange ; feathers of nape streaked with
black; a nuchal collar of snuff-brown feathers with large subterminal
white spots edged with black; interscapulars and upper back cinnamon
coarsely vermiculated with black, each feather edged with mouse gray;
60 Three specimens, including the type.
61 Four specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
361
scapulars and inner, greater, and median upper wing coverts between
Dresden brown and cinnamon-brown crossed by narrow, widely spaced
wavy bars of pale buffy edged with dusky ; the scapulars internally mar¬
gined with ochraceous-buff, the coverts completely edged with pale smoke
gray ; innermost secondaries like the scapulars ; rest of secondaries dull
sepia, edged and incompletely barred on their outer webs with light pink¬
ish cinnamon and more or less suffused with Dresden brown on their
outer webs; primaries dull sepia faintly flecked on their outer margins
with ashy light pinkish cinnamon; rest of upper wing coverts Dresden
brown to cinnamon-brown externally edged narrowly with pale pinkish
buff ; these edgings enlarged terminally into broader tips, the brown
areas faintly stippled and vermiculated with dusky; back, lower back,
rump, and upper tail coverts bright cinnamon-brown with a tawny tinge,
narrowly tipped and crossed by narrow, but widely spaced bars of pale
buffy, these bars proximally edged with blackish, which sometimes ex¬
tends basally along the shaft for a short distance ; rectrices similar but
less tawny ; chin and throat bright light ochraceous-tawny to ochraceous-
orange; auriculars dull, dark Dresden brown; a pectoral band of white
feathers with wedge-shaped black terminal spots; breast between tawny-
olive and clay color, the feathers tipped with a slightly paler and ashier
tone, and basally transversely marked with blackish (usually hidden by
the overlapping feathers), this color becoming more ochraceous on the
upper abdomen, where, however, the feathers have several large white
or buffy spots on each web with blackish transverse interspaces, the
brown restricted to the median part of the feathers, this median area
increasing in extent and brightness on the sides ; feathers of lower lateral
parts of the abdomen, the flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts with the
pale spots larger, huffier, the brownish or ochraceous areas much re¬
duced, the black bars wider; middle of lower abdomen pale buffy barred
with blackish ; under wing coverts pale sepia to wood brown flecked with
buffy white.
Adult female— Similar to the adult male on the upper parts but generally
less rufescent, more grayish sepia; the superciliaries pale ashy buff, dark¬
ening posteriorly ; the crown and crest darker — sepia with less ochraceous
edgings ; the interscapulars and upper back duskier and without grayish
edges; below much less rufescent than the male; chin and throat buffy
grayish white, suffused to a varying extent posterolaterally with ochra¬
ceous-tawny ; breast and upper abdomen drab to pale sepia instead of
tawny-olive; abdomen largely white, the blackish markings averaging
somewhat smaller than in the male, the brownish areas reduced and largely
restricted to the more lateral feathers. r'2
“ There seems to be considerable variation in the whiteness of the abdominal plu¬
mage that may be correlated with age, the immature or subadult birds possibly
averaging more buffy than the older ones. More material is needed to determine this.
362
BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Juvenal (?). — None seen, but one described by Ogilvie-Grant as “quite
young” is said to have “the upperparts very similar to those of the female
adult, but all the feathers of the mantle, wing-coverts, scapulars, and
chest have pale buff shaft-stripes ; chin and throat white, rest of the under¬
parts white irregularly barred with black.”
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 96-106 (101) ; tail 54-67 (62) ; culmen from base
12-14 (12.9) ; tarsus 25-30 (27.5) ; middle toe without claw 21-24 (22.5
mm.).53
Adult female. — Wing 95-99 (97) ; tail 55-62 (58.5) ; culmen from
base 12-13 (12.7) ; tarsus 25-28.5 (26) ; middle toe without claw 24—24.5
(24.3 mm.).54
Range. — Resident in open grassland savannas in French, Dutch, and
British Guiana, the adjacent part of northern Brazil (upper Rio Branco)
west through Venezuela in the Orinoco Basin and north to Caracas and
Carabobo in the coast region ; introduced on Mustique Island, Grenadines,
and in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.
Type locality. — French Guiana.
Perdu : sonnini Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., iii, 1815, 451 (French Guiana;
coll. Paris Mus.).— Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 246 (Guyane) ;
Tabl. Enclycl. Meth., i, 1820, 369.
Perdix sonninii Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. et Gallin., iii, 1815, 737 (French Guiana) ;
Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., v, 1823, pi. 75 and text.
Ortyx sonninii Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xi, pt. 2, 1819, 383.— Jardine and
Selby, Illustr. Orn., i, 1828, text to pi. 38. — Lesson, Illustr. Zool., i, 1832, text
to pi. 52. — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, 1844, 44 (British Guiana) ; pt. 5,
Gallinae, 1867, 77 (British Guiana).— Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 114 (St. Thomas;
crit.). — Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., iii, 1870, 290 (Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco,
n. Brazil).
[Ortyx] sonninii Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 514; Pland-list, ii, 1870, 273, No. 9787. —
Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 193, fig. 1674.
Or[tyx] sonninii Stephen, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xiv. pt. 1, 1826, 303.
Colinus sonninii Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 508 (in list of species; distr.).
Eupsychortyx sonninii Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3, 1850, pi. 11 and text. —
Newton, Ibis, 1860, 308 (St. Thomas, Greater Antilles, introduced from Vene¬
zuela).— Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, 378 (St. Thomas,
introduced). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 252 (Plains
of Valencia, Venezuela).— Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 225 (St. Thomas; syn. ; descr. ;
crit.) ; Birds West Indies, 1889, 224 (St. Thomas) ; Cat. West Indian Birds,
1892, 96 (St. Thomas) ; Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., orn. ser., i, 1909, 239, in
text (British Guiana; Caracas, Venezuela; crit.). — Berlepsch, Journ. fur Orn.,
xl, 1892, 92, in text (French Guiana; Quonga, British Guiana; crit.). — Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Birds British Mus., xxii, 1893, 409 (Porte do Rio Branco, n. Brazil ;
Quonga, British Guiana; Caracas, Venezuela; Mustique, Grenadines) ; Handb.
Game Birds, ii, 1897, 130; Ibis; 1902, 239 (Quonga, British Guiana; Mustique;
crit. ) .— Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 306, in text, 338, footnote (range, etc.) ; 1894, 430,
“Twelve specimens from Venezuela.
“Eight specimens from Venezuela.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
363
in text (Plains of Valencia, Venezuela) ; Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iii, 1894, 37, in
text (Plains of Valencia) ; Nov. Zool., i, 1894, 675, in text (Plains of Valencia).
— Phelps, Auk, xiv, 1897, 367 (Cumanacoa and San Antonio, Venezuela). —
Clark, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxii, 1905, 246 (Mustique, Grenadines). —
Penard, Vog. Guyana, i, 1908, 310.— Chubb, Birds British Guiana, i, 1916, 31.
E[upsychortyx] sonninii Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 762 (care in captivity).
[Eupsychortyx] sonninii Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138. — G i ebel,
Thesaurus Orn., ii, 1875, 142 (Gould’s reference). — Cory, List Birds West
Indies, rev. ed., 1886, 24 (St. Thomas). — Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus.
Hein. Orn., 1890, 294. — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 45.— Bradbourne and Chubb,
Birds South America, i, 1912, 13 (Venezuela; British Guiana; n. Brazil).
Eupsychortyx sonnini Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix, 1902, 121 (Altagracia,
Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; crit.). Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., xv, 1908, 296
(Cayenne; British Guiana).— Cherrie, Bull. Brooklyn Inst. Sci, ii, 1916, 357
(lower and middle Orinoco Valley).
t Eupsychortyx] sonnini Ihering and Ihering, Av. Brazil, 1907, 17 (Rio Branco
and Rio Negro, n. Brazil).
Eupsichortyx sonninii Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 883 (in list of species).
Colinus cristatus sonnini Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 51, part.— Dan-
forth, Journ. Agr. Univ. Porto Rico, xix, 1935, 466 (St. Thomas; introduced,
now extinct).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 257
(syn. ; distr.).
(?) Ortyx affinis Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1,
No. 1, 1830 (1831), 3 (“northern parts of America”; descr. of female; type
lost). — Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 514. — Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, 115 (crit.).
(?) Eupsychortyx affinis could, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3, 1850, 16 (descr.; crit.).
Eupsychortyx sonnini sonnini Todd, Auk, xxxvii, 1920, 194, pi. 5, fig. 1, 2 (monogr. ;
Guianas and extreme n. Brazil to Colombia e. of Andes). — Wetmore, Sci.
Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, ix, pt. 3, 1927, 331 (Virgin Islands).
Odontophorus sonnini Goeldi, Av. Brazil, ii, 1894, 439 (Rio Branco).
0[rtyx ] cristatus (not Tetrao cristatus Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk,
Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 747 (British Guiana; habits). — Brown, Canoe and
Camp Life in British Guiana, 1876, 268 (Cotinga River and Rupununi Savan¬
nas, British Guiana).
Eupsychortyx cristatus Salvin, Ibis, 1886, 175 (Brit. Guiana).
( ?) [Eupsychortyx] cristatus Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn.,
1890, 294, part (“Guiana”).
Pcrdix cristata Schomburgk, Reis. Brit. Guiana, i, 1847, 394 (Pirara).
Colinus cristatus Bond, Birds West Indies, 1936, 402 (introduced St. Thomas,
Si. Vincent, Mustique).
C\allipcpla] cristata Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 317, part.
Eupsychortyx [sonnini] Ferry, Condor, x, 1908, 226 (Caracas, Venezuela; habits).
COLINUS CRISTATUS PANAMENSIS Dickey and van Rossem
Panama Crested Bobwhite
Adult male. — Above similar to that of Colinus cristatus sonnini but
darker, more rufescent — cinnamon-brown to Prout’s brown; the fore¬
head, anterior crown, lores, cheeks, chin, and upper throat more ex¬
tensively pale bufify white than in sonnini ; crest and occiput also averaging
paler than in sonnini ; below — lower throat darker — almost hazel ; breast
much less uniform and more rufescent, the feathers with blackish shaft
364
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
streaks and subterminal white spots on either web ; sides more rufescent —
hazel to dark hazel with the white spots and their black borders smaller
than in sonnini ; middle of abdomen deep warm buff banded with widely
spaced fuscous black bars ; lower midabdomen, flanks, thighs, and under
tail coverts as in sonnini.
Adult female. — Similar to that of C. c. sonnini but somewhat darker and
brighter cinnamon-brown to Prout’s brown above; the breast feathers
with their brownish areas more rufescent ; the abdomen deeper buff, espe¬
cially medially.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 93-101 (96.5) ; tail 52.8-58.5 (56.8) ; oilmen from
base 13-13.5 (13.2) ; tarsus 27-31 (29.1) ; middle toe without claw 23-27
(23.7 mm.).55
Adult female. — Wing 96-102 (99.0) ; tail 50-60.4 (55.6) ; culmen from
base 12.5-14.5 (13.4); tarsus 28-31 (29.5); middle toe without claw
24-27 (25.5 mm.).56
Range.— Resident in the arid tropical lowland plains of western Panama
in the Departments of Code, Veraguas, and Chiriqui.
Type locality. — Agua Duke, Code, western Panama.
Eupsychortyx leucopogon (not Ortyx leucopogon Lesson) Gould, Monogr. Odon-
toph., pt. 3, 1850, pi. 13 (fig.; spec. coll. Lafresnaye). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 408, part (spec, p-r; Veraguas); Handb. Game
Birds, ii, 1897, 130, part (Veraguas). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.
Aves, iii, 1903, 295, part (“Calobre,” Veraguas).
Eupsychortyx leucopogon leucopogon Todd, Auk, xxxvii, 1920, 203, pi. 5, fig. 4
(w. Panama; monogr.).
Eupsychortyx leucotis (not Ortyx leucotis Gould) Salvin, Ibis, 1876, 379
(Veraguas (Calobre?) ; crit.).
Colinus leucotis panamensis Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, xxxii, 1930, 73
(Agua Dulce, Code, w. Panama; type in coll. D. R. Dickey, now Univ.
California at Los Angeles; descr. ; crit.).
Colinus cristatus panamensis Peters, Checklist Birds of World, ii, 1934, 50
(distr.). — Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii, 1935, 303 (Panama;
arid plains of Veraguas and Code only)- — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 252 (syn. ; distr.).
Colinus c[ristatus] panamensis Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, li, 1938,
54 (spec.; Aguadulce, Code; La Marca, La Colorado, Santiago, and Santa
Fe, Veraguas; El Frances, Chiriqui; Panama).
Genus ODONTOPHORUS Vieillot
Odontophorus Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 51. (Type, by monotypy, “Tocro Buff.’ —
Tetrao guianensis Gmelin=7'dra.o tocro Herman.)
Dentophorus (emendation) Boie, Isis, xxi, Heft 3-4, 1828, 326, note.
Odonthophorus (emendation) Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcadico, xlix, 1831, 54.
Strophiortyx Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 883. (Type, as designated by
Grant, 1893, Odontophorus columbianus Gould.)
e° Five specimens.
M Four specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
365
Large and stoutly built very short-tailed Odontophorinae (wing about
127-158 mm.) with short tail (less than half as long as wing), large
and stout feet (tarsus nearly one-third as long as wing, sometimes
slightly longer), heavy bill, more or less extensively naked orbital region,
and feather of posterior portion of pileum more or less (but not con¬
spicuously) elongated, forming, when erected, a bushy crest of broad,
round-tipped, decurved or decumbent feathers ; sexes alike in coloration.
Bill relatively large and heavy, the chord of exposed culmen (from
extreme base) equal to two-fifths to nearly half the length of tarsus, the
depth of bill at base greater than distance from anterior end of nasal
fossa to tip of maxilla and equal to or greater than its width at rictus ;
culmen strongly convex, rounded, narrower and more ridge-like basally.
Figure 20. — Odontophorus gujancnsis.
Outermost primary equal to or slightly shorter (sometimes much shorter)
than ninth (from outside), the third, fourth, and fifth, fourth, fifth and
sixth, or fifth to eighth longest. Tail two-fifths to nearly half as long
as wing, mostly concealed by coverts, the rectrices (12), however, firm,
broad, with rounded tips. Tarsus nearly one-third as long as wing,
sometimes more than one-third as long, nearly to quite as long as middle
toe with claw, very stout, the planta tarsi, on both sides, with a continuous
row of transverse scutella (larger and more continuous on outer side).
Plumage and coloration. — Feathers of pileum elongated, broad, soft,
and flattened (webs not conduplicate), forming, when erected, a bushy
crest; orbital (sometimes also loral) region more or less extensively
naked. Coloration dull, various tones of brown or brown and rufous
366
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
predominating, usually vermiculated with dusky, often more or less
speckled or barred with bufify, the scapulars sometimes spotted with black,
the outer webs of primaries often spotted with cinnamon-rufous or buffy.
Sexes alike in coloration or at least not conspicuously different.
Range. — -Southeastern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and central Brazil.
(Sixteen species.)
KEY TO THE MIDDLE AMERICAN FORMS OF THE GENUS ODONTOPHORUS
a. Chin and throat streaked black and white (southeastern Mexico to western
Panama) . Odontophorus guttatus (p. 373)
aa. Chin and throat not streaked black and white.
b. Breast black (highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama).
Odontophorus leucolaemus (p. 377)
bb. Breast not black.
c. Breast and abdomen bright chestnut.
d. Darker, upper back clove brown to fuscous, more blackish than olivaceous
(tropical zone of Panama).
Odontophorus erythrops coloratus (p. 372)
dd. Paler, upper back sepia to clove brown, more brownish olive than
blackish.
e. Dark bars on tibiae obsolete, light interspaces wider and paler (eastern
Honduras) . Odontophorus erythrops verecundus (p. 373)
ee. Dark bars on the tibiae well defined, light interspaces narrower and
darker (tropical zone of Nicaragua and Costa Rica).
Odontophorus erythrops melanotis (p. 370)
cc. Breast and abdomen dark buffy brown, barred finely and irregularly with
paler and with blackish.
d. Interscapulars and upper back grayish, distinctly different from rest
of upperparts (tropical zone of Panama, Colombia, and northwestern
Venezuela) . Odontophorus gujanensis marmoratus (p. 368)
dd. Interscapulars and upper back not distinctly grayish, but brown like
rest of upperparts (tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica and
extreme western Panama).
Odontophorus gujanensis castigatus (p. 366)
ODONTOPHORUS GUJANENSIS CASTIGATUS Bangs
ChiriquI Wood Quail
Adult male. — Narrow forehead amber brown; crown and occiput be¬
tween chestnut-brown and argus brown; nape slightly paler and the
feathers obscurely and narrowly edged with pale grayish amber brown;
interscapulars and upper back between dark Dresden brown and Prout’s
brown heavily vermiculated with fuscous-black, and, more narrowly, with
light neutral gray; upper wing coverts dark mummy brown crossed by
widely spaced, narrow, wavy bars of pale tawny and terminally flecked
with white ; inner greater upper coverts, scapulars, and inner secondaries
similar but with the pale markings very much more abundant and more
rufescent — between Brussels brown and auburn — these markings largely
confined to the outer webs of the feathers, except for the scapulars, where
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
367
both webs are abundantly marked; the scapulars with a fairly large
terminal pinkish buff mark on the inner web ; the secondaries with a smaller
and median terminal spot of the same ; primaries clove brown, the inner
webs uniform, the outer ones barred with pale pinkish buff to pale
ochraceous-salmon ; upper back just posterior to the interscapulars dark
fuscous-black edged and barred with narrow lines of auburn, the bars
widely spaced ; back and lower back pale buffy brown with a slight olive
tinge, each feather with several small black subterminal flecks ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail coverts similar but darker — cinnamon-brown on the
rump and darkening posteriorly to dark cinnamon-brown, the feathers of
the rump and the upper tail coverts finely vermiculated with blackish,
the black flecks extended laterally to form somewhat heavier wavy bars
each of which is edged distally with a wider one of pale cinnamon-brown ;
rectrices clove brown to dark mummy brown crossed by widely spaced
narrow bars pale cinnamon-brown; lores and circumocular area bare,
crimson in life; an indefinite band from the forehead over the eye to
the upper side of the auriculars dark auburn; cheeks and auriculars
brighter auburn ; chin and line of the gape narrowly paler auburn ;
throat, breast, and sides cinnamon-brown, slightly washed with olivaceous
anteriorly, the feathers of the throat slightly duskier subterminally ; those
of the breast and sides subterminally narrowly banded with one or tw@
bands of blackish, the more posterior feathers with these bands heavier
and distally edged with pale cinnamon-brown to almost whitish; flanks
like the sides but more heavily and coarsely marked with black and pale
subterminally ; middle of abdomen dull buffy brown with indistinct dusky
cross bars, darkening posteriorly to almost olive-brown ; thighs dark olive-
brown indistinctly barred with cinnamon-brown under tail coverts olive-
cinnamon-brown barred with blackish and pale cinnamon-brown ; greater
under wing coverts plain clove brown ; lesser ones darker, barred sparingly
with cinnamon-brown ; iris dusky brown ; bill very dark, darker than iris ;
tarsi and toes plumbeous.
Adult female. — Like the male, but with the “mantle,” i.e., the inter¬
scapulars, somewhat more olivaceous, less precisely and sharply vermicu¬
lated with blackish and pale gray.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male.— Wing 141.0-153.5 (145.9) ; tail 67.0-71.0 (69.1) ; oilmen
from base 19.7-21.4 (20.4) ; tarsus 43.5^18.0 (45.8) ; middle toe without
claw 34.1-38 .7 (35.8 mm.).67
Adult female.— Wing 136.5-144.5 (139.3); tail 59.5-65.0 (63.5);
culmen from base 18.7-19.6 (19.1); tarsus 43.4-46.1 (44.3); middle
toe without claw 33.2-36.0 (34.6 mm.).58
" Eight specimens from Costa Rica and western Panama.
“ Five specimens from Costa Rica.
368
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Range.— Resident in forested areas of the tropical zone of southwestern
Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, Puntarenas, Volcan de Oso, Alto de Jabillo,
Pirris, El General, etc.) to extreme northwestern Panama (Bugaba,
Divala).
Type locality. — Divala, Chiriqui, Panama.
Odontophorus marmoratus (not of Gould) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870,
218 (Bugaba, Veraguas; crit.). — Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888,
128 (Las Trojas and Pozo Azul de Pirris, sw. Costa Rica). — Cherrie, Expl.
Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 54 (Boruca and Buenos Aires, sw. Costa Rica). —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 309, part (Las Trojas
and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica; Bugaba, Chiriqui, w. Panama).
[Odontophorus guianensis] Subsp. a. Odontophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 433, part (Bugaba, w. Panama) ; Handb. Game
Birds, ii, 1897, 153 part.
[ Odontophorus ] marmoratus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part
(Veragua, w. Panama).
Odontophorus castigatus Bangs, Auk, xviii, 1901, 356 (Divala, Chiriqui, w. Panama;
coll. E. A. and O. Bangs) ; xxiv, 1907, 291 (Boruca and El Pozo de Terraba,
sw. Costa Rica) ; Proc. New England Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 22 (Bugaba, Chiriqui).
— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 386 (Sabanilla, El Pozo de Terraba,
sw. Costa Rica; crit.; habits). — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930,
160 (type spec, in Mus. Comp. Zool.; crit.).
O [dontophorus] g[uianensis] castigatus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxxiv, 1915, 363, in text, 364 (w. Panama; sw. Costa Rica).
Odontophorus guianensis castigatus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii, 1935,
303 (Panama; coastal forests of western Chiriqui).
Odontophorus gujamensis castigatus Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 51
(sw. Costa Rica and nw. Panama). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 260 (syn. ; distr.).
ODONTOPHORUS GUJANENSIS MARMORATUS (Gould)
Marbled Wood Quail
Adult. — Similar to that of the same sex of Odontophorus gujancnsis
castigatus but with the interscapulars and upper back definitely black and
gray, not brown, distinctly different from the rest of the upperparts ;
the crest much darker, the longer, posterior plumes blackish, marginally
and basally flecked with cinnamon-brown ; general tone of the upperparts
darker; feathers of back, rump, and upper tail coverts more uniform,
less flecked and vermiculated with blackish ; upper throat with more white
in the pale cross bars ; abdomen, sides, and flanks more conspicuously
barred with pale cinnamon-tawny edged with blackish.
In some specimens the chin and throat are marked with white ; this
appears to be an individual variation of no geographic or racial significance.
Adult male. — Wing 134.5-154.5 (143.1) ; tail 63.5-77.5 (68.8) ; culmen
from base 18.9-21.9 (20.4) ; tarsus 43.2^17.5 (45.1) ; middle toe without
claw 32.3-37.5 (35.7 mm.).59
" Seventeen specimens from Panama and Colombia.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
369
Adult female.- — Wing 135.5-147.0 (139.8) ; tail 62.CH75.0 (67.5) ; oil¬
men from base 19.0-21.9 (20.1) ; tarsus 41.8-46.1 (44.2) ; middle toe
without claw 32.1-37.7 (33.7 mm.).60
Range. — Resident in tropical forests of Panama, from the Canal Zone
eastward, and south to all of Colombia except the eastern base of the
eastern Andes, and to adjacent parts of northwestern Venezuela south of
Lake Maracaibo, State of Zulia.
Type locality. — Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia.
Ortyx ( Odontophorus) marmoratus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, 107
(Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia; coll. J. Gould; type now in Brit. Mus.).
Odontophorus marmoratus Gould, Monogr. Odont., pt. 3, 1850, 22 (monogr.). —
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, 163 (Bogota). — Sclateu and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 371 (Lion Hill, Panama) ; 1879, 545 (Remedios,
Antioquia, Colombia; habits; descr. ; nest; and eggs) .— Salvadori and Festa,
Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, xiv, No. 339, 1899, 10 (Rio Lara, Darien). — Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 309 (Bogota, Colombia; Chepo; Lion
Hill, Panama). — Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 214
(Sabana de Panama; crit.).
[Odontophorus] marmoratus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 271, No. 9755 (New Granada).
—Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138 (Colombia and Panama). —
Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 47, part (Panama and Colombia). — Brabourne and
Chubb, Birds South Amer., i, 1912, 13, part (Colombia).
[Odontophorus guianensis ] Subsp. a. Odontophorus marmoratus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 433 (Chepo and Lion Hill, Panama, and Remedios
and Bogota, Colombia); Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 153, part (Colombia;
Panama).
0[dontophorus] g[uiancnsis] marmoratus Chapman., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxxiv, 1915, 363, in text, 364 (lower Rio Magdalena to east base of Andes,
Colombia, 4,500 feet). — Osgood and Conover, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
zool. ser., xii, 1922, 28, in text (crit.).
Odontophorus guianensis marmoratus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxxvi, 1917, 200 (La Morelia, Buena Vista, and Puerto Valdivia, eastern
Colombia; crit.) ; Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 380, 1929, 3 (Venezuela — Santa Elena,
head of Maracaibo; Colombia — El Tamber, Santander; Palmar, Boyaca; Puerto
Valdivia and Murindo, Antioquia; Saotata, Rio Atrato; and Panama; crit.). —
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, 242 (Canal Zone; spec.; colors
of soft parts). — Chubb, Ibis, 1919, 26 (Colombia; crit.). — Osgood and Conover,
Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xii, 1922, pi. 1, upper fig. (fig.). — Basics,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930, 160 (crit.). — Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., lxxii, 1932, 319 (Obaldia, Pcrme, Ranchon, Panama; crit.); lxxviii,
1935, 303 (Canal Zone eastward in Panama; common).
Odontophorus gujanensis marmoratus Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 52
(distr.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 260 (syn. ;
distr.).
Odontophorus guianensis panamensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxxiv, 1915, 363 (Panama Railway; coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.).- — Chubb,
Ibis, 1919, 26 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. Brit. Mus.; redescribed under same
name!). — Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxv., 1922, 195 (Mount
“Ten specimens from Panama and Colombia.
370
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Sapo and Jesusito, Darien).— Sturgis, Field Book Birds Panama Canal Zone,
1928, 29 (descr. ; habits; Panama). — Heath, Ibis, 1932, 482 (Barro Colorado
Island, Panama).
Odontophorus guianensis chapmani Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxix, 1929,
153 (Cana, e. Panama; descr.; crit.). — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx,
1930, 160 (type spec, in Mus. Comp. Zool. t= 0. g. marmoratus) .
Odontophorus guianensis canescens (not O. parambae canescens Chapman, 1921)
Osgood and Conover, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xii, 1922, 27,
pi. 1, lower fig. (Rio Cogollo, Perija, Zulia, Venezuela; type in Conover
coll.; fig.).
Odontophorus guianensis polionotus Osgood and Conover, Auk, xliv, 1927, 561 (new
name for 0. guianensis canescens Osgood and Conover, preoccupied).
Odontophorus gujanensis polionotus Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 52
(Venezuela).
Odontophorus guianensis (not Tetrao guianensis Gmelin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc.
Nat. Hist. New York, vii, 1862, 301 (Lion Hill, Panama). — Seth-Smith,
L'Oiseau, x, 1929, 763 ( care in captivity).
ODONTOPHORUS ERYTHROPS MELANOTIS Salvin
Black-eared Wood Quail
Adult male. — Forehead, crown, occiput, and dorsal part of auriculars
dark chestnut ; nape and interscapulars mummy brown heavily flecked
and vermiculated with fuscous, the interscapulars with pale smoke-gray
longitudinal flecks along the shaft except terminally ; upper wing coverts
and scapulars dark sepia transversely broadly blotched with dark clove
brown to dark fuscous and vermiculated with fuscous to blackish ; the
large blackish blotches edged with pale cinnamon-brown, this pale color
most extensive and prominent, the black most restricted, on the outer
lesser and median coverts; the scapulars with incomplete whitish bars
on the inner part of their outer webs ; the greater and median coverts
more regularly banded with blackish and with pale cinnamon-brown than
the others ; secondaries dark clove brown, the outer webs abundantly
flecked and mottled with cinnamon-brown to pale cinnamon-brown and
blackish ; primaries dark clove brown, fairly uniform on their inner webs ;
heavily banded on the outer ones, these short bars almost coalescing on
some of the remiges to form solid outer webs of this color; upper back
dull sepia, subterminally broadly banded with black, this band narrowly
edged proximally with cinnamon-brown proximal to which is a very
narrow black band, the sepia basal portion of the feathers speckled finely
with dusky; lower back and rump sepia to bister, faintly flecked with
dusky; upper tail coverts similar but with large blackish stippling and
the feathers subterminally blotched transversely with blackish; rectrices
mummy brown faintly and incompletely banded with dark sepia and
abundantly flecked and vermiculated terminally and marginally with sepia
to cinnamon-brown ; lores and circumocular area bare, dark plumbeous to
blackish ; cheeks, auriculars, chin, and throat black ; breast and sides dark,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
371
bright amber brown, paling on anterior two-thirds of abdomen to between
cinnamon-rufous and light bright hazel; flanks, thighs, lower abdomen,
and under tail coverts dull cinnamon-brown barred with fuscous to black¬
ish, the under tail coverts heavily mottled and flecked with the blackish
as well ; outer lesser under wing coverts like the corresponding upper
ones; greater inner under wing coverts uniform clove brown; iris dark
brown ; bill black ; tarsus dark slate ; toes similar.
Adult female. — Similar to the adult male but with the nape and inter¬
scapulars somewhat more rufescent — chestnut-brown (instead of mummy
brown), and the cheeks, auriculars, chin, and throat mummy brown in¬
stead of black.
Juvenal male. — Above similar to the adult female but with conspicu¬
ous buffy-white shafts on the posterior interscapulars, the scapulars, and
the greater upper wing coverts ; the sides of the head with no bare space ;
the lores, a broad stripe through the eye to the nape, a broad malar stripe,
the chin, and throat cinnamon-buff to pale tawny-olive, the auriculars
black; breast, sides, and abdomen as in adult but all the feathers with
subterminal spots or broken bars of black.
Natal down. — Forehead and a broad band extending back over the
crown, occiput, nape, and spinal tract to the tail Mikado brown, becom¬
ing somewhat darker posteriorly ; this is bordered by a broad supraocular
band of pinkish buff to light ochraceous-buff ; lores, circumocular area,
and auriculars dusky — mummy brown flecked with ochraceous-buff ; wings
and a laterodorsal line to thighs like the spinal tract — dark Mikado brown,
rest of upperparts pale avellaneous to pale wood brown ; underparts gray¬
ish avellaneous washed with dull hazel, especially on sides, flanks, and
thighs ; to a lesser extent on the breast.
Adult male . — Wing 138.5—147.5 (142.1) ; tail 53-61.5 (56.7) ; culmen
from base 19.4—21.3 (20.2) ; tarsus 42.5-47.1 (44.7) ; middle toe without
claw 32.6-38.8 (36.4 mm.).61
Adult female. — Wing 136; tail 54; culmen from base 18.5 ; tarsus 41.9;
middle toe without claw 33.8 mm. (1 specimen).
Range. — Resident in tropical forests of Nicaragua, south to northern
and eastern Costa Rica (Volcan Miravalles, Cerro Santa Maria, Guana-
caste, Villa Quesada, Alajuela, Jimenez, Bonilla, Talamanca, etc.).
Type locality. — Tucurrique, Costa Rica.
Odontophorus mclanotis Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864 (1865), 586
(Tucurrique, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman) ; Ibis, 1872, 323 (Chontales,
Nicaragua).— Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ix, 1868, 140
(Tucurrique).— Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 374 (Costa Rica).— Zeled6n,
Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 128 (Jimenez, Costa Rica). — Richmond,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 524 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). — Ogilvie-
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 435, part (Chontales, Nicaragua;
81 Seven specimens from Costa Rica.
372
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Tucurrique, Costa Rica) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1 897, 155, part (Nicaragua and
Costa Rica). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 449 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica). —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 310, pi. 73, part
(Chontales and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Tucurrique, Dota, Cerro de la
Candelaria, Miravalles, and Jimenez, Costa Rica). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., vi, 1910, 387 (Bonilla, Talamanca, Jimenez, Carillo, Tenorio, Guapiles,
Guacimo, Cuabre, Rio Sicsola, and El Hogar, Costa Rica; crit. ; habits).
[ Odontophorus ] melanotis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 2 72, No. 9767, part (Costa Rica).
— Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part (Nicaragua, Costa
Rica). — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 47, part (Nicaragua, Costa Rica).
Odontophorus melanotus Zeledon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 112 (Costa
Rica).
Odontophorus melanotis melanotis Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
lxxxiv, 1932, 207 (ne. Nicaragua; Great Falls of Pis Pis River, and between
Eden and Miranda; spec.; descr. of young).
Odontophorus erythrops melanotis Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 53
(Nicaragua; n. and e. Costa Rica). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 268 (syn. ; distr.). — Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xcv, 1944,
38 (Hda. Santa Maria, n. Guanacaste, Costa Rica).
Odontophorus erythrops coloratus (not of Griscom) Hellmayr and CoNbvEK, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 269, part (Talamanca, sw. Costa Rica).
ODONTOPHORUS ERYTHROPS COLORATUS Griscom
Veraguan Wood Quail
Adult male. — Very similar to that of Odontophorus erythrops melanotis
but with the posterior part of the occipital crest brighter, less dusky,
uniform with the anterior part, and with the interscapulars and upper
back slightly darker.
Adult female. — Not certainly distinguishable from that of O. e.
melanotis.
Adult male. — Wing 141-143.5 (142.1) ; tail 56-59 (57.8) ; culmen from
base 21.2-21.4 (21.3) ; tarsus 45.9-49 (47) ; middle toe without claw
35.7-38.5 (37.1 mm.).62
Adult female. — Wing 139-150 (142) ; tail 50-56 (54.3) ; culmen from
base 19.3-21.3 (20.3) ; tarsus 43-47.1 (44.9) ; middle toe without claw
35-37.3 (36.2 mm.).63
Range. — Resident in the tropical forest of Panama.
Type locality. — Guaval, Rio Calovevora, western Veraguas.
Odontophorus melanotis (not of Salvin) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 161
(Santiago de Veraguas, w. Panama).- — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxii, 1893,435, part (Veraguas, w. Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer. Aves., iii, 1903, 310, part (Santiago de Veraguas).
[Odontophorus] melanotis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 272, No. 976 7, part (Panama). —
Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part (Veraguas). — Sharpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 47, part (Veraguas).
” Three specimens from Panama.
“ Six specimens from Panama.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
373
Odontophurus melanotis color atus Griscom, Arncr. Mus. Nov., No. 280, 1927, 3
(Guaval, Rio Calovevora, 1,500 feet, Caribbean slope of w. Panama; descr. ;
crit.) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii, 1935, 303 (Caribbean slope of w.
Panama).
Odontophorus melanotus coloratus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxi, 1931, 297
(Boquete trail, Guabo, Cricamola, Panama).
Odontophorus erythrops coloratus Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 53
( distr. ) . — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 269, part
fsyn. ; distr.; all except sw. Costa Rica).
ODONTOPHORUS ERYTHROPS VERECUNDETS Peters
Honduranian Wood Quail
Adult female64. — Similar to that of Odontophorus erythrops melanotis
but “slightly grayer above, especially the upper hack ; black markings ori
the scapulars and interscapulars less pronounced ; less black freckling on
the wing coverts ; below, the dark bars on the tibiae obsolete, the light
interspaces wider and paler” (ex Peters, orig. descr.).
Known only from the type locality — Lancetilla, Honduras.
Odontophorus melanotis verecundus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxix, 1929,
404 (Lancetilla, Honduras; descr.; crit.). — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx,
1930, 161 (type spec, in Mus. Comp. Zool.). — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932, 301 (Lancetilla, Honduras).
Odontophorus erythrops verecundus Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 53
(Lancetilla, Honduras). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 268 (syn. ; distr.).
ODONTOPHORUS GUTTATUS (Gould)
Spotted Wood Quail
Adult male (olive-brown phase). — Forehead, anterior part of crown,
upper lores, and superciliary area sepia to dark Saccardo’s umber ; antero¬
median plumes of coronal and occipital crest fuscous-black narrowly
tipped with sepia ; the posterior and lateral feathers of the crest bright
orange-buff; nape and interscapulars sepia with or without an olivaceous
tinge, the feathers with pale buffy to whitish shafts, and their vanes
abundantly and finely flecked with fuscous ; scapulars and greater upper
wing coverts and feathers of the upper back sepia with very large
blotches of black (in the case of the coverts these blotches are confined
to the inner webs) and the sepia portion incompletely barred with
ochraceous-orange to cinnamon-rufous, the shafts whitish ; lesser and
median upper wing coverts olive-sepia finely barred and vermiculated with
blackish, the median ones with buffy white V-shaped tips ; secondaries
fuscous to dark clove brown, uniform on the inner webs but broadly
banded on the outer ones with pale buffy olive-brown to pale sepia, these
pale bands, which are broader than the darker interspaces, are thickly
“Male unknown.
658008° — 46 - 25
374
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
speckled with blackish dots and tend to become more ochraceous-orange
on the more outer feathers ; primaries fuscous to dark clove brown, uni¬
form on the inner webs and blotched with light ochraceous-buff on the
outer ones ; back, lower back, and rump between very pale tawny-olive
and isabelline, the feathers with a few subterminal flecks of black; upper
tail coverts similar but darker — dusky buffy brown with an olive tinge
and with the black flecks larger and more prominent and with paler
tips ; rectrices fuscous to dark clove brown freckled and vermiculated
marginally and terminally with sepia and tawny-olive; lower part of
lores and circumocular area bare; a band from below and behind the
eye extending posteriorly to the sides of the neck between Sanford’s
brown and chestnut; chin and throat black, the feathers with white shaft
streaks varying in width; sides of neck, breast, sides, and anterior and
lateral part of abdomen tawny-olive to dark, bright clay color, the feathers
with white shafts, which enlarge subterminally to form conspicuous
rounded or tear-shaped marks narrowly edged with dusky to black, and
just failing to reach the tips of the feathers; flanks, thighs, lower ab¬
domen, and under tail coverts less olive, duskier, without pale shafts or
spots, and barred with blackish, these dark bars faint and indistinct on
the abdomen, more distinct on the flanks, and very well marked on the
under tail coverts ; under wing coverts dull dark sepia ; iris dark brown ;
bill black ; tarsi and toes dark plumbeous.
Adult male (erythristic phase). — Similar to the preceding but more
rufescent generally, the sepia areas above being Dresden brown to
cinnamon-brown ; the bulk of the occipital crest capucine orange instead
of orange-buff, the freckling on the wings Sudan brown to raw umber,
and the breast, sides, and abdomen ochraceous-tawny to antique brown.
Adult fem-ale (olive-brown phase). — Similar to the male of the same
phase but smaller and with the entire occipital crest dark mummy brown
to fuscous, the posterior ones with orange-buff shaft streaks which are
usually concealed by the overlapping of the more anterior feathers, and
usually with the ground color of the upperparts slightly more rufescent ;
iris dark brown ; bill black ; feet plumbeous.
Adult jemale (erythristic phase). — Similar to the male of the same
phase but generally darker both above and below, and with the entire
crest fuscous, even the posterior plumes with little or no orange-buff
medially.
Juvenal (erythristic phase) (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult male
but darker and slightly more rufescent above; the crest entirely bright
orange-buff except for the most anterior of its component plumes, which
are mummy brown to fuscous, narrowly edged with sepia; the inter¬
scapulars with relatively little white on the shafts ; the rump and upper
tail coverts argus brown, obscurely banded with blackish ; chin and malar
area dark earth brown streaked with white ; throat dusky olive-brown
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
375
tinged, especially posteriorly, with cinnamon, and indistinctly banded with
blackish ; breast, sides and upper abdomen olive-brown, the feathers
banded toward the tip with black and with buffy white, the pale bands
being distally pointed V’s, the black terminal ones being divided medially
by the extension of the subterminal white one along the shaft; abdomen,
flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts as in adult but darker.
Juvenal (olive-brown phase) . — Similar to the preceding but less brown¬
ish, more dusky olive-brown above and below ; the greater and median
upper wing coverts and the interscapulars with conspicuous white shafts
terminally enlarged into small white triangles ; the black blotches greatly
reduced on the scapulars, upper back, and upper wing coverts; all the
remiges tawny, abundantly and finely freckled and vermi culated with
blackish over both webs ; breast, sides, and upper abdomen sepia, the
feathers with narrow white shafts which spread terminally into proximally
pointed triangles of white, the sepia area indistinctly barred and flecked
with mummy brown to dark sepia.65
Natal down (male only seen).- — Forehead, anterior and lateral parts of
crown, and sides of occiput warm buff darkening posteriorly to light
ochraceous-buff ; most of occiput, and narrower center of crown extending
in a thin median line to the base of the culmen tawny russet ; chin, throat,
cheeks, and auriculars pale warm buff ; spinal tract dark russet ; rest of
upperparts light ochraceous-salmon flecked with dusky ; underparts of body
pale warm buff tinged with olive-gray.
Adult male. — Wing 134-153.5 (143.8) ; tail 69.5-76.5 (62.2) ; culmen
from base 19.3-22.6 (19.4) ; tarsus 41.5-48.9 (45.6) ; middle toe without
claw 33.1-39.6 (36.3 mm.).00
Adult female. — Wing 134.5-148.5 (139.8) ; tail 61-72.5 (67.0) ; culmen
from base 18.2-21.0 (19.7) ; tarsus 41 .5 — 47 (43.9) ; middle toe without
claw 32.5-38 (35.5 mm.).67
Range. — Resident in forested areas of the subtropical zone of south¬
eastern Mexico (from Veracruz, Tabasco, and Oaxaca south to Chiapas
and Campeche) south through Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras,
Nicaragua, and Costa Rica to extreme western Panama, as far as Volcan
de Chiriqui. In Costa Rica its altitudinal range is from 5,000 feet to
timberline.
Type locality. — “Bay of Honduras.”
Ortyx guttata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837 (1838), 79 (Bay of Honduras;
types now in coll. Brit. Mus.).
“The juvenal plumages of the two phases are still to be elucidated. The material
examined presents too many differences to be “normal” for color varieties. What
is needed is juvenal material collected with the parents to be certain of the
identification.
“ Thirty-five specimens from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, and Panama.
67 Sixteen specimens from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama.
376
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Odontophorus guttatus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 43 ; pt. 5,
Gallinae, 1867, 72. — Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 2, 1846, pi. 28 and text.- —
Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, 309 (Cordoba, Veracruz) ; 1859, 391
(Teotalcingo, Oaxaca). — Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 226 (Cahoon palm
ridges, Honduras; Yucatan). — Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York,
ix, 1868, 140 (Dota, Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., xvii, 1869, 374
(Costa Rica). — Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1869, 560 (hot
region of Veracruz) ; La Naturaleza, ii, 1871, 37 (Veracruz). — Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 218 (Volcan de Chiriqui, w. Panama). — Boucard,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, 42 (Curridabat, near San Jose, Costa Rica) ;
(?) Liste Ois. Recol. Gnat., 1878, 14 (Guatemala). — Cubas, Cuadro Geogr.,
Estadistica, Descr. e Hist, de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 168 (com¬
mon names, Mexico). — Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 128
(Sarchi de Alajuela, El Zarcero de Alajuela, and Alajuela, Costa Rica). —
Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 439 (Cordoba, Vera¬
cruz; Chimalapa, Oaxaca; Barranca and Dota, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui,
w. Panama; Honduras; Belize and San Felipe, British Honduras; Volcan
de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, Duenas, and Vera Paz, Guatemala; Chimilapa,
Oaxaca) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 159 (monogr.) ; Ibis, 1902, 244 (crit.). —
Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii,
1894, 218 (Mexico) .—Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 22
(Bugaba, Chiriqui, w. Panama). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 311 (Cordoba and Mirador, Veracruz ; Teotalcingo and Chimalapa
Oaxaca; w. Panama; Barranca, Dota, La Candelaria, San Jose, Sarchi, Trazu,
and El Zarcero de Alajuela, Costa Rica; Vera Paz, Duenas, Volcan de Fuego
at 5,000 feet, and Volcan de Agua, Guatemala; Yucatan ?; Rio Hondo and
San Felipe, British Honduras?; Jali and San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua). — -
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 389 (La Estrella de Cartago, Azahar
de Cartago, and Volcan de Trazu, Costa Rica; from 5,000 feet upward;
habits). — Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, lxiv, 1932, 109 (Guatemala;
distr.). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii, 1935, 304 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama;
above 5,000 feet). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 55 (distr.; crit.). —
Van Tyne, Misc. Publ. Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., No. 27, 1935, 13 (Uaxactun,
Peten, Guatemala; spec.). — Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, xi,
1939, 361 (Santa Rosa, Chiapas).
0[dontophorus ] guttatus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 316.
[Odontophorus] guttatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138. —
Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 47.
Odontophorus guttatus guttatus Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxix, 1929, 370
(south of El Cayo and Augustine, British Honduras; crit.). — Traylor, Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xxiv, 1941, 204 (Pacaitun, Campeche; spec.). —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 279 (syn. ; distr.).
Odontophorus veraguensis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, 107 (Veraguas,
w. Panama; coll. J. Gould; types now in coll. Brit. Mus.). — Sclater, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1856, 143 (Boquete, Chiriqui). — Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 72. — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 161
(Panama and David, Chiriqui, Panama). — Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
New York, ix, 1868, 140 (Dota, Barranca, and Las Cruces de Candelaria,
Costa Rica). — Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., xvii, 1869, 374 (Costa Rica). —
Zeled6n, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii., 1885, 112 (Costa Rica) ; Anal. Mus.
Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 128 (Las Cruces de Candelaria). — Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 441 (Dota, Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui
and Veraguas, w. Panama; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 160 (monogr.). —
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
377
Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 22 (Boquete, Chiriqul, w.
Panama, 4,000-5,800 feet; crit.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 312 (Dota, Barranca, and Las Cruces de Candelaria, Costa
Rica; Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, w. Panama) .—Carriicer, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., vi, 1910, 389 (Volcan de Trazii and Ujurras de Terraba, Costa Rica;
crit.). — Griscom, Auk, 1, 1933, 298 (El Copey de Dota, Costa Rica; crit.).
[ Odontophorus ] veraguensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 272, No. 9762. — Sharpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 47.
Odontophorus consobrinus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 469 (Mira-
dor, Veracruz; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
[ Odontophorus ] consobrinus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 47.
Odontopliorus guttatus matudae Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan,
No. 401, 1939, 4 (Mount Madre Vieja, Chiapas, Mexico, alt. 750 meters; descr. ;
crit.; type spec, in Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan).- — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 280 (crit.; syn. ; distr.).
ODONTOPHORUS LEUCOLAEMUS Salvin
White-throated Wood Quail
Adult (sexes alike) (olive-brown phase).- — Forehead fuscous more
or less flecked with white (the white being the visible basal parts of
the feathers) ; crown and occiput fuscous, the feathers terminally and
laterally stippled with raw umber ; nape, interscapulars, and lesser upper
wing coverts dark raw umber finely stippled and vermiculated with fuscous,
the nape washed with chestnut-brown ; median upper wing coverts like
the lesser ones but flecked with pale tawny-buff, these flecks proximally
margined with blackish ; greater upper coverts and scapulars similar but
with these dark-bordered pale spots larger and more numerous, and the
general ground color more rufescent- — bright chestnut-brown — and tipped
with pale tawny-buff ; secondaries dark clove brown to fuscous on the
inner webs which are very faintly speckled with chestnut-brown ; bright
chestnut-brown blotched and mottled with blackish and with light
ochraceous-buff on the outer webs ; primaries dark clove brown to
fuscous; a line of feathers across the upper back just posterior to the
interscapulars like the latter but with large blotches of black subterminally ;
lower back like the interscapulars but somewhat paler — Saccardo’s umber
to sepia in ground color ; rump similar but washed with chestnut-brown ;
upper tail coverts rich, bright chestnut-brown mottled and freckled with
blackish and with cinnamon-tawny ; rectrices fuscous marginally and
terminally freckled with chestnut-brown ; lores, circumocular area, cheeks,
auriculars, chin, sides of throat, entire breast, and uppermost part of
abdomen black; middle of throat white (sometimes wholly black), the
white often mixing with the black on the sides of the throat and chin ;
a small but variable amount of white showing through on the black breast;
sides, flanks, and under tail coverts like the lower back and rump, be¬
coming more richly tinged with chestnut-brown posteriorly, abdomen
similar but duller and darker — mummy brown faintly and finely barred
378
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
with chestnut-brown ; under wing coverts plain dull clove brown ; iris
brown ; bill black ; tarsi and toes dark plumbeous.
Adult (erythristic phase). — Similar to the preceding but generally more
rufescent above and below, the black of the breast less extensive posteriorly
and faintly barred with auburn, and more splotched with white (from
the exposed more basal parts of the feathers) ; forehead, crown, and
occiput between raw umber and Brussels brown ; interscapulars dark
cinnamon-brown ; rump and upper tail coverts between argus brown and
amber brown flecked and mottled with black ; upper abdomen and sides
between Mars yellow and Sudan brown; flanks, thighs, and under tail
coverts Sudan brown to amber brown (instead of chestnuF-brown) ;
middle and posterior part of abdomen dull Sudan brown.
Juvenal GS. — Similar to the adult but with the breast and upper abdomen
not black but dark Sudan brown like the sides and flanks ; the malar area
barred black and white.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 122.5-124.5 (123.4) ; tail 55.5-68.0 (61.7) ; culmen
from base 18.4-20.4 (19.8) ; tarsus 44.8-45.4 (45.2) ; middle toe without
claw 37.1-39.1 (37.8 mm.).69
Adult female.— Wing 120.0-125.0 (123.2); tail 46.5-51.0 (48.3);
culmen from base 18.2-20.3 (19.0) ; tarsus 44.0-46.3 (44.8) ; middle toe
without claw 34.3-38.0 (36.2 mm.).70
Range. — Resident in subtropical forests of the highlands of Costa Rica
and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).
Type locality. — Cordillera de Tole, Veraguas, Panama.
Odontophorus leucolaemus S alvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 161 (Cordillera de
Tole, Veraguas, w. Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman) ; 1870, 217 (Calovevora,
Veraguas).— Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ix, 1868, 140 (San
Jose; Costa Rica).— Frantzius, Journ. fur Orn., 1869, 374 (Costa Rica).—
Zeled6n, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1886, 112 (Costa Rica) ; Anal. Mus. Nac.
Costa Rica, i, 1887, 128 (Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica). — Ogilvie-Grant,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 438 (Dota, Costa Rica; Cordillera de Tole,
Calovevora, and Chitra, Veraguas) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 158 (monogr.).
—Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 22 (Boquete, etc., w. Panama,
4,500-5,000 feet.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 311
pi. 74 (Naranjo de Cartago, Dota, Cerro de la Candelaria, and San Jose, Costa
Rica). — Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 388 (La Estrella de Cartago,
Azahur de Cartago, Volcan de Trazu, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui ; Tenorio, and
Las Honduras, Costa Rica; crit. ; habits). — Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash¬
ington, xlv, 1932, 39, in text (crit.; meas.). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 55 (distr.). — Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii, 1935, 304
(Panama, subtropical zone; mountains of Chiriqui and Veraguas). — Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 27 (syn. ; distr.).
08 Female only seen; in postjuvenal molt.
60 Five specimens from Costa Rica and Panama.
,0 Three specimens from Costa Rica and Panama.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
379
[Odontophorus] leucolaemus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 272, No. 9763. — Sclater and
Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138. — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 47.
Odontophorus smithians Oberholser, Pioc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlv, 1932, 39 (San
Joaquin de Dota, Pacific watershed, Costa Rica, altitude 4,000 feet, coll. H. O.
Havemeyer; descr. ; meas. ; crit.). — Griscom, Auk, 1, 1933, 298 (crit. ; melanism
of O. leucolaemus) .
Genus DACTYLORTYX Ogilvie-Grant
Dactylortyx Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 429. (Type, by
original designation, Ortyx thoracicus Gambel.)
Odontophorus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 316, part.
Medium-sized, very short-tailed Odontophorinae (wing about 130-135
mm.) with outstretched tarsi extending beyond tip of tail, claws very
long, relatively slender, slightly curved, and blunt, those of lateral toes
extending much beyond middle of middle claw, tarsus more than one-
fourth as long as wing, rectrices firm, broad, rounded at tips, feather of
decumbent crest distinctly outlined, and sexes not conspicuously different
in coloration.
Bill relatively rather small and slender, the chord of culmen (from
extreme base) equal to nearly half the length of tarsus ; the depth of bill
at base not exceeding distance from anterior end of nasal fossa to tip
of maxilla and a little less than width of bill of rictus ; culmen rather
strongly convex, narrowly and rather distinctly ridged ; gonys relatively
narrow but rounded transversely, straight or very nearly so, slightly
ascending terminally, its basal angle not prominent. Outermost primary
intermediate between seventh and eighth (from outside), the fourth and
fifth longest. Tail two-fifths as long as wing, moderately rounded, the
rectrices (12) rather firm, broad, and rounded at tips; very distinct from
coverts. Tarsus a little more than one-fourth as long as wing, shorter
than middle toe with claw, its lower end, when feet are outstretched, ex¬
tending much beyond tip of tail ; planta tarsi with numerous rather large
longitudinally hexagonal scales, these along the posterior edge (on both
sides) rather larger and more quadrate, with a tendency to form a con¬
tinuous row; claws very long (that of middle toe longer than basal phalanx
of the toe, nearly as long as culmen), slender, slightly curved, and blunt.
Plumage and coloration. — Feathers of crown and occiput moderately
elongated, forming, when erected, a bushy crest of moderately broad de¬
cumbent or decurved feathers with plane surface and rounded tips ; a
narrow naked space beneath lower eyelid. Upperparts finely mottled
brown and grayish, the hindneck broadly streaked with buff and brownish
black, the scapulars and tertials with large black spots or blotches on
inner webs, the former with rather broad mesial streaks of whitish ;
chest, sides, and flanks light brownish gray or drab, broadly streaked
with dull whitish, the abdomen dull white or buffy white ; adult male
with broad superciliary stripe, malar region, chin, and throat uniform
380
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
cinnamon, the adult female with the cinnamon replaced by grayish white
or pale gray and the chest, etc., more rufescent or cinnamomeous.
Range. — Southern Mexico to Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.
(Monotypic.)
KEY TO THE FORMS OF DACTYI.OKTYX THORACICUS (GAMBEL)
a. Chin, throat, cheeks and superciliarics tawny-orange (males).
b. Interscapulars with many blackish transverse markings; middle of abdomen
buffy (Jalisco to Guerrero in western Mexico).
Dactylortyx thoracicus devius (p. 383)
bb. Interscapulars with few or no blackish transverse markings ; middle of
abdomen whitish.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
381
c. With whitish shaft stripes on the lateral occipital feathers, giving an ap¬
pearance of a discontinuous white narrow border to the brown color.
d. Sides and flanks darker and browner — buffy brown (mountain slopes of
eastern Mexico from Tamaulipas to Puebla).
Dactylortyx thoracicus thoracicus (p. 382)
dd. Sides and flanks paler and grayer — fairly pale drab (Yucatan Peninsula).
Dactylortyx thoracicus sharpei (p. 385)
cc. With buffy to ochraceous shaft stripes on the lateral occipital feathers.
d. Tarsus longer, averaging about 36 mm., toes longer, middle toe without
claw averaging about 31.5 mm. (central Chiapas to western Guatemala).
Dactylortyx thoracicus chiapensis (p. 386)
dd. Tarsus shorter, averaging 34.5 mm. or less; toes shorter, middle toe
without claw averaging under 30 mm.
e. Pale shaft stripes of breast, uppper abdomen, and sides broad and
slightly buffy (southeastern Oaxaca and adjacent western Chiapas).
Dactylortyx thoracicus lineolatus (p. 385)
ee. Pale shaft stripes of breast, upper abdomen, and sides very narrow and
white.
f. Larger, wings averaging 130 mm. in length (Mount Cacaguatique,
El Salvador) . Dactylortyx thoracicus taylori (p. 388)
ff. Smaller, wings averaging 126 mm. in length.
g. Dark portions of underparts paler, with a pale cinnamon-buffy wash
(Volcan San Miguel, El Salvador).
Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus (p. 387)
gg. Dark portions of underparts darker, with a decidedly dusky earth-
brown tone, with no pale cinnamon-buffy wash (Honduras).
Dactylortyx thoracicus fuscus (p. 389)
aa. Chin, throat, cheeks, and superciliaries with no orange-tawny, but whitish or pale
grayish brown to grayish vinaceous (females).
b. Underparts of body very dark — tawny cinnamon-brown (Honduras).
Dactylortyx thoracicus fuscus (p. 389)
bb. Underparts of body paler — orange cinnamon or paler.
c. Chin and throat strongly tinged with pale vinaceous.
d. Middle of lower abdomen deep warm buff or darker (Jalisco to Guerrero).
Dactylortyx thoracicus devius (p. 383)
dd. Middle of lower abdomen buff white (Tamaulipas to Puebla).
Dactylortyx thoracicus thoracicus (p. 382)
cc. Chin and throat whitish, little, if any, tinged with pale vinaceous.
d. Very pale below ; pale buffy white of abdomen extending to lower margin
of breast (Yucatan) . Dactylortyx thoracicus sharpei (p. 385)
dd. Darker and more rufescent below, whitish area limited to posterior part of
abdomen.
e. Feet slightly larger, middle toe without claw averaging 29.5 mm. or
more (central Chiapas to western Guatemala).
Dactylortyx thoracicus chiapensis (p. 386)
ee. Feet slightly smaller, middle toe without claw averaging less than 28
mm. (El Salvador) . . . .Dactylortyx thoracicus taylori (p. 388)
Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus 71 (p. 387)
T1 Female of D. t. lineolatus not known.
382
BULLETIN 60, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
DACTYLORTYX THORACICUS THORACICUS (Gambel)
Veracruz Long-toed Quail
Adult male. — Sides of forehead, superciliary stripe, cheeks, chin, and
throat ochraceous-tawny with an orange tinge; a dusky sepia band from
the lores under the eyes to the auriculars; center of forehead, crown, and
occiput dark Prout’s brown tinged with argus brown ; the lateral feathers
of the occiput with buffy-white shaft streaks and, in some cases, outer
webs, forming a discontinuous whitish border to the occiput; nape like
the occiput but the feathers tipped with black, forming a narrow collar
of that color ; interscapulars and feathers of upper back brownish drab
to buflfy brown broadly suffused marginally and, more narrowly, termi¬
nally with bright cinnamon-brown, the entire feather faintly vermiculated
with dusky ; scapulars light tawny cinnamon-brown darkening to deep
hazel on the inner webs which are externally margined with between warm
buff and ochraceous-buff, next to which is a lengthwise band of blackish ;
the rest of the inner webs stippled with blackish ; the outer webs more
sparsely speckled and paling to almost buffy near the margins, this buffy
color forming an incomplete, indefinite bar proximally edged with dusky ;
upper wing coverts like the scapulars but with the pale buffy restricted
to the shaft stripes, the blackish on the inner webs forming a large terminal
blotch ; the size of this blotch decreasing on the outer coverts ; inner¬
most secondary like the scapulars ; rest of secondaries dull, dusky sepia
on the inner webs ; the outer webs tawny ochraceous-buff crossed by
five or more wavy blackish bars, each of which is distally edged with
pale ochraceous-buff, the interspaces sparingly stippled with dusky, the
outer webs becoming more extensively plain dark sepia on the outer
secondaries, primaries dark, dull sepia to clove brown externally blotched
with pale cinnamon-buffy ; a few of the feathers of the upper back like
the interscapulars but subterminally heavily blotched with fuscous-black ;
feathers of back ochraceous-buff irregularly barred with dusky; lower
back, rump, and upper tail coverts similar but duskier and more oliva¬
ceous — tawny-olive vermiculated with Saccardo’s umber ; rectrices dark,
dull sepia barred, tipped, and incompletely edged with ochraceous-buff ;
breast, sides of lower neck, upper abdomen and sides buffy brown, the
feathers of the breast washed with drab except marginally; and all the
feathers with white shaft stripes, these stripes becoming narrower and
fainter on the sides which are also brighter and more rufescent buffy
brown ; middle of abdomen white, little or not at all tinged with pale
buffy ; flanks like the sides but crossed by widely spaced fuscous-black
wavy bars ; under tail coverts similar but the dark bars turned into longi¬
tudinal U-shaped marks; thighs pale brownish drab; under wing coverts
dark buffy brown.
Adult fetmle. Upperparts as in the male but the side of forehead,
superciliary stripes, cheeks, and throat dark grayish vinaceous; chin and
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
383
middle of upper throat whitish ; breast and sides of lower neck between
tawny and cinnamon-rufous with faintly paler shafts; upper abdomen,
sides similar but less rufescent, more ochraceous-tawny, the flanks and
under tail coverts as in the male; middle of abdomen whitish as in the
male.
Natal down. — '“Dark chestnut above, with a bufify line along either
side of the rump, bright buffy superciliary area, dark line through the
eye, red-brown bill, and somewhat clouded or mottled underparts” (ev
Sutton and Pettingill, Auk, lix, 1942, 13).
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 129.5; tail 51.5; culmen from base 16.2; middle
toe without claw 29.4 mm. (1 specimen from Puebla; tarsi damaged).
Adult female. — Wing 123.5-125.0; tail 47.2; culmen from base 16.7-
17.1; tarsus 32.4—32.6; middle toe without claw 2 6.7-27.7 mm. (2 speci¬
mens from Mexico and Veracruz).
Range. — Resident in the forests of the mountain slopes of eastern
Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas (Gomez Farias) south to Veracruz
(Rio Seco, Jalapa, Atoyac, Cordoba, Hacienda de Los Atlixcos) and to
Puebla (Metlaetoyuca).
Type locality. — Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
Ortyx thoracicus Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1848, 77 (Jalapa,
Veracruz, e. Mexico; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia) ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 2, iii, 1849, 317, 318.
Odontophorus thoracicus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, 310 (Cordoba,
Veracruz).— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio
Alzate,’’ vii, No. 7-8, 1894, 218 (Veracruz).
O[dontophorus\ thoracicus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 316, part.
[Odontophorus] thoracicus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part.
Dactylortyx thoracicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 429, part
(Cordoba, Hacienda de Los Atlixcos and Atoyac, Veracruz) ; Handb. Game
Birds, ii, 1897, 150. — Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xii, 1898, 65 (descr.
of type, from Jalapa). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903,
308, part (Hacienda de Los Atlixcos, Cordoba, Jalapa, and Atoyac, Veracruz). —
Sutton and Burleigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., No. 3,
1939, 28 (Gomez Farias, Tamaulipas).
[Dactylortyx] thoracicus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46, part.
Dactylortyx thoracicus thoracicus Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 56
(distr.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 281 (syn. ;
distr. ) . — Sutton and Pettingill, Auk, lix, 1942, 12 (Gomez Farias region,
southwestern Tamaulipas; habits; descr. of downy young; spec.).
DACTYLORTYX THORACICUS DEVIUS Nelson
Jaliscan Long-toed Quail
Adidt male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with many black¬
ish or fuscous-blackish transverse markings on the interscapulars and
with the middle of the abdomen buffy instead of whitish ; the tawny-
384
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
orange on the head and throat averaging deeper, the lateral feathers of
the occiput with warm huffy, not whitish shaft stripes or outer webs.
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the whole
underparts huffier, the middle of the lower abdomen deep warm buff in¬
stead of white ; the interscapulars and nape also brighter, more rufescent —
between tawny and cinnamon-rufous.
Juvenal male. — Similar to the adult but with the tawny-orange of the
head and throat replaced by cinnamon-buff, the cheeks somewhat mottled
with blackish ; feathers of crown and occiput cinnamon-brown to Sayal
brown broadly banded or blotched subterminally with black ; outer webs
of secondaries and of primaries with the brown mottlings more rufescent —
Sayal brown; rectrices similarly more rufescent, tawny-hazel barred and
mottled with blackish ; breast, sides, and upper abdomen tawny-cinnamon
spotted with fuscous to fuscous-black and with pale pinkish-buff shaft
stripes ; flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts slightly more rufescent than
in adult.
Juvenal female. — Like the juvenal male but the blackish bars on the
crown and occiput finer and less conspicuous, the pale parts of the sides
of head, chin, and throat less ochraceous, pale hair brown to pale vinaceous-
drab.
Adult male. — Wing 131-137 (133) ; tail 51-55 (53.4) ; culmen from
base 17.4—18.3 (17.8) ; tarsus 35.6-37.3 (36.3) ; middle toe without claw
30-32.8 (31.4 mm.).72
Adult female. — Wing 128.5-131.5 (130.6) ; tail 50-55.5 (52.1) ; culmen
from the base 17.1-17.2 (17.1) ; tarsus 33.7-35.5 (34.6) ; middle toe with¬
out claw 29.1-31 (29.9 mm.).73
Range. — Resident in the highland forests of western Mexico from
Jalisco (San Sebastian) to Guerrero (Sierra Madre del Sur, Omilteme,
8,000 feet).
Type locality. — San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mexico.
[ Odontophorus ] thoracicus (not Ortyx thoracicus Gambel) Sclater and Salvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part.
Dactylortyx thoracicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit, Mus., xxii, 1893, 429, part
(Sierra Madre del Sur and Omilteme, 8,000 feet, Guerrero). — Salvin and
Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 308, part (San Sebastian, Jalisco;
Omilteme and Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero).
[Dactylortyx] thoracicus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46, part.
Dactylortyx thoracicus subsp. Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxv, 1934, 422
(Guerrero).
Dactylortyx devius Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xii, 1898, 65, 68 (San
Sebastian, Jalisco, sw. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; xvi, 1903, 152, in text
(crit.).
72 Six specimens from Guerrero.
72 Four specimens from Guerrero.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
385
D[actylortyx] devius Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Ave's, iii, 1903, 308,
part, in text (crit.).
[Dactylortyx] devius Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
Dactylortyx thoracicus devius Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 56 (distr.). —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 281 (syn. ; distr.).
DACTYLORTYX THORACICUS LINEOLATUS (Gould)
Oaxacan Long-toed Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the lower
back, rump, and upper tail coverts slightly darker, less huffy ; the lateral
feathers of the occiput with their shaft stripes or their outer webs deep
warm buff, not white, with the shaft stripes of the feathers of the breast,
sides, and flanks much wider and slightly washed with buffy, the general
tone of the sides, flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts less tawny or
rufescent, somewhat more olivaceous.
Female. — Apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 132-134 ; tail 52.5-56.5 ; culmen from the base 16.5—
17.0; tarsus 34-35.1 ; middle toe without claw 28.9-29.0 mm. (2 specimens
from Gineta Mountain, near Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).
Range. — Resident in the forest of the mountain slopes of southeastern
Oaxaca (Gineta Mountain near Santa Efigenia; Tehuantepec) ; possibly
in adjacent part of western Oaxaca.
Type locality. — “Mexico.”
Odontophorus lineolatus Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 3, 1850, pi. 32 and text
(Mexico; cotypes in Berlin Mus. ; ex Perdix lineolatus Lichtenstein, manu¬
script). — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gallinse, pt. 5, 1867, 73.
[Strophiortyx] lineolatus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 883.
Dactylortyx thoracicus lineolatus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xii, 1898,
64, 66 (Mount Gineta, near Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; descr. • synonymy). —
Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 56 (distr.). — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 282 (syn. ; distr.).
D[actylortyx] thoracicus lineolatus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
iii, 1903, 308 in text (crit.).
[ Dactylortyx ] lineolatus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
[Odontophorus] thoracicus (not Ortyx thoracicus Gambel) Sclater and Salvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part.
Dactylortyx thoracicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 429, part
(in synonymy) ; Ibis, 1902, 242 (crit.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 308, part (Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).
DACTYLORTYX THORACICUS SHARPEI Nelson
YucatAn Long-toed Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but generally paler
(the palest of all the races of the species), the sides and flanks paler and
grayer — fairly pale drab ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts
less buffy, more grayish — pale buffy drab vermiculated with drab.
386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the chin
and upper throat whitish with little or no vinaceous tinge; breast paler —
pinkish cinnamon with a slight vinaceous-gray wash ; upper abdomen pale
huffy white as the middle and lower abdomen ; outer webs of inner sec¬
ondaries and of upper wing coverts pale, more grayish, less rufescent;
superciliary stripe whiter.
Adult male. — Wing 117—121; tail 45-46.5; culmen from base 16.4-
18.4; tarsus 31.4—31.6; middle toe without claw 26.1-27.4 mm. (2
specimens).
Adult female.— Wing 113.5-119.5 (117.3); tail 46-49 (47.3); oilmen
from base 16.6-17.3 (17.0) ; tarsus 30.1-30.4 (30.2) ; middle toe without
claw 26.4-27.3 (26.8 mm.).74
Range. — Resident in the lowland tropical forests of Yucatan (Chichen
Itza, Tizimin, Rato) and Campeche (Apazote).
Type locality. — Apazote, Campeche, Mexico.
Odontophorus lineolatus (not of Gould) Nehrkorn, Journ. fur Orn., 1881, 69
(Yucatan; descr. eggs).— Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, 460 (Yuca¬
tan; habits).
[Strophiortyx] lineolatus Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
295 (Yucatan).
Dactylortyx thoracicus sharpei Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xvi, 1903,
152 (Apazote, Campeche; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).— Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1, 1906, 116 (Chichen Itza, Yucatan; food). — Peters, Check-list Birds
World, ii, 1934, 56 (distr.) .— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 282 (syn. ; distr.).
[Odontophorus] thoracicus (not Ortyx thoracicus Gambel) Sclater and Salvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part.
Dactylortyx thoracicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 429, part
(Tizimin and Peto, Yucatan) .—Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
iii, 1903, 308, part (Tizimin and Peto, Yucatan).
[Dactylortyx] thoracicus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46, part (Yucatan).
DACTYLORTYX THORACICUS CHIAPENSIS Nelson
Chiapan Long-toed Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with huffy to
ochraceous-buff shaft stripes or outer webs on the lateral occipital
feathers; the breast, sides, and flanks slightly more rufescent, and with
the tarsus considerably longer.
Adult female. — Similar to that of the nominate race but with the chin
and upper throat more whitish, little, if any, tinged with pale vinaceous ;
breast slightly more hazel, less tawny ; and tarsus longer.
Juvenal male. — Similar to that of Dactylortyx thoracicus devius but
with the blackish spots on the breast, upper abdomen, and sides larger,
the rest of the feathers slightly paler, the shaft stripes wider; thighs and
flanks less rufescent, huffier ; tarsus shorter.
M Three specimens from Yucatan and Campeche.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
387
Adult male. — Wing 123-137 (133) ; tail 51-56.5 (53.7) ; culmen from
base 16.8-17.8 (17.3) ; tarsus 34.3-37.4 (35.9) ; middle toe without claw
29.7-32.9 (31.6 mm.).75
Adult female. — -Wing 125-133 (128.2); tail 49-53.5 (51.3); culmen
from base 16-16.8 (16.4) ; tarsus 32-34.3 (33.5) ; middle toe without
claw 28.6-31.2 (29.5 mm.).78
Range. — Resident in cloud-forest subtropical areas from central Chiapas
(Mount Ovando ; Santa Rosa, Escuintla, Siltepec, Male, and Pico de
Loro, Moriscal; San Cristobal) to the Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala
(Tecpam, Finca Perla, Volcan de Fuego, Quetzaltenango, Duenas,
Volcan de Santa Maria; 7,000 to 8,500 feet).
Type locality. — San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico.
Odontophorus thoracicus (not Ortyx thoracicus Gambel) Salvin and Sclater, Ibis,
1860, 276 (Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; habits).
[Odontophorus] thoracicus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 138, part.
Dactylortyx thoracicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 429,
part (Volcan de Fuego, Duenas, and Quezaltenango, Guatemala) ; Ibis, 1902,
242 (crit. ) . — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 308,
part (San Cristobal, Chiapas; Santa Maria, Volcan de Fuego, Quezaltenango,
and Duenas, Guatemala).
[Dactylortyx] thoracicus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46, part (Guatemala).
Dactylortyx chiapensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xii, 1898, 65, 66
(San Cristobal, Chiapas, s. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; descr. ; crit.).
D[actylortyx] chiapensis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903,
308, in text (crit.).
[Dactylortyx] chiapensis Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46 (Guatemala).
Dactylortyx thoracicus chiapensis Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932,
107 (Tecpam and Quezaltenango, Guatemala; habits; distr.). — Peters, Check¬
list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 56 (distr. ). — Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
1, 1937, 73, in text (crit.), 74 (spec.; Mexico and Guatemala). — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 282 (distr.; syn.). — del Campo, Anal.
Inst. Biol., xiii, No. 2, 1942, 700 (Chiapas; Catarinas; spec.).
DACTYLORTYX THORACICUS SALVADORANUS Dickey and van Rossem
Salvadorean Long-toed Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but without the
white lateral edge to the occiput; the breast and sides and flanks paler,
more grayish drab, the middle of the abdomen less white, more washed
with drab to hair brown ; the interscapulars with more conspicuous white
shafts; tarsus shorter than in Dactylortyx thoracicus chiapensis, and the
pale shafts of the feathers of the breast and sides and upper abdomen nar¬
row and white ; iris brown ; bill blackish brown ; tarsi and toes plumbeous
horn color; claws brownish horn color.77
"Ten specimens from Chiapas and Guatemala.
78 Six specimens from Chiapas and Guatemala.
77 According to Dickey and van Rossem, Birds of El Salvador, 1938, 154, the
basal half of the mandible is paler in birds in the first autumn than in older birds.
388
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Similar to that of Dactylortyx thoracicus chiapensis but
the feet slightly smaller, the middle toe without the claw averaging less
than 28 mm.
Adult male. — Wing 126-126.5 ; tail 51-52; culmen from base 17.1-17.6;
tarsus 33.5-33.7 ; middle toe without claw 27.6-28.5 mm.78
Adult female. — Wing 125-128; tail 53-55; culmen from base 17.1;
tarsus 33.2-34.1; middle toe without claw 26-28.6 mm. (2 specimens).
Range. — Confined to the oak forest in the Arid Upper Tropical Zone
on Volcan de San Miguel, El Salvador, 2,500 to 4,000 feet.
Type locality. — Volcan de San Miguel, alt. 4,000 feet, Dept. San Miguel,
El Salvador.
Dactylortyx thoracicus (not Orlyx thoracicus Gambel) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 429, part (Volcan de San Miguel, El Salvador). —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 308, part (Volcan
de San Miguel, El Salvador).
Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, xli, 1928, 129 (Volcan de San Miguel, alt. 4,000 feet, Dept. San
Miguel, El Salvador ; type in Dickey coll., Univ. California at Los Angeles ;
descr. ; crit.) ; Birds El Salvador, 1938, 153 (El Salvador; Volcan de San
Miguel ; spec. ; habits ; colors of soft parts) . — Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 56 (distr.). — Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1, 1937, 74 (spec.;
Volcan de San Miguel, El Salvador). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 253 (syn. ; distr.). — Marshall, Condor, xlv, 1943, 22
(El Salvador; Cerro del Agua).
DACTYLORTYX THORACICUS TAYLORI van Rossem
Taylor’s Long-toed Quail
Adult inale. — Similar to that of Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus
but larger, the wings averaging 130 mm. in length, and generally more
rufescent on the entire underparts, the breast and sides suffused with
pale Sayal brown ; the interscapulars more buffy brown, less grayish in
their median portions.
Adult female. — Not certainly distinguishable from that of D. t.
salvadoranus.
Adult male. — Wing 124-133 (130); tail 52.5-60.5 (55.8); culmen
from base 17.1-18.7 (17.8); tarsus 31.8-33.6 (32.4); middle toe with¬
out claw 28.9-29.6 (29.2 mm.).79
Adult female. — Wing 121-124 (122.5); tail 51.5-55 (53.5); culmen
from base 16.8—17.2 (17.0) ; tarsus 31.2-32.6 (31.8) ; middle toe without
claw 26.9-28.6 (27.9 mm.).80
Range. — Resident in the oak and coffee association of the Arid Upper
18 Two specimens including the type.
Three specimens including the type.
80 Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
389
Tropical Zone on Mount Cacaguatique, and probably of other interior
areas of El Salvador.
Type locality. — Mount Cacaguatique, Dept. San Miguel, El Salvador.
Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, xli, 1928, 129, part (Mount Cacaguatique, El Salvador).
Dactylortyx thoracicus taylori van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vii, 1932, 151 (Mount Cacaguatique, 3,500 feet, Dept. San Miguel, El Salvador;
type in coll. D. R. Dickey, Univ. California at Los Angeles; descr.; crit.).—
Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 56, part (Mount Cacaguatique, El
Salvador).— Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1, 1937, 74 (spec.; Mount
Cacaguatique, El Salvador).— Dickey and van Rossem, Birds El Salvador,
1938, 154 (El Salvador, Mount Cacaguatique; spec.; distr. ; colors of soft
parts; habits; crit.) .— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 283 (syn. ; distr.).— Marshall, Condor, xlv, 1943, 23 (El Salvador; Mount
Cacaguatique).
DACTYLORTYX THORACICUS FUSCUS Conover
Honduranian Long-toed Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate race but without the
whitish marks on the sides of the occiput ; the breast and sides slightly
less brownish, with no cinnamon-buffy wash, more dusky grayish earth
brown (in some specimens these parts are considerably paler as well).
Adult female. — The darkest of all the races of the species; similar to
that of the nominate form but with the top of the head fuscous-black;
the breast, upper abdomen, and sides cinnamon-brown; the white on the
middle abdomen more restricted than in the typical race ; and the lateral
portions of the interscapular feathers darker — dusky auburn.
Adult male. — Wing 121.5-130.0 (126.9) ; tail 48.0-52.5 (50.1) ; culmen
from base 17.4—18.3 (17.9); tarsus 31.6-36.2 (33.6); middle toe with¬
out claw 28.6-30.6 (29.4 mm.).81
Adult female. — Wing 123.0-130.0 (126.2) ; tail 52; culmen from base
16.1—17.2 (16.8) ; tarsus 34.1-35.2 (34.6) ; middle toe without claw 29.0-
29.4 (29.2 mm.).82
Range. — Resident in tropical forests of southern Honduras, Dept.
Tegucigalpa (Alto Cantoral, Cantoral, Rancho Quemado, San Juancito,
and Olancho, Catacamas).
1 ype locality. — Alto Cantoral, Dept. Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
Dactylortyx thoracicus taylori van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vii, No. 13, 1932, 152, part (s. Honduras; range only). — Peters, Check-list Birds
World, ii, 1934, 56, part (Honduras).
Dactylortyx thoracicus salvadoranus (not of Dickey and van Rossem) Stone, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932, 302 (Honduras; San Juancito,
6,300-6,800 feet, in cloud forest).
“ Four specimens including the type.
" Three specimens.
26
653008°— 4'
390
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Dactylortyx thoracicus fuscus Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1, 1937, 73
(Alto Cantoral, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; descr. ; crit. ; distr.)., 74 (spec.; Alto
Cantoral, Cantoral, Rancho Quemado, San Juancito, all in Honduras). —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 284 (syn. ; distr.).
Genus CYRTONYX Gould
Cyrtonyx Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. i, 1844, pi. [2] and text (= pi. 7 of
bound volume). (Type, by monotypy, Ortyx massena Lesson = O. monte-
sumae Vigors.)
Odontopliorus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 316, part.
Medium-sized, very short-tailed Odontophorinae (wing about 117-135
mm.) with tips of outstretched toes extending far beyond tip of the short,
soft, nearly concealed tail, tips of lateral claws extending far beyond base
of middle claw, tarsus less than one-fourth as long as wing, with a full
occipital crest of soft, broad, blended and decurved (decumbent) feathers,
sides and flanks spotted or barred (the head grotesquely striped and
banded with white and black in adult males), and sexes wholly unlike in
coloration.
Figure 22. — Cyrtonyx montesumae.
Bill moderate in size, the chord of oilmen (from extreme base) de¬
cidedly more than half the length of tarsus ; depth of bill at base greater
than distance from anterior end of nasal fossa to tip of maxilla, and
exceeding width of bill at rictus ; oilmen strongly convex proximally,
less so distally broadly, or not distinctly ridged ; gonys moderately broad,
nearly straight, strongly ascending terminally. Outermost primary a
little shorter than seventh (from outside), the third and fourth longest.
Tail decidedly less than half as long as wing, graduated, the rectrices
(12) soft, tapering terminally, the longest scarcely longer than and
hardly distinguishable from the coverts. Tarsus only one-fourth as long
as wing, much shorter than middle toe with claw, the planta tarsi with
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
391
hexagonal scutella, those on inner side smaller and more longitudinal than
those on the outer side ; tips of lateral claws extending far beyond base
(that of outer toe to or beyond middle) of middle claw, the claws long,
slightly curved, and blunt, that of middle toe longer than basal phalanx
of that toe.
Plumage and coloration. — Head with a full, decumbent crest of broad,
soft, and blended feathers, these longest on occiput and nape, where they
are strongly decurved. Sexes wholly unlike in color, the adult males
with head boldly marked with black and white, in harlequinlike pattern,
the chin and throat velvety black, bordered below by a white collai
across foreneck and ascending to beneath crest, upperparts olive-brownish
and grayish spotted and barred with black and with conspicuous streaks
of white, buff, or rufous on back and scapulars, sides and flanks with
rounded spots of white, cinnamon-buff or cinnamon-rufous spots on a
dark gray or slate-colored ground, or chestnut barred with black, the
lower abdomen, thighs, anal region, and under tail coverts uniform black:
adult females light cinnamon or pinkish cinnamon, the upperparts barred
with black, the back and scapulars streaked with buff, head without con¬
spicuous black or any white markings, and underparts pale cinnamon or
pinkish cinnamon with a few blackish markings.
Range. — Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico and contiguous portion
of southwestern United States. (Two “species,” which may, however,
prove to be extremes of an unusually variable single specific stock.)
KEY TO THE FORMS OF THE GENUS CYRTONYX
a. Chin and middle of throat black (males).
b. With no white transverse band immediately posterior to the black throat
(Mount Orizaba, Veracruz) - Crytonyx montezumae merriami (p. 398)
bb. With a well-defined white transverse band immediately posterior to the black
throat.
c. Feathers of flanks with rufous or chestnut markings.
d. Flank feathers slate-gray marked with round spots of rufous or chestnut
(Michoacan to central Oaxaca).
Cyrtonyx montezumae sallei (p. 399)
dd. Flank feathers almost wholly rich rufous or chestnut varied transversely
with black and gray (eastern Oaxaca south in highlands to northwestern
Nicaragua) . Cyrtonyx ocellatus (p. 400)
c. Feathers of flanks with no rufous or chestnut.
d. Upper surface of wings definitely grayish (central Texas to Arizona and
south to northern Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Sonora).
Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi (p. 392)
dd. Upper surface of wings with no grayish, but definitely brown (central
Tamaulipas to Durango and Sinaloa south to Puebla, Michoacan, and
Valley of Mexico) . Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae (p. 396)
aa. Chin and middle of throat white or buffy (females).83
Female of C. montezumae merriami not known.
392
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
b. Shaft stripes of upperparts usually white, only very slightly tinged with buff
(central Texas to Arizona, south to northern Coahuila, Chihuahua, and
Sonora) . Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi (p. 392)
bb. Shaft stripes of upperparts definitely buffy.
c. Breast and abdomen slightly paler, pinkish cinnamon (eastern Oaxaca south
in highlands to northwestern Nicaragua) . . . .Cyrtonyx ocellatus (p. 400)
cc. Breast and abdomen slightly duskier — vinaceous-fawn to fawn color.
d. Upperparts with more blackish, the general color of the brown areas
slightly darker on the average — Saccardo’s umber (Michoacan to central
Oaxaca) . Cyrtonyx montezumae sallei (p. 399)
dd. Upperparts with less blackish, the general color of the brown areas
slightly paler on the average — tawny-olive (central Tamaulipas to
Durango and Sinaloa south to Puebla, Michoacan, and the Valley of
Mexico) . Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae (p. 396)
CYRTONYX MONTEZUMAE MEARNSI Nelson
Mearns’s Harlequin Quail
Adult male. — Lores and middle of forehead and of crown black, broadly
bordered on each side with white; a black supraorbital line from the
lores to the posterolateral angle of the occiput; this band continuous
through the lores with a paler one (slate to blackish slate) one extending
posteroventrally demarcating the throat from the face and ending below
the cheeks where it expands ventrally to form a triangle with a medio-
ventral extension (which may or may not reach the black median area
of the throat) ; eyelids black, a large black rounded patch from below
the eye to the auriculars ; chin and middle of throat black ; all inter¬
vening cephalic areas white; posterior part of crown and occiput black
much variegated with Sayal brown to Saccardo’s umber, paling on the
nape to warm buff, with or without a dusky tinge; interscapulars and
feathers of upper back barred with heavy dark and narrow faint bands
of black and with the interspaces varying from onionskin pink to pale
Mikado brown, the feathers with prominent shaft streaks of ivory white,
occasionally tinged with buffy ; scapulars similar but edged with ashy and
with the shaft stripes more buffy; innermost secondaries varying from
buffy light grayish olive to deep smoke gray with six or seven transverse
black blotches on each web and with buffy shaft stripes ; other secondaries
similar on their outer webs but increasingly suffused with pale dull clove
brown on their inner ones, the innermost ones almost uniformly of this
color ; primaries dark clove brown to fuscous, their outer webs marginally
spotted with white; greater and inner median upper wing coverts mouse
gray to deep smoke gray transversely spotted with black ; lesser and outer
median coverts similar but with the spots white instead; feathers of back
and lower back and rump like the interscapulars but without the pale shaft
stripes and with the brown areas more rufescent and narrower, the black
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
393
bars wider ; upper tail coverts and rectrices similar but with conspicuous
pale buffy shaft stripes and with brown replaced by deep smoke gray ; a
broad band of white across the upper breast separating the black of the
throat from the lower breast, this white band continuous laterally with the
white areas of the sides of the head, and posteriorly narrowly edged with
black , feathers of sides of breast and of upper abdomen and a narrow line
across the breast, just posterior to the black-edged white band, slate to
blackish slate, with two or three large white spots on each web ; median area
of lower breast and upper abdomen very dark, rich, blackish chestnut, be¬
coming black on the lower abdomen, lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts , under wing coverts dull grayish wood brown ; iris dark brown ;
upper mandible black, becoming pale blue at the gape ; lower mandible
pale blue ; feet pale blue ; claws pale brown.
Adult female. — Forehead, center of crown, and occiput vinaceous-buff
to avellaneous, the feathers broadly barred with black and with pale pinkish
buffy shaft stripes, the dark bars becoming fewer on the occiput; nape
vinaceous-buff to avellaneous practically unmarked with black; scapulars,
interscapulars, and feathers of the upper back wood brown to Sayal brown
crossed by broad, dark, and by narrow, faint, fuscous to blackish bars
and with conspicuous pale buffy to pale pinkish buff shaft stripes;
secondaries avellaneous to bright pinkish wood brown barred with black,
each of the black bars with a wood-brown center, these bars disappearing
on the inner webs of the outer secondaries ; primaries dull clove brown
with marginal spots of whitish on their outer webs; upper wing coverts
pinkish wood brown sparingly barred or flecked with dusky sepia;
feathers of back and lower back like the interscapulars but without con¬
spicuous pale shaft stripes and with the heavy black markings more
coalesced into large blotches, rump and upper tail coverts and rectrices
pinkish wood brown transversely broadly spotted with blackish (these
markings not continuous across both webs) ; and with narrow pale
pinkish-buff shaft stripes; lores pinkish wood brown, flecked blackish;
broad supraorbital band, cheeks, and auriculars similar ; circumocular
area and a posterior projection from it above the auriculars whitish, some
of the feathers with minute black tips; chin and throat wdiite; sides of
throat and lower throat pinkish wood brown flecked with dusky ; breast
bright vinaceous wood brown with faint pale pinkish white spots at the
tips of some of the feathers, which may or may not have narrow, dusky
shaft stripes ; abdomen similar but slightly paler, slightly more ochraceous,
less vinaceous ; the feathers of the middle upper part of the abdomen more
flecked and medially streaked with blackish ; flanks, thighs, and under tail
coverts similar but with few or no blackish marks ; under wing coverts
wood brown obscurely spotted with grayish white.
394
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Juvenal (sexes alike)84. — Similar to the adult female on the upperparts
but averaging slightly more tawny on the interscapulars, scapulars, and
back; the crown averaging darker, the blackish markings more extensive;
below much less vinaceous or pinkish, more whitish, often with a strong
suffusion of warm buff, the breast and the lateral abdominal feathers
transversely heavily spotted with fuscous to fuscous-black and with white
shaft stripes ; thighs and vent and under tail coverts ochraceous-buff.
Natal dozvn (sexes alike). — Forehead, sides of face, and broad lateral
areas of crown and occiput pale cinnamon-buff ; center of crown and wider
center of occiput, nape, and spinal band all the way to the tail auburn to
dark argus brown ; wings deep ochraceous-buff ; rest of upperparts pale
grayish cinnamon-buff; a band of dark sepia to clove brown on flanks
and thighs ; a narrow fuscous black line from behind the eye to the postero¬
lateral corner of the nape; chin and throat white; underparts of body
white tinged with pale ashy pinkish buff.
Adult male. — Wing 113.5-129 (123.6); tail 51-61.5 (55.7); culmen
from base 14.7-16.4 (15.5) ; tarsus 28.1-30.8 (29.9) ; middle toe without
claw 21-24 (22.6 mm.).85
Adult female.- — Wing 110.5-126 (119.0) ; tail 47.5-58 (52.9) ; culmen
from base 14.6-16.7 (15.7) ; tarsus 27.9-30.4 (29.0) ; middle toe without
claw 20.3-24.5 (22.0 mm.).86
Range. — Resident in lower parts of canyons and in rough, rather rocky
open country with coverage of grass, bushes, mescal, and small trees, at
elevations of from 4,000 to 9,000 feet, from westcentral Texas (Mason,
Kerrville, San Antonio, Bandera Hills, Laredo, etc.) ; central New Mexico
(Zuni, San Mateo, White, and Guadalupe Mountains, etc.) ; and Arizona
(Fort Whipple, Camp Verde, Mogollon Ridge, Wilcox, Marsh Lake,
Huachuca and Whetstone Mountains, Catalina, and Chiricahua Moun¬
tains) south to northern Nuevo Leon and northern Coahuila (Carmen
Mountains), northern Chihuahua (Jesus Maria and Canada) ; Sonora
(Los Pinitos, Los Vengos, Guirocoba, Nacori, Huerachi, and Yacoera),
and northwestern Durango (Pasaje de las Mujeres).
Type locality. — Fort Lluachuca, Ariz.
84 Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 87, states that in this “plumage the sexes
are much alike, except that in the young male the crissum, lower belly, and flanks are
black, and the center of the breast is suffused with brown, whereas in the young
female these parts are white; these characters are conspicuous in flight. . . .” The
material studied in the present connection does not bear this out ; I cannot help but
conclude that Bent was misled by birds in an advanced stage of the postjuvenal molt.
The true juvenal plumage is worn for a short time only before feathers of the first
winter (adult) plumage begin to appear, first on the breast, then on the abdomen.
85 Thirty-one specimens from Texas, New Mexico, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Sonora,
Durango, and Nayarit.
s" Twenty-six specimens from Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Chihuahua, Durango,
and Nayarit.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
395
Cyrtonyx massena (not Ortyx massena Lesson) Baird, in Rep. Stansbury’s Expl.
Great Salt Lake, 1852, 334 (San Pedro and Rio Pecos, N. Mex.) ; Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 647 (Chihuahua; Fort Davis, Turkey Creek, Las Moras,
and Laredo, w. Texas; Mimbres to Rio Grande; Nuevo Leon) ; Rep. U. S. and
Mex. Bound, Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 23 (Turkey Creek and Laredo, Tex.; Nuevo
Leon) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 477. — Cassin, Illustr. Birds Cali¬
fornia, Texas, etc., 1853, 21, pi. 4.— Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 29 (Bandera Hills,
Texas). — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, 95 (Fort Whipple,
Ariz.) ; Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 394; ed. 2, 1882, No. 578;
Birds Northwest, 1874, 443, excl. syn. part. — Cooper, Orn. California, Land
Birds, 1870, 558 (Arizona). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 492, excl. syn. part, pi. 61, fig. 2, pi. 64, figs. 3, 6. — Brewster, Bull.
Nultall Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 35 (Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona).
[ Cyrtonyx ] massena Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 239— Sclater and
Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part.
C[yrtonyx] massena Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 594.
Cyrtonyx montezumae (not Ortyx montezumae Vigors) American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, 1886, 110, No. 296; ed. 2, 1895, 110, No. 296.— Scott,
Auk, iii, 1886, 389 (Pinal, Santa Catalina, and Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz.,
up to 5,700 feet). — Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 187 (localities in Tom Green County,
w. Texas; Nueces and Frio Canyons). — Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, 637, 656 (Leon Springs, Bexar County, Tex.). — Cooke, Bird Migr. Mis¬
sissippi Valley, 1888, 103 (Mason, Tom Green County, etc., Tex.). — Bendire,
Life Plist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 35. — Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., v, 1893, 23 (Los Pinitos, ne. Sonora). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii, 1893, 425, part (Yecoera, Sonora; Jesus Maria and Canada, Chi¬
huahua; Bandera Hills, Tex.; Apache and Crittenden, Ariz.); Ibis, 1902, 241
(crit.). — Dwight, Auk, xvii, 1900, 50 (molt, etc.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 305, part (Los Pinitos, Los Vengos, Nacori,
Huerachi, and Yecoera, ne. Sonora; Jesus Maria and Canada, n. Chihuahua).
[ Cyrtonyx ] montezuma Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46, part.
C[yrtonyx ] montezuma Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 194, part.
Cyrtonyx montezuma mearnsi Nelson, Auk, xvii, 1900, 255 (Fort Huachuca, s.
Arizona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; xix, 1902, 390 (crit.), pi. 15, fig. 1.— Bailey,
Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 122; Birds New Mexico, 1928,
223 (New Mexico; habits). — Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1903, 111 (crit.). — Fuertes,
Condor, v, 1903, 113 (habits in Texas). — Swartii, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 4,
1904, 4 (Huachuca Mountains, Ariz.; more abundant on western than on
eastern slope); Condor, xxvi, 1909, 39 (distr. in U. S. ; molt); Pacific Coast
Avif., No. 10, 1914, 22 (Arizona; Upper Sonoran and Transition Zone of
central and southeastern Arizona; 4,000 to 9,000 feet); Proc. California Acad.
Sci., ser. 4, xviii, 1929, 290 (Stone Cabin and Madera Canyons, San Rafael
Valley, Ariz.). — Montgomery, Auk, xxii, 1905, 13 (Brewster County, Tex.). —
Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 21, 1905, 63 (range, habits, food, etc.).— Miller,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxii, 1906, 162 (Pasaje de las Mujeres, nw.
Durango). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed 3, 1910, 137;
ed. 4, 1931, 91. — Lacey, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 206 (7 miles sw. of Kerrville, Tex.). —
Wyman and Burnell, Field Book Birds Southwestern United States, 1925,
86 (descr. ; habits). — Bruner, Condor, xxviii, 1926, 232 (Baboquivari Moun¬
tains, Ariz.). — Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., i, 1930, 84
(spec.; Huachuca Mountains, Ariz.). — van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc.
Nat. Hist., vi, 1931, 247 (Sonora, Mexico); viii, 1936, 128 (south-central
Arizona) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, lxvii, 1934, 432 (distr. in Sonora). — Bent,
396
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 84 (life hist. ; plum. ; distr.).' — Peters, Check-list
Birds World, ii, 1934, 57 (distr.). — Campbell, Condor, xxxvi, 1934, 201, 202
abundant; Pena Blanca, s. Ariz.). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 167 (data
on breeding biology), 298, in text (egg color), 402, in text (parental care). —
Burleigh and Lowery, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., No. 8,
1940, 99 (w. Texas; Guadelupe Mountains; hist.; now scarce). — Hellmayr
and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 284 (distr.; syn.).— Petrides,
Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 322 in text, 327 in text (age
indicators in plumage).
Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi Amadon, Auk, lx, 1943, 226 (body weight and
egg weight).— Miller, Condor, xlv, 1943, 104, in text.
Cyrtonyx montezuma mearnsi Van Tyne and Sutton, Misc. Publ Mus. Zool.
Univ. Mich., No. 37, 1937, 27 (Brewster County, Tex.; nesting).
Cyrtonyx m,[ontezumae] mearnsi Palmer, Condor, xxx, 1928, 288, in text (patro¬
nymics).
C[yrtonyx] montezumae mearnsi Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
iii, 1903, 306, in text (crit.).
Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vi, 1931, 246 (Guirocoba, Sonora).
Cyrtonyx montezumae morio van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ix, 1942, 379 (Guirocoba, se. Sonora; descr. ; crit.; distr.).
CYRTONYX MONTEZUMAE MONTEZUMAE (Vigors)
Massena Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi but
with the upper surface of the wings less grayish, more huffy or brownish ;
the whole upperparts averaging more brownish and slightly darker, the
white areas on the head and the white spots on the underparts some¬
times strongly tinged with buffy.
Adult female. — Similar to that of C. m. mearnsi but averaging slightly
darker above and below, the shaft stripes of the dorsal body feathers
usually more buffy, less whitish ; the breast and abdomen darker — vina-
ceous-fawn to fawn color.
Other plumages not certainly distinguishable from the corresponding
ones of C. m. mearnsi.
Adult male. — Wing 114.5-131 (121.4); tail 47.5-63 (53.2); culmen
from base 14—16.5 (15.5) ; tarsus 27.5-33 (30.1) ; middle toe without
claw 19-24.5 (22.3 mm.).87
Adult female. — Wing 114—123.5 (118.3) ; tail 49-60 (55.3) ; culmen
from base 14.7-16.1 (15.3) ; tarsus 27.9-30.8 (29.0) ; middle toe without
claw 19.5-22.2 (20.4 mm.).88
Range. — Resident in rocky, scrubby, open wooded country of Mexico
from west-central Tamaulipas (Yerba Buena, Rampahuila, Carricitos,
etc.) ; southern Nuevo Leon; southeastern Coahuila (Saltillo) ; southern
” Sixteen specimens from Sinaloa, Nuevo Leon, Jalisco, Hidalgo, Mexico City,
and Puebla.
“Six specimens from Jalisco, Guadalajara, Hidalgo, and Michoacan.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
397
Durango (San Juan River) ; and Sinaloa (Sierra Madre, Choix, Ma-
zatlan, and Juan Lisiarraga) ; south through Nayarit (Tepic) ; Michoacan
(Los Reyes and Tancitaro), Guadalajara (Jalisco) and the Valley of
Mexico (Mexico City) to Puebla (Chalchicomula), Hidalgo (Isolo), and
Oaxaca (La Parada).
Type locality. — Mexico.
Ortyx montesumce Vigors, Zool. Journ., v, 1830, 275 (Mexico). — Jardine and Selby,
Illustr. Orn., ii, 1830, text to pi. 107. — Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837,
114 (crit. ; descr. female).
Cyrtonyx mo-ntesumce Stejneger, Auk, ii, 1885, 46 (crit. nomencl.). — American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, No. 296, part; ed. 2, 1895, No. 296,
part. — Ogilvte-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 425, part (Sierra
Madre above Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas ; near Choix, Sinaloa ; Sierra Madre,
Tepic; near City of Mexico; Puebla); Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 146
(monogr.). — Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 790 (Guadalajara,
Jalisco). — Nelson, Auk, xix, 1902, pi. 15, fig. 2. — Salvin and Godman, Biol.
Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 305, part (near Choix, Sinaloa; Sierra Madre,
Tepic; Guadalajara, Jalisco; Valley of Mexico; City of Mexico; Puebla; La
Parada, Oaxaca; Tamaulipas) .— Seth-Smith, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 763 (care in
captivity) .
C[yrtonyx ] montesumce Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 194, part.
[Cyrtonyx] montesumce Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46, part.
Cyrtonyx montesumce montesumce Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxi, 1905,
342 (Juan Lisiarraga, s. Sinaloa; habits). — American Ornithologists’ Union,
Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 137. — Phillips, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 74 (Yerba Buena,
Rampahuila, and Carricitos, s. Tamaulipas). — van Rossem, Trans. San Diego
Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1931, 246 (Sonora; Mexico). — Peters, Check-list Birds
World, ii, 1934, 57 (distr.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No.
1, 1942, 286 (syn. ; distr.). — Blake and Hanson, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
zool. serv., xxii, 1942, 527 (Michoacan, Tancitaro; spec.).
Cyrtonyx m[ontesuma ] montesuma Bailey and Conover, Auk, lii, 1935, 422, in text
(Rio San Juan, 7,000 feet, Durango, Mexico).
U[dontophorus] (Cyrtonyx) montesumae Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 316.
Ortyx massena Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1832, 189 (nomen nudum) ; Illustr. Zool., 1835,
pi. 52, text [p. 3] (Mexico; type in Rivoli collection).
Ortyx massenae Finsch, Abh. Nat. Verh. Bremen, 1870, 357 (Guadalajara, Jalisco).
Cyrtonyx massena Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 1, 1884, pi. 7 and text. — Reichen-
bach, Synop. Av, iii, 1848, Gallinaceae, pi. 194, figs. 1685, 1686. — McCown, Ann.
Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, 10 (Mountains near Saltillo, se. Coahuila;
habits). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, 305 (La Parada, Oaxaca). —
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 74. — Lawrence, Mem. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1874, 306 (Guadalajara, Jalisco). — Beristain and Laurencio,
Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, 1894, 219 (Mexico; Valley of
Mexico).
[Cyrtonyx] massena Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part. — Heine
and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 295 (Mexico).
Cyrtonix massena Cubas, Cuadro Geogr., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los Estados
Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 168 (Mexico; common names).
Tetrao guttata La Llave, Registro Trimestro, i, 1832, 14 (Mexico) ; La Naturaleza,
vii, 1884, app., p. 65.
398
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Perdix perspicillata Lichtenstein fide Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. i, 1844, in
text to pi. 7.
O [dontophorus] meleagris Wagler, Isis, 1832, 278 (Mexico; coll. Wiirtemberg
Mus.) .
[Cyrtonyx] meleagris Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 48, in text (crit.). — Sharpe, Hand¬
list, i, 1899, 46.
Cyrtonyx montesumae meleagris Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 57.
Cyrtonyx sallei (not of Verreaux) Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 287 part (Michoacan, Los Reyes).
CYRTONYX MONTEZUMAE MERRIAMI Nelson
Merriam’s Harlequin Quail
Adult male. — Similar to that of the nominate form but with the crown
darker, the light shaft streaks of the back of the head buffy white, and
the black of the throat continuing posteriorly to the chestnut of the breast,
thereby eliminating any white pectoral band such as is found in the
other races of the species ; sides of breast much lighter gray, more slaty,
with the white spots about half as large, the spots becoming golden buff
on the lower flanks and almost chestnut on the tips of the feathers ; chest¬
nut of breast slightly paler; upper parts with the gray portions of the
feathers more slaty, the light shaft streaks buffy on mantle, gradually
darkening until they are chestnut on the longer scapulars, innermost
secondaries, and upper tail coverts ; the spots on the upper wing coverts
light golden.
Inasmuch as this form is still known only from the type, we quote
here the original description in its entirety (Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 48) :
“The general pattern of head markings of merriami is much as in monte¬
sumae, except that the black chin and throat area extends down to the
chestnut on the lower neck and breast with no intervening white collar ;
the white superciliary band which extends under the black throat patch
as a white collar in montesumae, ends on each side of the neck in mer¬
riami. Bluish-black auricular patches extend forward on the sides of
neck and form a broad junction with the black of the throat. The crown
and crest are darker than in montesumae, the light shaft-streaks on the
back of the neck and shoulders are buffy whitish, becoming more and
more intensely colored posteriorly, until on the longer scapulars and ter-
tiaries they are almost or quite chestnut ; the webs of the tertiaries are
gray, becoming browner near the tips, and are crossed by several trans¬
verse, oblong black spots which are much narrower and more like bars
than are the corresponding markings in montesumae; the back and rump
are blackish with golden buffy shaft-lines, brown mottling and narrow
ashy edgings to the feathers; the upper tail coverts are ashy with heavy
rusty shaft-lines and several transverse black bars on each web of the
feathers ; the chestnut area of the breast and belly is as in montesumae,
but is of a lighter shade ; the sides of the breast and flanks are slaty
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
399
gray, lighter than in the latter species and marked with numerous round
white spots about half the size of those in that bird. On the posterior
portion of the flanks the white spotting is replaced by spots of buffy and
chestnut. The rest of the lower parts are black as in montesumae ”
Known only from the type locality, the eastern slopes of Mount Orizaba,
and probably (sight records only) from Antigua, nearer the coast, in
the State of Veracruz.
Cyrtonyx merriami Nelson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 48 (e. slope of Mount Orizaba, Vera¬
cruz, e. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; xix, 1902, 391, pi. IS, fig. 3 (crit.). _
Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1903, iii (crit.).
[Cyrtonyx] merriami Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
C[yrtonyx ] merriami Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 306,
in text (crit.).
Cyrtonyx sailed (not of J. Verreaux) Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1902, 242 (tax.; crit.).—
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 306, part (Volcan de
Orizaba).
Cyrtonyx montesumae (not of Vigors) Heilfurth, Journ. fur Orn., lxxviii, 1930,
40, 44, 45 in text (Antigua, Veracruz; seen).
Cyrtonyx montesumae merriami Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 57 (e.
slopes of Mount Orizaba, Veracruz). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 286 (syn. ; distr.).
CYRTONYX MONTEZUMAE SALLEI Verreaux
Salle’s Harlequin Quail
Adult male. Similar to that of Cyrtonyx montesumae montesumae
above but more brownish, less blackish, upper wing coverts and scapulars
clear light grayish olive wdth heavy but widely spaced transverse black
spots; the shaft stripes of the interscapulars and upper back warm buff,
those of the scapulars, upper wing coverts, rump, upper tail coverts, and
rectrices ochraceous-orange to ochraceous-tawny ; below differs from the
nominate race in having the brown median area of the breast and abdomen
paler— bright chestnut with a slight orange-tawny tinge; the feathers of
the sides of the breast and of the upper abdomen much paler — slate-gray
with smaller round white spots, the spots becoming chestnut on the
feathers of the sides of the lower abdomen, the most posterior of which
have chestnut stripes as well ; the dark area from the lores to the auriculars
and sides of throat paler, slate instead of blackish slate.
Adult female. — Very similar to that of the nominate race but with the
upperparts averaging darker, the brown areas of the feathers Saccardo’s
umber (as compared to tawny-olive in C. in. montesumae ) and the black
cross marks more densely and abundantly developed, giving a general
impression of a blacker dorsum ; the breast and abdomen averaging slightly
darker vinaceous-fawn.
Immature male.— This is not a true plumage, but in a bird of which
so little is known it is deemed advisable to include here the following
400 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
notes made on a molting specimen collected at Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca,
August 31, 1894, by Nelson and Goldman, U.S.N.M. No. 155551 :
Similar to adult male above except that the forehead and crown are tawny-
buff to buckthorn brown, the feathers tipped with dusky; superciliaries
and lores white ; no black anywhere on the head ; greater and median
upper wing coverts pale buckthorn brown with buffy white shafts and
almost without transverse dark markings ; lores, malar area, cheeks and
auriculars buckthorn brown to sepia except immediately around and be¬
hind the eye which area is white finely speckled with brownish ; chin
and throat white, the latter with small dusky brown spots ; the brown
of the breast and midventral part of abdomen very much paler-clay color.
Adult male. — Wing 120-124.5 (122.3); tail 42.5-54 (48.1); culmen
from base 15.7-16.4 (16.1); 31-32 (31.3); middle toe without claw
22.2-24 (22.8 mm.).89
Adult female. — Wing 121.5; tail 51; culmen from base 15.5; tarsus
29.4; middle toe without claw 22.3 mm. (1 specimen).
Range. — Resident in tropical rain forest in the highlands of western
Mexico from Guerrero ( Amula, Omilteme, and Isguagilite) to east-central
Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe and Ozolotepec).
Type locality. — Mexico= State of Guerrero.
Cyrtonyx sallei Verreaux, in Thomson, Arcuna Naturae, 1, 1859, pi. 4. — Peters,
Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 57 (distr.) . — Griscom, Auk, liv, 1937, 193
(Isguagilite, Guerrero, female; plum.; crit.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 287 part (syn. ; distr.; all except Michoacan).
Cyrtonyx sallaei Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinse, 1867, 74. — S alvin and
Godman, Ibis, 1889, 242 (Amula, Guerrero; crit.) ; Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves,
iii, 1903, 306 part (Amula, Guerrero). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxii, 1893, 427 (Amula, Guerrero) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 148 (monogr.).
— Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii,
No. 7-8, 1894, 219 (Mexico). — Nelson, Auk, xix, 1902, pi. 15, fig. 4.
Cyrtonyx sailed Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxv, 1934, 422 (Guerrero,
Mexico) .
[ Cyrtonyx ] sailed Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 272, No. 9776. — Sclater and Salvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137. — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
C\yrtonyx] sailed Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 194.
CYRTONYX OCELLATUS (Gould)
Ocellated Harlequin Quail
Adult male. — Lores and middle of forehead and of crown blackish slate,
broadly bordered on each side with white ; a blackish-slate supraorbital
line from the lores to the posterolateral angle of the occiput; this band
continuous through the lores with a broader paler one (slate color) ex¬
tending posteroventrally demarcating the throat from the face and
expanding into a triangle over the lower sides of the head ; the cheeks
“ Three specimens from Oaxaca and Guerrero.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
401
proper blacker — blackish slate ; circumocular area, auriculars, and a band
connecting with the breast band white ; eyelids black ; chin and middle
of throat black, the white band across the lower throat and upper breast
posteriorly edged with black ; middle of crown, most of occiput, and upper
nape buffy brown to olive-brown, a few of the coronal feathers with
ochraceous-orange shaft stripes ; most of nape and upper interscapulars
deep mouse gray with large rounded spots of buffy white to buffy ; most
of interscapulars deep mouse gray transversely broadly spotted with black,
these spots sometimes coalescing into blotches basally, and with broad
shaft stripes of warm buff to ochraceous-tawny ; scapulars and feathers
of back and lower back and rump similar but with the black areas greater
and more coalesced, the shaft stripes greatly reduced on the back, lower
back and rump ; inner secondaries and upper wing coverts light grayish
olive with a faint buffy tinge and with broad auburn to pale chestnut shaft
stripes and both vanes transversely marked with large but widely spaced
black spots ; outer secondaries without brown shaft stripes, and with the
light grayish olive color replaced by dark hair brown to light clove brown,
the black transverse spots thereby rendered much less conspicuous ; inner¬
most secondaries externally and terminally spotted with pinkish cinnamon ;
primaries dark clove brown to fuscous, externally spotted with pale pinkish
buff to pale buff ; upper tail coverts light grayish olive with very broad
chestnut to auburn shaft stripes and with both webs spotted with black;
rectrices similar but with narrower shaft stripes ; breast and upper ab¬
domen pale warm buff, the feathers terminally washed with ochraceous-
tawny to tawny, the extent, in area and intensity of this wash increasing
posteriorly until on the middle of the abdomen the feathers are wholly of
this color and even darker, more washed with bright chestnut ; sides of
neck and of breast dark gull gray to slate spotted with buffy to buffy
white; sides of upper abdomen with the spots pale ochraceous-tawny and
much larger, reducing the gray to incomplete, transverse bars ; lower sides
and flanks with the gray still more reduced and the brown areas darker —
more auburn and chestnut ; the lower flanks dark chestnut with the gray
marks largely replaced by black; middle of lower abdomen, vent, under
tail coverts, and thighs black; under wing coverts grayish wood brown
flecked with pale pinkish cinnamon ; “bill black with mandible and maxil¬
lary rami pale blue; tarsi and feet, light blue (close to light Delft blue) ;
claws, horn color; iris dark brown” (van Rossem).
Adult jemale. — Very similar to that of Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi
but averaging darker above (more blackish brown transverse markings
on the feathers) and more ochraceous, less pinkish or vinaceous below,
and with the dorsal shaft stripes definitely washed with buffy ; from the
more southern races of C. montezumae it differs in having the breast
paler, less vinaceous.
402
BULLETIN 60, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Juvenal male.'90— Similar to the adult female but buffier below.
Juvenal female. — Similar to the adult female slightly lighter and buffier
below, and with wider pale shaft stripes on the inner secondaries; “bill,
blackish horn color ; mandible and maxillary rami, pale, light blue ; tarsi
and feet, bluish horn color; iris, dark brown’’ (van Rossem).
Adult male.— Wing 114-130 (123.2); tail 48-57.5 (53.0); oilmen
from base 15.1-17.5 (16.1) ; tarsus' 30.4—33.2 (32.1) ; middle toe without
claw 21.0-24.3 (22.5 mm.).91
Adult female.— Wing 110.5-119.5 (115.7); tail 45-55.5 (48.8); oil¬
men from base 15.1-16.7 (15.6) ; tarsus 28.9-32.0 (30.9) ; middle toe
without claw 20.4—23.6 (22.0 mm.).92
Range. — Resident in the upperparts of the pine forests of the Arid
Upper Tropical Zone from southern Mexico (eastern Oaxaca — Santa
Efigenia; Tapanatepec; and Chiapas — Teopisca) south in the highlands
at elevations of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet to the drier parts of the central
highlands of Guatemala east of the Pacific divide, to the cordillera of
El Salvador, to Honduras (Hatillo, Jalapa, Danli, Cantoral, Alto Cantoral,
Ceguaca, Tegucigalpa, etc.), and to northern Nicaragua (San Rafael
del Norte).
Type locality. — Guatemala.
Ortyx ocellatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1836 (1837), 75 (locality unknown
[= Guatemala] ; coll. Zool. Soc. London).
Cyrlonyx ocellatus Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., pt. 2, 1846, pi. 8 and text. — Sclater
and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 226 (Guatemala). — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5,
Gallinae, 1867, 74. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 428
(Quezaltenango, Duenas, and Toliman, Guatemala) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii,
1897, 149 (monogr.). — Beristain and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient.
“Antonio Alzate,” vii, Nos. 7-8, 1894, 219 (Mexico; Chiapas and Tabasco). —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 307 (Santa Efigenia,
Oaxaca ; Quezaltenango, Duenas, and Toliman at 5,000 feet, Guatemala ; Danli,
Jalapa, n. Honduras).— Dearborn, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 125, 1907,
77 (Lake Atitlan to Tecpam, Guatemala, 7,000 feet). — Bangs and Peters, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lxviii, 1928, 387 (Tapanatepec, Oaxaca, Mexico). — Stone,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932, 302 (Honduras; Danli). —
Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 107 ( distr. ; Guatemala;
Antigua, Nebaj, San Antonio, Panajachel, and San Lucas). — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 287 (syn. ; distr.).
[Cyrtonyx] ocellatus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 272, No. 9775. — Sclater and Salvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137. — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 46.
“Only juvenal males seen are in a very late stage of the post-juvenal molt and
consequently give merely glimpses of the juvenal plumage. The sexes are probably
alike in juvenal plumage.
01 Fifteen specimens from Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua,
and Honduras.
“Nine specimens from Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
403
C[yrtonyx] ocellatus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii,
1874, 492. — Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 194.
Cyrtonyx ocellatus ocellatus Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 57.
[Cyrtoiiyx] [ocellatus] ocellatus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, xiii,
1932, 56, in text (Guatemala).
Cyrtonyx sumichrasti Lawrence, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., i, 1877, 51 (moun¬
tains of Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). — Ridgway,
Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 194, footnote.
C[yrtonyx] ocellatus sumichrasti Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 194,
footnote, in text (crit.).
Cyrtonyx ocellatus differens Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, xiii, 1932,
56 (Hatillo, Honduras; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.; meas. ; crit.). — Peters,
Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 57 (w. Honduras and n. Nicaragua).— Dickey
and van Rossem, Birds El Salvador, 1938, 155 (El Salvador; Los Esesmiles;
spec.; distr. ; colors of soft parts).
Genus RHYNCHORTYX Ogilvie-Grant
Rhynchortyx Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 443. (Type, by
monotypy and original designation, Odontophorus spodiostethus Salvin and
Odontophorus cinctus Salvin (the former is the male, the latter the female of
the same species).)
Medium-sized or rather small short-tailed Odontophorinae (wing about
111-125 mm.) with only 10 rectrices, tarsus much longer than middle
toe with claw, claws very small (the longest much shorter than second
phalanx of middle toe), relatively large and very thick bill (chord of
culmen nearly equal to combined length of first two phalanges of middle
toe), the outer side of planta tarsi with a single continuous series of
large obliquely transverse scutella, the inner side without scutella (except
overlapping ends of outer series).
Bill relatively large and very thick, the chord of culmen (from extreme
base) equal to nearly half the length of tarsus and nearly if not quite
equal to combined length of first two phalanges of middle toe; depth of
bill at base much greater than distance from anterior end of nasal fossa
to tip of maxilla, equal to nearly one-third the length of tarsus, and de¬
cidedly greater than width of bill at rictus; culmen very strongly convex,
slightly arched basally, distinctly (but not sharply) ridged; tip of maxilla
strongly produced, forming a conspicuous thick unguis ; gonys rounded
in transverse section, slightly convex, ascending terminally, its basal angle
not prominent. Outermost primary a little shorter than eighth, the third,
fourth or third, fourth and fifth (from outside) longest. Tail about one-
third as long as wing, rounded, the rectrices (12) moderately firm, broad,
with rounded tips. Tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw, be¬
tween one-fourth and one-third as long as wing, the planta tarsi with
a single series of large, obliquely transverse scutella which overlap to
the posterior portion of inner side, destitute of small scutella or scales
on either side; claws exceedingly short, that of the middle toe but little
404
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
more than half (sometimes less than half) as long as second phalanx of
the middle toe. (One species with four races.)
Range. — Honduras to Colombia, tropical zone.
Figure 23. — Rhynchortyx cinctus,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
405
KEY TO THE FORMS OF RHYNCHORTYX CINCTUS (SALVIN)
a. Forehead and cheeks orange-rufous; breast gray (males).
b. Lower back and rump darker — Dresden brown or darker; gray of breast
darker— between deep neutral gray and slate color.
Rhynchortyx cinctus australis (extralimital)B3
bb. Lower back and rump paler — pale olive-buffy-brown or grayer ; gray of breast
paler— between neutral gray and deep neutral gray.
c. Lower abdomen very largely white.
d. Thighs whitish, only faintly barred (Caribbean slope of eastern Darien).
Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius (p. 409)
dd. Thighs pale buffy, barred with dusky (tropical zone of Honduras and
Nicaragua) . Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus (p. 405)
cc. Lower abdomen with only a small amount of white (Panama, except the
Caribbean slope of Darien) . Rhynchortyx cinctus cinctus (p. 408)
aa. Forehead and cheeks not orange-rufous, but reddish brown; breast reddish brown
(females).
b. Bars on abdomen very dark — fuscous to fuscous-black.
Rhynchortyx cinctus australis (extralimital)
bb. Bars on abdomen paler — dark sepia or paler.
c. Lower abdomen very largely white.
d. Cheeks duller — dark olive-brown (tropical zone of Honduras and
Nicaragua) . Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus (p. 405)
dd. Cheeks brighter — amber brown (Caribbean slope of eastern Darien).
Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius (p. 409)
cc. Lower abdomen with only a small amount of white (Panama except the
Caribbean slope of Darien) . Rhynchortyx cinctus cinctus (p. 408)
RHYNCHORTYX CINCTUS PUDIBUNDUS Peters
Honduranian Long-legged Colin
Adult male.— Forehead, lores, broad superciliaries, cheeks, sides of
throat, and auriculars bright amber brown with a strong suffusion of
orange-rufous ; a narrow dusky line from the anterior angle of the eye
to the lores, and a broader one of mummy brown from the posterior angle
of the eye to the auriculars ; crown and occiput dark Prout’s brown to
chestnut-brown, some of the feathers with minute terminal spots of
blackish and with faint buffy shafts ; nape and interscapulars neutral gray,
the feathers very broadly edged with auburn ; scapulars and a row of
feathers across the upper back just posterior to the interscapulars with
their inner webs fuscous to fuscous black basally flecked and flecked with
“ Rhynchortyx cinctus australis Chapman. — Rhynchortyx cinctus (not Odonto-
phorus cinctus Salvin) Hartert, Nov. Zool., ix, 1902, 600 (Bulieu, Rio Bogotd, and
Pambilar, nw. Ecuador; crit.) ; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, 1206
(Colombia; Sipi, Choco; plum.). — Rhynchortyx cinctus australis Chapman, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxiv, 1915, 365 (Barbacoas, w. Columbia; coll. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist.) ; xxxvi, 1917, 202 (Choco, Andagueda, Bagado, Baudo, and Barbacoas,
Pacific coast of Colombia; descr.) ; lv, 1926, 161 (nw. Ecuador); Peters, Check¬
list Birds World, ii, 1934, 58 (distr.) ; Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 289 (syn.; distr.).
653008°— 46 - 27
406
BULLETIN 50. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
dark hazel, their shafts narrowly buff, their outer webs huffy brown
faintly vermiculated with dusky, and, on the scapulars, with pale gray
and externally suffused with dark hazel ; secondaries dark olive-brown
to sepia, externally and terminally blotched and freckled with light
ochraceous-buff, the terminal freckling on the inner web tinged with hazel ;
upper wing coverts similar but many of them with blackish-brown blotches
on their inner webs and the pale freckling extending on the inner webs
to a greater degree ; primaries dark dull sepia to clove brown, externally
freckled with light ochraceous-buff, but only sparingly ; back, lower back,
rump, and upper tail coverts reveal two fairly distinct color phases — one
has these parts dusky isabelline to buffy brown with dark shafts and more
or less freckled transversely with dusky, especially on the more posterior
parts ; the other with the back and lower back vinaceous-fawn to fawn
color obscurely crossed by widely spaced narrow dusky slate bars; the
rump and upper tail coverts dark sayal brown to snuff brown with dusky
shafts and tranverse freckling; rectrices Brussels brown flecked, and
basally blotched, with dark, dull sepia ; chin and upper throat whitish ;
lower throat and breast between neutral gray and dark gull gray; upper
abdomen, sides, and flanks, ochraceous-buff to cinnamon-buff, darkening
laterally to clay color ; thighs ochraceous-buff barred with fuscous ; under
tail coverts similar ; middle of lower abdomen whitish ; under wing coverts
dull sepia to pale clove brown; iris reddish brown; bill black, becoming
brownish horn color at the tip ; tarsi and toes plumbeous.
Adult female. — Forehead, crown, and occiput dark Prout’s brown to
chestnut-brown; upperparts of body, wings, and tail as in adult male;
the two color phases present — vinaceous-fawn and buffy brown on the
backs, as in the males; no orange-rufous on the sides of head as in the
males, this color being replaced by dark olive-brown, the feathers of
the cheeks and sides of neck with white shafts; a row of dusky-tipped
white feathers from lores to, under, and behind the eye extending to the
posterolateral angle of the occiput; immediately below this a dark choco¬
late band behind the eye ; chin and upper throat white ; lower throat and
hi east antique brown to amber brown, many of the feathers decidedly
grayish broadly edged with antique brown ; upper and lateral parts of
abdomen white, barred with sepia to dusky sepia ; thighs similar but less
strongly or distinctly barred ; most of middle lower abdomen white ; under
tail coveits ochraceous-buff barred with fuscous, under wing coverts
dull sepia.
Juvenal male.0 Similar to adult female but darker, less rufescent
above and on the lower throat, breast, and abdomen; forehead, crown,
occiput, nape, and interscapulars between clove brown and dark mummy
brown, the feathers with minute pale smoke-gray spots along the distal
The only example seen was a male, but probably the sexes are alike in this
plumage.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
407
half of the shaft; lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts bright pinkish
buff sparingly barred with fuscous-black ; scapulars, secondaries, and
upper wing coverts as in adult but slightly more rufescent ; primaries
without freckling on the outer webs ; rest of upperparts as in adult female ;
cheeks and sides of head, lower throat, breast, and upper abdomen grayish
olive brown ; some of the feathers of the breast with small white flecks
along the shaft, these flecks becoming broad V-shaped bars on the upper
abdomen and sides ; chin and upper throat pale ochraceous-buff ; rest
of underparts as in adult female.
Natal down. — Center of forehead, crown, and occiput very dark choco¬
late ; lores, broad superciliaries, cheeks, auriculars, chin, and upper throat
pale buckthorn brown ; a fuscous line from the gape to the anterior angle
of the eye, thence over it and again as a streak leading away from it ;
interscapular area russet; rest of upperparts similar but darker chestnut-
brown ; breast russet ; abdomen, sides, flanks, thighs, and under tail
coverts dusky hair brown, paling to whitish on the middle of the abdomen.
Adult male. — Wing 105.5-114.0 (110.5) ; tail 41.0-47.0 (44.7) ; culmen
from base 15.5-16.4 (15.8) ; tarsus 32.8-34.5 (33.5) ; middle toe without
claw 23.1-25 .3 (23.9 mm.).85
Adult female. — Wing 107-1 12 ; tail 43-46 ; culmen from base 14.6-14.9 ;
tarsus 30.8-33 ; middle toe without claw 24.0 mm.96
Range. — Resident in the deep tropical forests of coastal Honduras
(Lancetilla), south to eastern and north-central Nicaragua (Rio
Escondido, Ojoche, Matagalpa, Rio Tuma, Pena Blanca, Vizagua).97
Type locality. — Lancetilla, Honduras.
Rhynchorlyx cinctus pudibundus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxix, 1929, 405
(Lancetilla, Honduras; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.; descr. ; crit. ; habits);
Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 58 (Lancetilla). — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., lxx, 1930, 161 (type spec, in Mus. Comp. Zool.).— Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv, 1932, 302 (Honduras, Lancetilla).— Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 288 (syn. ; distr.).
R[hynchorlyx] c[inctus] cinctus (not of Salvin) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., xxxiv, 1915, 365, in text, part (Nicaragua).
Rhynchorlyx cinctus cinctus Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxiv,
1932, 207 (ne. Nicaragua — Eden; spec.; colors of soft parts). — Peters, Check¬
list Birds World, ii, 1934, 58, part (distr. — Nicaragua). — Hellmayr and
Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 288, part (syn.; distr.).
Odontophorus spodiostethus Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 524 (Rio
Escondido, e. Nicaragua; descr.).
Rhyncho-rlyx spodiostethus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903,
313, part (Rio Escondido and Ojoche, Nicaragua).
[Rhynchortyx] spodiostethus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 47, part (Nicaragua).
“ Eight specimens from Nicaragua (7) and Honduras (1).
“"Two specimens, one each from Honduras and Nicaragua.
87 In north-central Nicaragua (Matagalpa area) the birds begin to show a tendency
to vary in the direction of the Panamanian race R. c. cinctus.
408
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
RHYNCHORTYX CINCTUS CINCTUS (Salvin)
Long-legged Colin
Adult male. — Similar to that of Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus, but
with less white on the lower abdomen, the tawny tones below averaging
darker — clay color to pale tawny-olive ; and the gray of the breast darker
on the average — deep neutral gray.
There seem to be three, instead of only two, color phases in the males
of this race, the color affecting the back, rump, and upper tail coverts.
One specimen from Tacarcuna has this area dark mouse gray finely pep¬
pered with blackish and white, no rufescent being present except on the
tips of the upper tail coverts ; another from the same place is of the vina-
ceous fawn phase; while still another, from Mount Sapo, in the Pacific
slope of Darien, is of the buffy-brown phase.
Adult female. — Similar to that of Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus but
with less white on the lower abdomen and averaging slightly darker and
more rufescent above (in the vinaceous-fawn-backed phase, the back is
darker and deeper pinkish in color) ; the cheeks slightly more rufescent.
Juvenal. — None seen.
Natal down.- — Similar to that of Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus.
Adult male.— Wing 110.5-116.5 (113.5); tail 44.1-47.8 (46.1); oil¬
men from base 16-16.9 (16.3) ; tarsus 33.2-36 (34.5) ; middle toe without
claw 24.3-26 (25 mm.).98
Adult female. — Wing 105-112 (109.2) ; tail 41.4-47.8 (44.4) ; culmen
from base 14.9—15.5 (15.1) ; tarsus 31.8—35.6 (33.7) ; middle toe without
claw 22.5-26.1 (24.1 mm.).99
Range.- — Resident in the deep tropical forests of Costa Rica (Villa
Quesada) and Panama south and east to the Pacific slope of Darien,
Mount Sapo, Agua Duke, Veraguas, Darien, Tacarcuna, Cituro, Mount
Pirri, Tapalisa).
Type locality. — -Veraguas, western Panama.
Odontophorus cinctus Salvin, Ibis, 1876, 379 (Veraguas, w. Panama; coll. Salvin
and Godman, now in coll. Brit. Mus.). — Rowley, Orn. Misc., iii, pt. 11, 1877,
39, pi. 81.— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, pi. 75 ( =
female).
Rhynchortyx cinctus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 444 (Vera¬
guas) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 162 (Veraguas). — Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 313 (Veraguas).
R[hynchortyx] cinctus Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 316.
[Rhynchortyx] cinctus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 47.
R[hynchortyx] c[inctus] cinctus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxiv,
1915, 365, in text, part (Veraguas).
08 Eight specimens from Panama.
“ Six specimens from Panama.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
409
Rhynchortyx cinctus cinctus Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxv, 1922,
196 Mount Sapo, Darien). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 58, part
(distr.). — Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxviii, 1935, 304 (Panama; Pacific
slope; Veraguas — very rare; Darien — -common).— Hell m a yr and Conover, Cat.
Birds Amer, i, No. 1, 1942, 288 part (syn. ; distr.).
Odontophorus spodiostethus S alvin. Ibis, 1878, 447 (Veraguas, w. Panama; coll.
Salvin and Godman, now in coll. Brit. Mus.). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, pi. 76 (= male).
Rhynchortyx spodiostethus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 443
(Veraguas and Agua Dulce, Panama) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 162, pi. 34
(male). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 313, part
(Veraguas and Agua Dulce, Panama).
[Rhynchortyx] spodiostethus Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 47, part (Panama).
Odontophorus rubigenis (Lawrence MS.), Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi,
1893, 525, in text (Panama; type in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; manuscript name
for O. spodiostethus).
RHYNCHORTYX CINCTUS HYPOPIUS Griscom
Caribbean Long-legged Colin
Adult male. — Similar to that of Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus but
with more white in the center of the abdomen, the ochraceous tones paler —
between light ochraceous-buff and warm buff, the thighs whiter.
Adult female. — Very similar to that of Rhynchortyx cinctus pudibundus
but cheeks slightly more rufescent, the auriculars rusty instead of sooty,
top of head more rufescent, under tail coverts averaging more whitish.
Other plumages apparently unknown.
Adult male. — Wing 111-117.5 (113.4) ; tail 43. 1 — 48. 1 (45.8) ; culmen
from base 16.0-17.0 (16.6) ; tarsus 34.1-35.5 (34.8) ; middle toe with¬
out claw 23.3-25.1 (24.4 mm.).1
Adult female. — Wing 105.5; tail - ; culmen from base 15.4; tarsus
32.7; middle toe without claw 22.8 mm. (1 specimen).
Range. — Resident in tropical forests of the Caribbean slope of eastern
Panama from Rio Pequeni, Canal Zone (not wholly typical), east to
Perme and Obaldia, eastern Darien.
Type locality. — Obaldia, Caribbean slope of eastern Panama.
Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxxii, 1932, 320
(Obaldia, Caribbean slope, Darien, eastern Panama; type in Mus. Comp. Zool.;
descr. ; crit.) ; lxxviii, 1935, 304 (Panama; Caribbean slope of eastern Darien).
— Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 58 (distr.). — Hellmayr and Con¬
over, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 289 (syn.; distr.).
Genus PERDIX Brisson
Perdix Brisson, Orn., i, 1760, 219. (Type, by tautonymy, Perdix Brisson = Tetrao
perdix Linnaeus.)
Perdrix (emendation) Brunnich, Zool. Fundam., 1771, 86.
1 Six specimens.
410
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Starna Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 43. (Type, by monotypy, Pcrdix
cinerea Latham = Tetrao perdix Linnaeus.)
Sacfa Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxv, 1857, 165. (Type, by monotypy,
5". hc/dgsoniae Hodgson.)
Medium-sized Perdicinae (wing about 139-158 nun.) with 16-18 rec-
trices, outermost primary shorter than seventh, tarsus without rudimentary
spurs, and upper parts conspicuously variegated.
Bill moderate in relative size, rather slender, its depth at base of cul-
men (anterior end of mesorhinium) equal to very much less (approxi¬
mately two-thirds) the distance from anterior margin of nasal fossa to
tip of maxilla and equal to or greater than its width at same point; culmen
moderately but regularly convex, rounded or very indistinctly obtusely
angular in transverse section, the tip of maxilla produced much beyond
tip of mandible; gonys about half as long as culmen to decidedly more
than half as long, nearly straight, little if at all ascending terminally,
broad and depressed in transverse section, not at all ridged, its basal angle
not prominent; nostrils narrow, obliquely horizontal (the posterior end
higher than the anterior end), margined below by dense short feathering
of the triangular loral antia, overhung by a broad and prominent horny
operculum; mesorhinium very short, broadly rounded and or flattened
transversely. Wing moderate, rounded, the outermost primary inter¬
mediate between seventh and eighth (from outside), the third to fifth
longest; longer primaries extending considerably beyond tips of longest
(proximal) secondaries. Tail about half as long as wing, slightly but
distinctly rounded, the rectrices (16-18) firm, moderately broad, rounded
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
411
at tips, extending but slightly beyond longer coverts. Tarsus stout, a
little longer than middle toe with claw, without trace of rudimentary spurs.
Plumage and coloration. — Plumage of head (except crown, occiput
and nape) short, dense, and blended, the auriculars, however, hairlike
and somewhat elongated ; the feathers on sides of throat also sometimes
elongated ; rest of plumage compact, the feathers distinctly outlined, except
on abdomen and anal region. Upperparts mixed gray and brownish,
variegated by darker vermiculations or bars, shaft streaks of buffy on
scapulars, wing coverts, and tertials, and buffy spots on outer webs of
primaries ; sides and flanks broadly barred with black or rufous-chestnut.
Sexes alike in coloration, sometimes slightly different.
Range. — Palearctic Region: Western Europe to Manchuria. Arnur-
land, and China, south to northern India. (Three species with many
races, only one in our region.)
PERDIX PERDIX PERDIX (Linnaeus)
Partridge; “Hungarian Partridge”
Adult male (winter plumage). — Broad forehead, lores, superciliary
stripe, chin, throat, and cheeks between clay color and pale tawny-olive
with a slight cinnamomeous tinge; the auriculars buffy brown; crown and
middle of occiput buffy brown, the feathers dark dull sepia basally and
medially, with pale ashy-buff shafts ; nape, interscapulars, and upper back
pale mouse gray finely barred with wavy black lines and terminally broadly
suffused with pale tawny-olive ; scapulars pale tawny-olive to dusky isa-
belline, vermiculated with black, crossed by a broad band of dark chestnut
about their middle, basally blackish, and with conspicuous buffy-white
narrow shaft streaks ; innermost secondaries similar but with the blackish
basal area more extended onto the chestnut, which is restricted to the
median part of the feathers, not reaching the edges of the webs, some¬
what grayish terminally ; other secondaries tawny-cinnamon crossed by
widely spaced triple bars, each bar consisting of two clove-brown to
fuscous ones with a pale pinkish buff in between these bars breaking
up on the inner webs of the inner secondaries into irregular mottlings ;
primaries dull fuscous to clove brown barred with pinkish buff to pale
pinkish buff, the pale bars narrow and the interspaces broad ; greater
upper wing coverts like the scapulars but with the chestnut confined to
their inner webs and usually concealed by overlapping of feathers and
crossed by widely spaced buffy bars ; median and lesser upper wing
coverts like the greater ones but with the buff bars ; feathers of back,
lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts like the interscapulars but more
buffy and with dark chestnut subterminal sagittate bars, which are edged
proximally and distally with pale pinkish buffy, these chestnut bars be¬
coming much wider on the rump and upper tail coverts ; rectrices argus
brown with a chestnut tinge, narrowly tipped with buffy gray, except
412
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
the two central pairs which are like the upper tail coverts but more heavily
and coarsely vermiculated with clove brown to dark dull sepia and without
the large sagittate subterminal chestnut marking ; breast and upper ab¬
domen gray vermiculated with dusky like the interscapulars but much
purer gray, not washed with buffy brown ; sides similar but the feathers
with subterminal broad sagittate bars of tawny; flanks similar but more
tinged with buff; in middle of upper abdomen a large patch of bright
auburn to pale chestnut, these feathers having white bases, middle of
lower abdomen and vent white; thighs whitish tinged with grayish buff;
under tail coverts pale buff to pale cinnamon-buff transversely narrowly
speckled with dull dark sepia ; bill greenish horn color ; tarsi and toes
gray tinged with yellowish flesh; iris brown; bare skin behind eye red.
Adult male (summer plumage). — Same as the winter plumage but with
new feathers on the nape, interscapulars and throat, the new plumes on
the nape and interscapulars buffy gray with pale shaft lines.
Adult male (rufescent phase). — Like the normal phase but with the
tawny of the head more ferruginous and extending over the breast which
is heavily vermiculated with deep bay ; the sides and flanks bay, the
dark brown abdominal spot much larger and deeper in color — dark bay.
Adult female (winter plumage). — Like the corresponding male but
the tawny of the forehead, lores, cheeks, chin, and throat slightly paler
and pinker, less olive or tawny ; feathers of crown and occiput with darker
bases and with their subterminal pale shaft streaks terminallv edged with
blackish, producing a more spotted appearance ; nape, interscapulars more
brownish, less grayish than in the male ; rest of upperparts more brownish,
less grayish than in the male and with more dark fuscous to fuscous-
black blotches showing (these basal areas of the feathers more extensive)
and with the subterminal dark sagittate band darker, deep chestnut to
bay; breast averaging somewhat huffier than in male; the middle of the
upper abdomen usually white with only a few broad chestnut tips on the
feathers, but also, in other specimens, a large chestnut patch almost as
extensive as in the male; wings as in male except that the median and
lesser upper coverts have buffy bars like the greater ones ; inner secondaries
and scapulars with less chestnut, the bases dark bister to fuscous with
widely spaced pale buffy bars.
Adult female (summer plumage). — Like the winter plumage but with
the new feathers on the back and sides of the neck and the lower throat
with pale shaft streaks with tear-shaped spots margined with fuscous,
those on rest of upperparts brownish black narrowly tipped with buffy
and with widely spaced narrow pale buffy bands, those on breast, base
of throat and base of sides of neck broadly barred brown-black and
grayish white, and those on the sides of the breast and flanks broadly
barred and marked with buff and brownish black ( ex Handbook British
Birds).
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
413
Adult female (rufescent phase). — Similar to the normal phase but
with the forehead, superciliaries, cheeks, chin, and throat somewhat darker
and brighter — between ochraceous-salmon and light ochraceous-salmon ;
crown, occiput, and nape tawny-olive washed with cinnamon; rest of
upperparts as in the normal phase but the general tone between pinkish
buff and cinnamon-buff (instead of gray) vermiculated with blackish;
the sagittate subterminal bars broader and paler— rufescent amber brown ;
breast washed with tawny to pale cinnamon ; flanks, thighs, and under
tail coverts much more rufescent — pinkish cinnamon-buff.
Adult (first winter). — Like older adults, but with the two outermost
primaries (retained from the juvenal plumage) with more pointed tips.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — “Crown black-brown finely streaked buff, each
feather having buff shaft-streaks ; back of neck, mantle, back, rump, and
upper tailcoverts buff-brown with whitish to pale buff shaft-streaks in¬
conspicuously margined blackish ; lores and sides of head dark brown
streaked whitish ; chin, throat, and center of belly whitish to pale buff ;
breast, sides and flanks, and under tailcoverts buff brown slightly paler
than mantle and with whiter shaft-streaks, faintly margined brown on
flanks ; tail much like adult but feathers tipped buff and with subterminal
dusky bars and spots and central ones speckled and barred dusky ;
primaries brown with pale buff tips and widely spaced bars on outer
webs ; secondaries with pale buff bars extending across both webs and
vermiculated brown, shafts pale buff ; scapulars, inner secondaries, and
wingcoverts brown buff with wide brown-black bars and mottlings and
pale shaft streaks widening to white spots at tips of feathers” ; . . . legs
and feet yellow” (ex Witherby et al., Handbook British Birds, v,
1941, 245).
Natal dozmi (sexes alike). — “Closely covered with soft down, shorter
on head ; tarsi and toes bare. Crown chestnut with a few small black
spots sometimes extending to lines; back of neck with a wide black line
down center, at sides pale buff marked black ; rest of upperparts pale
buff with some rufous and black blotches or ill-defined lines ; at base of
wings a spot, and on rump a patch, of chestnut ; forehead and sides of
head pale yellow-buff (sometimes tinged rufous) with spots, small blotches
and lines of black; chin and throat uniform pale yellow-buff; rest of
underparts slightly yellower, bases of down sooty” (ex Witherby et ah,
Handbook British Birds, v, 1941, 244—245).
Adult male. — Wing 144—157 (151.8) ; tail 78-84 (80.9) ; culmen from
basal groove 11.4—13.8 (12.4) ; tarsus 35-42 (39.1) ; middle toe without
claw 27.2-32.3 (30.6 mm.).1 2
1 Five specimens from Germany, France, and captivity.
To these data may be added the following based on a long series from England,
published by Witherby et ah, Handbook Brit. Birds, v, 1941, 245:
22 males: Wing 150-162; tail 73-83; bill from feathers 13-16; tarsus 38-42 mm.
A series of females: Wing 150-158; tail 73-78.
414
BULLETIN BO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Wing 146.5-154.5 (150.1) ; tail 76.0-80.0 (78) ; cul-
men from basal groove 12.3-13.7 (13.0) ; tarsus 38.7-43.3 (40.9) ; middle
toe without claw 29.5-31.4 (30.5 mm.).3
Range.- — Breeds and is resident in Europe from Belgium and Holland
north to Denmark and Norway, Sweden, and Finland, south to north¬
eastern France, Switzerland, Austria, western Rumania, Macedonia, and
Greece, and east to Poland and the Ukraine. Introduced into North
America from England and Hungary and is acclimatized in Canada ( Sas¬
katchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, and Manitoba) and the United
States (northwestern Kansas, Iowa, southeastern Wisconsin, Montana,
eastern Washington, and eastern Oregon). Introduced unsuccessfully
in the Eastern States from Maine and New York south to Florida and
Mississippi, also in the Central States from Minnesota, Michigan, Illinois,
and Indiana south to Nebraska, Arkansas, and Missouri, and also in
California.
Type locality. — Sweden.
[Tetrao] perdix Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 160 (“Europae agris” ; descr.) ;
ed. 12, i, 1766, 276.- — Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 757.
Tetrao perdix Beseke, Beytr. Nat. Vdg. Kurl., 1792, 71. — Bechstein, Nat. Deutschl.,
iii, 1793, 527.— Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1811, 77.
Starna perdix Fitzinger, Atl. Nat. Vog., 1864, fig. 237. — Bettoni, Ucc. Lombard.,
ii, 1867, pi. 8, part. — Fritsch, Nat. Vog., Eur., 1870, 293, pi. 30, fig. 9 ; Journ.
fur Orn., 1871, 379 (Bohemia).— Giglioli, Avif. Ital., 1886, 341; i, 1889, 525;
ii, 1890, 661 ; iii, 1891, 516.
Perdix perdix Hartert, Kat. Mus. Senckenb., 1891, 194. — Ogilvie-Grant, Field,
Nov. 21, 1891, and Apr. 9, 1892 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, xii, 1893, 62
(sexual differences in plumage) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 185. — British
Ornithologists' Union, List Brit. Birds, ed. 2, 1915, 313. — Grinnell, Pacific
Coast Avif., No. 11, 1915, 180 (California; hypothetical).— Dice, Auk, xxxv,
1918, 43 (Tochet Valley, near Prescott, se. Washington, introduced in 1915; Co¬
lumbia County, Wash., introduced several years prior to 1915). — Smith, Auk,
xxxviii, 1921, 466 (Meriden, Conn., “thoroughly acclimated and breeding”). —
Saunders, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 14, 1921, 172 (Montana; introduced). —
Mitchell, Can. Field Nat., xxxviii, 1924, 108 (Saskatchewan; introduced).—
Rensch and Neumzig, Journ. fiir Orn., lxxiii, 1925, 641, in table (sense of taste).
■ — Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 161 (fig.; descr.; distr. ; w. Canada) ;
Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 50, 1928, 91 (near Belvedere, Alberta, introduced) ; Birds
Canada, 1934, 163 in text (Canada; distr.; habits); Can. Water Birds, 1939,
176 (Canada; field chars.).- — von Burg, in Fatio and Studer, Ois. Suisse, xv,
1926, 3101 (Switzerland; monogr.). — Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xlvii,
1927, 141 (melanistic mutant). — Stresemann, Journ. fiir Orn., lxxv, 1927, 574
(plum, aberrations). — Heinroth, Vdg. Mitteleurop., iii, 1927, 235 (devel. of
young in captivity). — Larson, Wils. Bull., xl, 1928, 46 (e. McKenzie County,
N. Dak.). — Spiker, Wils. Bull., xli, 1929, 24, in text (habits and distr. in nw.
Iowa). — Hugues, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 54 (Basses — -Cevennes, France). — Urner,
Abstr. Linn. Soc. New York, No. 39, 40, 1930, 71 (Union County, N. J.). —
Miller, Murrelet, xi, 1930, 61, in text (Washington; Paulouse region; intro-
’ Four specimens from France, England, and North Dakota.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
415
duced). — Mayaud, Alauda, iii, 1931, 548 (Rousillon, France). — Ticehurst and
Whistler, Ibis, 1932, 92 (Albania). — Roberts, Brit. Birds, xxv, 1932, 220
(speed). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, i, 1932, 272 in text (food), 342 in text (food) ;
419 (deformed bill), 520 (grit in gizzard), 523 in text (mineral content of
food), 645 (longevity) ; ii, 1937, 41 in text (cock feathering), 114 in text (ter¬
ritory), 238, in text (covers eggs), 239, in text (number of eggs), 240-241, in
text (eggs in mixed sets) ; 280 in text (white eggs), 305 in text (albino eggs),
306 in text (flecked eggs), 383 in text (runt eggs), 384 (infertile eggs). — Caum,
Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, 15 (Hawaii; introduced; not success¬
fully). — Youngworth, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 217 (Fort Sisseton, S. Dak.;
spreading rapidly). — Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool.,
No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 29 (Ontario; introduced; breeding records). — Bagg and Eliot,
Birds Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, 1937, 172 (introduced unsuccess¬
fully). — Shortt and Waller, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 10, 1937, 18
(Lake St. Martin region, Manitoba; spec., not reported since 1933). — Errington
and Hamerstrom, Condor, xl, 1938, 71 (effect of spring drought on breeding). —
Lack, Condor, xlii, 1940, 273 in text (pairing habits). — Allin, Trans. Roy. Can.
Inst., xxiii, pt. 1, 1940, 96 (Darlington Township, Ontario; several more or less
successful private introductions between 1909 and 1933). — Snyder et ah, Contr.
Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 19, 1941, 46 (Prince Edward County, Ontario; 2
sight records; introduction not yet well established). — Haugen, Wils. Bull., liii,
1941, 235 (Washington, Whitman County; habits). — Hand, Condor, xliii, 1941,
225 (St. Joe National Forest, Idaho; introduced).— Petrides, Trans. 7th North
Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 308 in text, 319 in text (age indicators in plumage).
— Amadon, Auk, lx, 1943, 226 (body weight and egg weight). — Behle, Condor,
xlvi, 1944, 72 (Utah; distr.).
Perdix perdix var. Horbsbrugh, Ibis, 1916, 681 (Alix, Alberta ; introduced and
once common, but eventually disappeared).
P[erdix] perdix Retchenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 285.
[Perdix] perdix Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 26.
Perdix perdix perdix Hartert et ah, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1912, 217. — Hartert, Vog.
Pah Fauna, iii, 1921, 1929 (syn. ; destr. ; descr.). — Ramsay, Guide to Birds
Europe and N. Africa, 1923, 331 (descr.; distr.; Europe and North Africa). —
Witherby et ah, Practical Handb. Brit. Birds, ii, pt. 18. 1924, 875 (monogr.). —
Oberholser, Auk, xli, 1924, 592 (Saskatchewan; introduced). — Van Oordt,
Ardea, xiii, 1924, 68 (Edinburgh and Perth; one near Aviemore, Scotland). —
Staring, Ardea, xiv, 1925, 93 (e. Wales). — Weigold, Journ. fur Orn., lxxiii,
1925, 581 (banding records, Helgoland). — Gengler, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay.,
xvi, 1925, Sonderheft, 95, 274 (Bavaria) ; xvii, 1927, 170 (Steiger Forest,
Bavaria), 487 (s. Rhone, Germany). — Spranger, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvii,
1926, 35 (Deggendorf, Germany). — Forbush, Birds Massachusetts and Other
New England States, ii, 1927, 12, pi. 34 (col. fig.; descr.; distr.; habits; New
England). — de Paillerets, Rev. Franq. d’Orn., xi, 1927, 241 (Charente-
Inferieune, France). — Sutton, Birds Pennsylvania, 1928, 52 in text (Penn¬
sylvania; introduced). — Congreve, Ibis, 1929, 491 (Rumania; eggs). — Rebous-
sin, L'Oiseau, x, 1929, 348 (Lovi-et-Cher, France). — Estiot, Alauda, i, 1929,
359 (near Paris, France). — Stantschinsky, Orn. Monatsb., xxxvii, 1929, 138
(distr.). — Muller, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xix, 1930, 97 (Lake Maising, Bavaria;
habits). — Koch, Ardea, xix, 1930, 57 (banding records, Wassenaar Station,
Holland). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 87
(distr.). — Bennitt, Univ. Missouri Studies, vii, No. 3, 1932, 26, footnote
(Missouri; introduced but not established). — Kelso, Auk, xlix, 1932, 204, in
text (food habits). — Roberts, Birds Minnesota, i, 1932, 403 (distr.; habits;
416
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Minnesota). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, i (habits; distr. ;
monogr.). — Ticehurst, Birds Suffolk, 1932, 480 (status; habits; Suffolk,
England). — Edson, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 42 (Washington; several records).- —
Cumming, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 14 (Vancouver, British Columbia; common;
introduced). — Griscom, Trans. Linn. Soc. New York, iii, 1933, 97 (Dutchess
County, N. Y. ; introduced; now almost extinct) .— Yeatter, Univ. Michigan
School of Forestry and Conservation, Bull. 5, 1934, 9, in text (Great Lakes
region; life hist.; management). — Weydemeyer, Condor, xxxviii, 1936, 45
(nest and 11 eggs; July; Fortine, Mont. — Weydemeyer and Marsh, Condor,
xxxviii, 1936, 194 (Lake Bowdoin, Mont.). — Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Michigan, No. 379, 1938, 12 (Michigan; resident). — Trautman, Misc.
Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 44, 1940, 223 (Buckeye Lake, Ohio; rare
resident). — Campbell, Bull. Toledo Mus. Sci., i, 1940, 63 (Lucas County, Ohio;
uncommon). — Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940, 219 (Oregon;
distr.; descr. ; habits). — Dear, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xxiii, pt. 1, 1940, 127
(Thunder Bay. Lake Superior, Ontario; introduced; now uncommon, local
resident). — Goodpaster, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., xxii, 1941, 13 (sw.
Ohio; frequently introduced but with little success). — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 90 (syn. ; distr.). — Behle, Bull. Univ. Utah,
xxxiv, 1943, 24 (sw. Utah; Washington County).
Perdix p[erdix] perdix Glegg, Ibis, 1924, 86 (Macedonia; common resident). —
Brown, Brit. Birds, xvii, 1924, 228 (Cumberland; perching on trees).- — Pycraft,
Brit. Birds, xvii, 1924, 314 (pattern of wing coverts). — Schuster, Verh. Orn.
Ges. Bay., xvi, 1924, 59 (Bad Nauheim, Germany). — Kayser, Verh. Orn. Ges.
Bay., xvi, 1925, 243 (Sagan district, Germany). — Lankds, Verh. Orn. Ges.
Bay., xvi, 1925, 250 (Bavarian woods). — Riviere, Brit. Birds, xx, 1927, 266
(Bylaugh, Norfolk; erythristic varieties). — Drost, Journ. fiir Orn., lxxv, 1927,
266 (Helgoland; banding records). — Poll, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvii, 1927,
410 (lower Bavaria). — Pfeifer, Vern. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvii, 1927, 256 (valley
of the Main, Germany). — Legendre, Rev. Franc;. d’Orn., xii, 1928, 107 (Paris,
France). — Groebbels and Mobert, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xviii, 1928, 267
(breeding habits; Hamburg, Germany). — Macpherson, Brit. Birds, xxii, 1929,
244 (London). — Wust, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., ii, 1930, 107 (Ampermoos, Ba¬
varia). — Schierman, Journ. fiir Orn., lxxviii, 1930, 154 (population density
in breeding season). — Rocard, L'Oiseau, xi, 1930, 359 (Noirmoutier Island,
France). — Riviere, Brit. Birds, xxv, 1932, 354 (Norfolk). — Groebbels, Der
Vogel, i, 1932, 185 (altitudinal distr.), 619 (body weight); ii, 1937, 167 (data
on breeding biology) .—Hicks, Wils. Bull., xlv, 1933, 180 (Ashtabula County,
Ohio).
[Perdix] perdix perdix Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zool.,
No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 30, in text (Ontario).
[Perdix] cinerea Latham, Synop. Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 290; Index Orn., ii, 1790,
645 (new name for Tcrtao perdix). — Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae,
1848, pi. 195, figs. 1694, 1696.
Perdix cinerea Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., i, 1791, 209, pi. 93, fig. 4. — Meyer
and Wolf, Taschenb. deutschl. Vog., i, 1810, 303. — Pennant, Brit. Zool., i,
1812, 368.— Temminck, Pig. et Gallin., iii, 1815, 373, 378; Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820,
488. — Werner, Atl. Orn. d’Eur., Ord. 10, 1828, pi. 19. — Vieillot, Faun. Frang.,
1828, 248, pi. 108, fig. 1.— Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 524. — Selby,
Ulustr. Brit. Orn., i, 1833, 433, pi. 61. — Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Vog., 1833, 162, pi.
79. — Naumann, Nat. Vog. Deutschl., vi, 1833, 478, pi. 163. — Jardine, Nat. Libr.,
Orn., iv, 1834, 95, pi. 1. — Gould, Birds Eur., iv, 1837, pi. 262 and text. —
Macgillivray, Brit. Birds, i, 1837, 218. — Korner, Skand. Fogl., 1839-46, 13, pi.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
417
28, fig. 4. — Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 333.- — Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 37 ; ed. 1867, 56. — Degland, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 57. —
Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, ii, 1850, 58. — Fallon, Ois. Belg., 1875, 137. —
Dresser, Birds Europe, vii, 1878, 131, pis. 474, 475.— Saunders, ed. Yarrell’s
Brit. Birds, iii, 1882, 105; Illustr. Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 487. — Seebohm, Hist.
Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 452. — Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ., fasc. 39,
1886, 22. — Salvadori, Ucc. Ital., 1887, 200. — Lilford, Birds Brit. Isl., pt. 9, 1888,
pi. — Nagy, Aquila, xxviii, 1922, 82 in text (Pancsova, Hungary). — Schenk,
Aquila, xxix, 1923, 61, 62 in table (Hungary; banding) ; xxx-xxxi, 1924, 149 in
table (Hungary; banding records); xxxii-xxxiii, 1926, 36 (Hungary; banding
records) ; xxxiv-xxxv, 1929, 32 in table, 44, 76 (Hungary; banding records) ;
xxxvi-xxxvii, 1931, 184, 186 (Hungary; banding records). — Bela v. Szeots,
Aquila, xxix, 1923, 134 (Tavarna region, Hungary). — Reiser, Aquila, xxx-
xxxi, 1924, 294, in text (Fertotavan, Hungary); 316 in text (autumn; Lake
Neusiedler, Austria). — Neubaur, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xviii, 1928, 304 (Rhone
Valley, Germany). — Kleiner, Aquila, xxxvi-xxxvii, 1931, 117 in text (food
habits; eats mollusks). — Warga, Aquila, xxxvi-xxxvii, 1931, 137 in text
(Hungary; Satoraljanjhelyer Forest).
Starna cinerea Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 43. — Keyserling and
Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1840, 202. — Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867,
73.
Perdix (Starna) cinerea Middendorff, Sibir. Feise, ii, pt. 2, 1855-75, 209 (Barabinska
Steppe).
Perdix cinerea var. scanica Altum, Journ. fur Orn., 1894, 268 (s. Sweden).
Cothurni: r cinerea Lemett, Cat. Ois. Seine-Inf., 1874, 118.
Perdix cineracea Breh'm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 525 (Renthendorfer region).
Perdix sylvestris Brehm, Vogelf., 1855, 267 (Europe).
Perdix minor Brehm, Vogelf., 1855, 267 (variety with 16 rectrices).
Starna palustris Olphe-Galliard, Ibis, 1864, 225 (Dunkerque; gray phase).
Starna cinerea vulgaris, peregrina, tenuirostris, major Brehm, Verz. Samml., 1866, 11
(nomina nuda).
Perdix ( Starna ) robusta Homeyer and Tancre, Mitth. orn. Verh. Wien, vii, 1883,
92 (Altai Mts.). — Reichenow and Schalow, Journ. fur Orn., 1885, 456 (reprint
of orig. descr.).
Perdix robusta Homeyer and Tancre, Mitth. orn. Verh. Wien, ix, 1885, pi., figs.
3-5.
Perdix pallida Demeezemaker, in Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ., fasc. 39,
1886, 37 (new name for palustris).
Tetrao damascenus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 758, part (migrates through
central Europe).
Tetrao montanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 758 (rufescent phase; mountains
of Europe).
Perdix montana Witherby et ah, Pract. Handb. Brit. Birds, v. 1941, 244, footnote
(rufescent phase).
Perdix galliae Bacmeister and Kleinschmidt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1918, 254 (ne.
France).
Genus PHASIANUS Linnaeus
Phasianus Linnnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 158. (Type, by tautonymy, P.
colchicus Linnaeus, according to Opinion 16, Internat. Nomencl. Committee.)
Medium-sized Phasiani (total length, including the long tail, about
600-700 mm. in adult males, 500-600 mm. in adult females), with tail flat
418
BULLETIN BO, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
or but slightly compressed, twice as long as wing in adult male, nearly
as long as to much longer than wing in adult females, excessively grad¬
uated, the rectrices (18) becoming gradually narrower terminally, with
tips acuminate or subacuminate (at least in adult males) ; pileum not
distinctly crested; orbital region partly feathered and malar region com¬
pletely feathered ; without an erectile nuchal “cape” ; adult females with
middle pair of rectrices not conspicuously longer than next pair.
Bill moderate in size, as deep as or deeper than wide at base of cuhjien,
the latter gradually but rather strongly decurved, the tip of maxilla pro¬
duced distinctly beyond tip of mandible; maxillary tonium distinctly and
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
419
more or less regularly concave ; cere densely feathered beneath and behind
the nostril, the upper portion nude, the upper outline (mesorhinium) more
or less ascending basally and arched, the nostrils overhung by a large,
tumid operculum. Wing moderate, rounded, with primaries slightly to
much longer than longest secondaries ; fourth or fourth and fifth primaries
longest, the first (outermost) about equal to eighth. Tail decidedly longer
than wing (adult male), flat or very nearly so, excessively graduated, the
rectrices (18) tapering toward their acuminate or subacuminate tips.
Tarsus decidedly less than one-third as long as wing, rather stout, the
acrotarsium with two rows of broad transverse scutella (in contact with
each other along median line, the planta tarsi also with two rows, but that
on inner side composed of smaller scutella; planta tarsi with a conical
spur a little below middle, this rudimentary or obsolete in females ; middle
toe a little more than two-thirds as long as tarsus, the outer toe reaching
to middle of subterminal phalanx of middle toe, the inner toe to sub¬
terminal articulation of middle toe; hallux elevated, about as long as
basal phalanx of outer toe ; a distinct web between basal portion of anterior
toes ; claws rather short, slightly curved, more or less blunt.
Plumage and coloration. — Orbital region more or less nude ; pileum
without a distinct crest, but sometimes feathers on sides of occiput, im¬
mediately above auricular region, elongated and forming a hornlike or
earlike tuft on each side ; no erectile “cape” on hindneck ; contour feathers
distinctly outlined, broad and rounded or narrower and more triangular
(but barely so and with rounded tip). Adult males brilliantly colored
or with beautiful and complicated pattern of subdued colors, metallic hues
being usually present ; tail always with transverse markings. Adult fe¬
males brownish and buffy, variegated with blackish, etc.
Range.— -Southeastern Europe to eastern Siberia, Japan, and Formosa.
(One species with over 40 subspecies, 2 of which are mixed in the stock
introduced into North America.)
PHASIANUS COLCHICUS TORQUATUS Gmelin
Ring-necked Pheasant
Adult male. — Forehead black with bright dark green sheen ; broad super-
ciliaries white; crown fairly glossy Roman green tinged with ecru-olive,
the latter tone becoming more noticeable on the hindcrown and occiput;
lores, sides of head, except for a small auricular patch of dark bluish-
green feathers that extends forward under the eye, bare; superciliaries
narrowly edged below with dark glossy greenish-black feathers like those
of the forehead and extending from the forehead to the base of an erectile
tuft of truncate iridescent blue-green blackish feathers on the postero-
dorsal comer of the occiput on each side; nape very glossy bottle green
to dark zinc green, laterally tinged with glossy dark violet-blue, which
predominates on the sides of the neck, although even there it is posteriorly
420
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
replaced by glossy bottle green; chin, throat, and malar region like the
forehead but with a little more blue in the sheen and the lower throat
becoming bottle green; a complete (usually) white collar around the base
of the neck separates the head and neck coloration from that of the body
although in some cases the bottle green continues on the middorsal area
for a very little distance posterior to the collar; interscapulars with their
exposed portions bright buff yellow with a terminally widening median
wedge of bright blue-green black and with edgings of the same, but slightly
duller and narrower ; from the base of the median wedge-shaped marks
a fuscous to fuscous-black band goes off toward the sides of the feathers
in a posteriorly pointed diagonal, leaving a large, white, terminally pointed,
triangular space in the center of the feather ; the basal half of the feather
dull sepia; in the lower (posterior) interscapulars, the so-called hackle
feathers, the white triangles are transformed into bands of white with
median fuscous shaft marks and extend into the visible pattern of the
overlapping feathers, largely replacing the buff -yellow; these posterior
interscapulars also have the bright green terminal median wedges re¬
placed by dark fuscous (the whole interscapular area varies greatly
according to the amount of P. c. colchicus blood in the strain, the buff-
yellow becoming more tawny or orange-tawny, the bottle green more blue-
black in birds with a larger amount of pure colchicus blood in them) ;
scapulars and inner greater and median upper coverts Kaiser brown to
Hay’s russet with a terminal light magenta gloss and with large white
to light buff centers edged with black and sometimes mottled sparingly
with the same; lesser inner upper wing coverts with the russet borders
narrow or missing, leaving the feathers white bordered and centered with
fuscous to fuscous-black ; rest of upper wing coverts light gull gray to light
neutral gray, paling to white at the bend of the wing ; long innermost
greater coverts and the long scapulars neutral gray much tinged with
pale olive-buff and broadly edged, but not tipped, with Hay’s russet (in
birds with more colchicus than torquatus blood all the gray feathers are
olive-buff, sometimes almost buffy brown, and the russet edges are heavily
washed with purplish) ; secondaries pale buffy brown, incompletely barred
along the basal half or more of the shaft with backward-pointing, diagonal,
white, wavy bars, which are narrowly edged with dusky buffy brown,
these marks not showing in the folded wing and sometimes almost be¬
coming longitudinal wavy marks running toward the base of the feathers;
the innermost secondaries with narrow lateral edgings of Hay’s russet;
primaries darker and more grayish, less buffy, brown and crossed on both
webs with wavy whitish bars except on their terminal portions; upper
back like the scapulars, but with the white centers medially marked with
deep bottle green ; back, lower back, and rump greenish glaucous to deep
lichen green, laterally and posteriorly extensively tinged with glaucous-
gray ; the feathers of the median part of the back and lower back with
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
421
large dusky centers, which are completely edged and sometimes barred
and mottled with pale buff, the dark areas with a greenish gloss terminally,
dull fuscous basally ; upper tail coverts like the rump but with some pale
tawny-russet edgings ; the dusky median parts with their pale edges com¬
pletely hidden by the elongated tips of the feathers ; in birds with more
colchicus than torquatus blood the whole lower back, rump, and upper
tail coverts have the glaucous-green and gray replaced by Hay’s russet
to Kaiser brown, and the green of the back more brownish and darker;
tail feathers olive-buff to dark olive-buff crossed by many blackish bars
(the longest central pair of rectrices with 20-25 such bars), the bars
narrower than the paler interspaces ; the lateral edges of the rectrices,
except the terminal third or so, brownish vinaceous, the dark bars becom¬
ing sorghum brown to vinaceous-brown, the edges of the vanes much
frayed (in birds with more colchicus than torquatus blood the rectrices
are tawny-olive instead of olive-buff, and the lateral parts Verona brown
to Prout’s brown) ; breast dark coppery hazel, the feathers broadly glossed
terminally with magenta purple with narrow W-shaped black tips the
broadest part of the W being the median portion along the shaft, the
black with a bluish gloss (in birds with more colchicus blood these dark
terminal edges are better developed and sometimes produce a scalloped
pattern) ; sides and flanks light, bright buff-yellow, the feathers with
large wedge-shaped terminal shaft spots of shining blue-black, narrowly
edged with zinc orange in some specimens ; center of upper abdomen
black, each feather broadly tipped and less broadly edged with shining
dark green or blue-green ; lateral to this are a number of feathers like
those of the breast but more squarely truncate and with large wedge-
shaped terminal spots like the laterally adjacent feathers of the sides and
flanks (in birds with more colchicus blood the feathers of the sides and
flanks are bright orange-tawny instead of buff -yellow) ; rest of abdomen
and thighs dull Prout’s brown to mummy brown with a slight mixture
of paler huffy brown feathers ; under tail coverts hazel to russet with con¬
cealed dusky mummy-brown basal-median areas ; the more lateral and
anterior of these feathers with a slight amount of pinkish-purplish sheen ;
undersurface of tail feathers very dark clove brown, the paler interspaces
between the dark bars much suffused and mottled with dusky ; under
wing coverts white to pale buffy white, the axillars with dusky brownish
bars ; bare skin of sides of head bright red ; iris hazel ; bill pale greenish
yellow ; tarsi and toes brownish gray.
Adult female. — Feathers of center of forehead and crown fuscous-black,
edged with ochraceous-tawny to hazel, those of the hindcrown and occiput
similar but banded and edged with buffy and only sparingly tinged with
hazel; lores and anterior part of superciliaries (from anterior end of eye
to the nape), nape, and sides of neck light vinaceous-fawn to pale grayish
vinaceous, each feather narrowly tipped with blackish ; the feathers pale
653008°- —
28
422 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
hazel to tawny basally with a broad transverse blotch of dull sepia before
the vinaceous-fawn area (this blotch and the tawny area hidden by the
overlapping of the feathers) ; interscapulars bright hazel to tawny-russet
completely edged with pale vinaceous-fawn, the russet central area termi¬
nating in a broad fuscous to fuscous-black, distally pointed V ; scapulars
and larger inner greater and median upper wing coverts Sayal brown
to tawny-olive, edged and tipped with pale buffy ; the tawny-olive color
giving place to a heavy fuscous-black mass either as an attenuated median
pattern extending distally along the shaft or as abruptly transverse area ;
in the latter case the dark part is more extensive than the tawny portion ;
rest of upper wing coverts pinkish buff to pale ochraceous-buff, edged
with somewhat paler, and with their centers very heavily blotched with
dull, dusky sepia; long scapulars and innermost secondaries tawny to
tawny-olive, their median areas with heavy elongated blotches and
marbling of blackish, edged and tipped with pale buffy ; rest of secondaries
dull olive-brown crossed by five to seven bands of pale buffy to pale
pinkish buff, these bands much narrower than the dark interspaces but
tending to coalesce on the outer margin of the outer secondaries ; primaries
rather light clove brown barred with wavy whitish or pale pinkish buff
bars, those on the outer webs whitish, those on the inner webs consider¬
ably suffused with pinkish to pale tawny-buff ; upper back like the scapu¬
lars ; feathers of the back, lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts deep
fuscous-black to chaetura black, broadly edged and tipped with pale
pinkish buff to pale tawny-buff, the more posterior ones with the dark
centers medially divided into V’s by buffy shaft stripes which fail to ex¬
tend to the ends of the feathers ; the pale edges wider and tawnier on
the upper tail coverts than elsewhere ; rectrices light pinkish avellaneous,
the median pairs suffused with hazel medially, all transversely blotched
or banded with fuscous-black ; on the inner pairs a paler avellaneous
band between the adjacent dark ones, the rest of the feathers sparingly
flecked with dusky brown ; the lateral rectrices considerably suffused with
light vinaceous-fawn ; chin and upper throat whitish ; malar stripe and
auriculars buffy brown with a slightly golden hue ; lower throat like sides
of neck but slightly less vinaceous ; upper breast like lower throat but
somewhat more buffy; feathers of breast pinkish buff with a faint olive-
buffy tinge, obscurely and faintly marked with transverse lines of duskier
and with concealed large dark brownish V-shaped bars and tawny bases;
feathers of the sides and flanks with these dark brownish markings ex¬
posed and increased in size and number; upper and lateral parts of ab¬
domen like the lower breast but without any concealed basal bars or tawny
color, and slightly warmer buffy in tone; middle of lower abdomen similar
but slightly paler ; thighs like the lateral parts of the abdomen but ob¬
scurely barred with hair brown; under tail coverts light russet broadly
tipped and subterminally transversely mottled with pinkish buff; under
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
423
wing coverts very pale buffy brown edged and tipped with whitish ; iris,
bill, and feet as in male.
Juvenal male. — Forehead, crown, occiput, and nape dull fuscous, the
feathers narrowly tipped with pale buffy brown ; lores and a narrow
superciliary stripe pale pinkish buff to light buff; interscapulars and
scapulars dark fuscous to chaetura black completely edged with ashy
cinnamon-buff and with narrow buffy shafts ; upper wing coverts similar
but with lateral extensions of buff from the shafts forming incomplete bars
of the same ; secondaries dark fuscous to clove brown barred with pale
ashy buff, the pale bars flecked with dusky ; primaries dusky clove brown
with fairly broad bars of whitish or very pale buff on the outer webs
and also on the basal part of the inner webs; back, lower back, rump,
and upper tail coverts dull fuscous to dusky sepia, the feathers completely
edged with pale ashy cinnamon-buff and with paler buffy shafts and
median wedge-shaped markings of the same, these marks largely absent
on the upper tail coverts 4 ; rectrices dusky avellaneous crossed by many
broad bars of clove brown each of which is proximally bordered with
tawny Sayal brown, the feathers externally edged with pale ashy cinnamon-
buff ; sides of face largely bare ; chin and throat pale buffy to almost
white ; auriculars, sides of neck and malar area and lower throat pale
warm buff streaked with dull grayish sepia; breast dark pinkish buff
spotted with dull sepia; feathers of sides and flanks clove brown to dull
sepia completely edged with pinkish buff and with broad shaft stripes
of the same ; abdomen, thighs, and under tail coverts pale pinkish buff
with a slight grayish tinge, some of the feathers, especially of the thighs
and under tail coverts faintly blotched or transversely mottled with sepia
to wood brown ; bill dark horn color ; iris brown ; tarsi and toes dark
brown.
Juvenal female. — Like the corresponding stage of the male but with
no bare area on the sides of the head ; the sides of the neck somewhat
more vinaceous, the auriculars less grayish, slightly more brownish ; inter¬
scapulars more vinaceous in tone.
Natal dozvn. — Forehead and sides of crown pale cinnamon-buff to
ochraceous-buff ; center of crown and occiput dark fuscous to fuscous-
black, becoming washed with rufescent on the posterior occiput and nape
which is almost chestnut-brown ; upperparts of body pale tawny-buff
tinged with tawny-russet and with three broad fuscous-black stripes ;
wings with blotches of fuscous-black and rufescent; sides of head pale
ochraceous-buff ; a blackish spot on the auriculars ; a light sepia malar
streak ; underparts pale buffy yellow tinged with tawny or pale ochraceous,
‘According to Lcffingwcll (Occ. Pap. Conner Mus., i, 1928, 21) the upper tail
coverts in juvenal males are barred “with olive buff, often running to chestnut
on the margins.” I have seen but one young male and do not find this to hold for it.
424 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
especially on the breast and sides ; iris dark brown ; bill born color, darker
on the maxilla; tarsi and toes pinkish white.
Adult male.- — Wing 213-245.5 (234.1) ; tail 408.0-513.0 (451.2) ; oil¬
men from base 38.3-43.1 (40.0) ; tarsus 68.0-75.5 (71.7) ; middle toe
without claw 42. 1 — 48.7 (45.0 mm.).5
Adult female.— Wing 194.0-216.0 (205.8); tail 236.0-273.0 (252.5);
culmen from base 32.3-38.2 (35.9) ; tarsus 61.1-68.2 (63.7) ; middle toe
without claw 35.1-41.4 (39.6 mm.).6
Range. — Native to “eastern and south-eastern China from Canton to
Hunan, north to the Lower and Middle Yangtse, up the river at least to
Ichang; north to Pekin, Kalgan, and the Ordos country” (Beebe). The
nominate form, P. c. colchicus, the blood of which also enters into our
hybrid ring-necked pheasants, is native to “Transcaucasia, including the
basins of the Rion and the Chorokh Rivers and the southeastern coast of
the Black Sea, north to Sukhum-Kale, just south of the main east and
west chain of the Caucasus Mountains ; the bases of the Kura and lower
Araxes and their tributaries up to nearly three thousand feet above sea
level. It touches the Caspian Sea at the Kizil-Agatch Gulf” (Beebe).
Introduced now and fairly well established in approximately the north¬
ern half of the United States and in southern Canada; large parts of
Europe (where the colchicus strain is more in evidence than is the
torquatus ) — Belgium, France, England, Germany, Greece, Holland,
Sweden, and Italy; also in Hawaii (Oahu, Molokai, and Kauai), Samoa
(subsp. ?), St. Helena, and New Zealand. In North America it was
first introduced about 1790 in New Hampshire, then about 1800 in New
Jersey; 1857 in California; 1881 in Oregon; besides other smaller in¬
troductions. Its present North American range is from Vancouver
Island and southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Mani¬
toba, southern Ontario, and southwestern Maine, south to Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, and Cal¬
ifornia. South of this area its introduction has not been particularly
successful, but it may be noted that about 1928 the bird was listed as a
game species in all but three States of the United States.
Unsuccessfully introduced into Chile.
Type locality (of true P. c. torquatus) . — Southeastern China.
[Phasianus] torquatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 742 (Ring Pheasant, Lath.
Syn., ii, 2, 715). — Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 221,
figs. 1944-1946. — Gray, Handlist, ii, 1879, 257, No. 9575. — Sharpe, Handlist,
i, 1899, 37 part (China).
Phasianus torquatus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 148. — Leach, Zool. Misc., ii, 1815,
13, pi. 66. — Griffith, ed. Cuvier’s Regne Anim., iii, 1829, 22 part, pi. — Jardine,
Nat. Libr., Orn., iv, 1834, 189, pi. 13 (hybrid with P. colchicus) . — Gray, List
6 Sixteen specimens.
0 Seven specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
425
Birds Brit. Mus., iii, pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 43; pt. 5, 1867, 27.— Gould, Birds
Asia, vii, 1856, pi. 39 and text.— Sclater and Wolf, Zool. Sketches, i, 1861,
pl. 37. Sllater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, 116 (monogr.). — David, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 210 (Province of Pekin, China).— Swinhoe, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1871, 398 (Canton to Pekin and w. to Hankow, China).—
Llliot, Monogr. Phasianidae, ii, 1871, pl. 5 and text, part. — Merriam, Rep.
Comm. Agr. for 1888 (1889), 485 (Protection Island, Puget Sound), 486
(abundant in Polk, Marion, and Linn Counties, Oreg.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 331, part.— Cooke, Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull.
44, 1898, 159 (Colorado, resident).— Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 214 (Vau-
couvei and mainland of British Columbia; introduced). — Henshaw, Birds
Hawaiian Islands, 1902, 134 (established on Oahu, Molokai, and Kauai Islands).
—Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States, 1902, 135 (descr. ; distr.) —
Jones, Birds Ohio, Revised Cat, 1903, 220 (Ohio; introduced).— Dawson,
Birds Ohio, 1903, 430, 660 (Ohio; introduced); Birds of California, stud. ed. ;
ni, 1923, 1567 (genl. ; California).— Walton, Ibis, 1903, 32 (Pekin, China).—
Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 3, 1905, 315 (Essex County Mass ) —
Henninger, Wils. Bull., xviii, 1906, 60 (Seneca County, Ohio; breeding) .—
Brewster, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 4, 1906, 173 (Cambridge, M°ass •
lust.).—' Widmann, Birds Missouri, 1907, 82.— Bryan, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus.!
iv, No. 2, 1908, 56 [146] (Molokai, Hawaiian Islands). — Ivermode, [Visitors’
Guide] Publ. Province Mus., 1909, 42 (Vancouver Island, lower Fraser River,
etc., British Columbia). — Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2, 1909,
235 (introduced into Vancouver Island, and mainland of British Columbia) —
Dawson and Bowles, Birds of Washington, ii, 1909, 602 (Washington; descr ;
distr.).— Eaton, Birds New York, i, 1910, 378 (established in New York).—
Swarth, Rep. Birds and Mamm. Vancouver Island, 1912, 25 (French Creek;
Errington).— Betts, Univ. Colorado Stud. Zool., x, 1913, 192 (Boulder County’
Colo., up to 9,000 feet).— Bailey, Birds Virginia, 1913, 87 (Virginia; introduced!
breeds).— Rockwell and Wetmore, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 314 (Lookout Mountain,
Colo., up to 7,500 feet).— Grin nell, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 11, 1915, 179
(California).— Howell, Condor, xix, 1917, 187 (Upper Owens Valley, Calif.).—
Dice, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 44 (near Prescott and Walla Walla, se. Washington).—
Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Birds California, 1918, 572 (descr.;
distr.; habits; California) —Willett, Condor, xxi, 1919, 202 (near Burns’,
se. Oregon).— Lincoln, Auk, xxxvii, 1920, 65 (Clear Creek District, Colo.,’
plentiful).— Over and Thoms, Birds South Dakota, 1921, 71 (increasing in
South Dakota).— Faxon and Hoffman, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 70 (Berkshire
County, Mass.; “well established”) .— Griscom, Birds New York City Region,
1923, 176 (status, New York City region). — Gabrielson, Auk, xli, 1924, 555
(status, Oregon); Condor, xxxiii, 1931, 112 (introduced, Rogue River Valley,
Oreg.).— Larson, Wils. Bull., xxxvii, 1925, 28 (status; Sioux Falls region!
South Dakota) ; xl, 1928, 46 (e. McKenzie County, N. Dak.). — Blincoe, Auk,
xlii, 1925, 418 (near Bardstown, Ky.).— Taverner, Birds Western Canada!
1926, 162 (fig.; descr.; Canada).— Schenk, Aquila, xxxii-xxxiii, 1926, 36
(banding records; Hungary) .— von Burg, in Fatio and Studer, Ois. Suisse,
xv, 1926, 3155 (monogr.; Switzerland).— Mousley, Auk, xliv, 1927, 522 (Hat¬
ley, Quebec).— McCurdy, Wils. Bull., xl, 1928, 202, in text (fighting a bull
snake).— Alford, Ibis, 1928, 197 (Vancouver, British Columbia).— Burleigh,
Auk, xlvi, 1929, 510 (Kirkland; Renton, Wash.) —Snyder, Trans. Roy. Can!
Inst., xvii, pt. 2, 1930, 187 (summer; King Township, Ontario) .—Brown,
Murrelet, xi, 1930, 18 text (Seattle, Wash.; several records).— Caum, Occ.
Pap. Bishop Mus., x, No. 9, 1933, 21 (Hawaii; introduced; well established). —
426
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Jewett, Murrelet, xvii, 1936, 43 (Harney County, Oreg. ; “not uncommon”;
hist.).— Griffee and Rapraeger, Murrelet, xviii, 1937, 14 text, 16 (Portland,
Oreg.; nesting dates) .— Einarsen, Murrelet, xxii, 1941, 39 text (Straits of
Juan de Fuca, Wash.; swimming habits; 1 specimen).
P [ hasianus ] torquatus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 206.— Bryan,
Key to the Birds Hawaiian Group, 1901, 30.
Phasianus colchicus torquatus Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, iii, 1921, 1991 (monogr.).—
Beebe, Monogr. Pheasants, iii, 1922, 120, pi. lix (monogr.; col. fig.). — Gladstone,
Brit. Birds, xvii, 1923, 36 (introduction into Great Britian). — Stresemann, Orn.
Monatsb., xxxii, 1924, 168 in text (misc.). — Gengler, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvi,
1925, Sonderheft 95, 274 (Bavaria). — Forbush, Birds Massachusetts and Other
New England States, ii, 1927, 15, pi. 35 (fig.; descr. ; habits; New England).—
Sutton, Birds Pennsylvania, 1928, 51 (Pennsylvania; descr.; range; nest.;
hist.). — Bailey, Birds New Mexico, 1928, 229 (genl. ; New Mexico). — Delacour,
Jabouille, and Lowe, Ibis, 1928 (Nganson, Tonkin; crit.). — Cottam, Condor,
xxxi, 1929, 117 (status in Utah) .— Swenk, Univ. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Stat.
Research Bull. 50, 1930, 5, in text (introduced into North America, food in
Nebraska).— Miller, Murrelet, xi, 1930, 61 text (Palouse region; introd.).—
Wellman, Auk, xlvii, 1930, 525 (Boston Public Garden).— Pierce, Wils. Bull.,
xlii, 1930, 266 (status, Buchanan County, Iowa) ; Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., xlvii,
1941, 376 (ne. Iowa; winter; permanent resident). — Bradlee and Mowbray,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxxix, 1931, 325 (Bermuda; introd.). — Christy,
Auk, xlviii, 1931, 375 (change of status, Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie) .— Baerg,
Univ. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. 258, 1931, 56 (descrip.; range). — Schenk,
Aquila, xxxvi-xxxvii, 1931, 196 (banding; Hungary, 1928-30).— Caldwell and
Caldwell, South China Birds, 1931, 279, (s. China; desc. ; habits, etc.). —
American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 4, 1931, 91 (distr.).— Jewett,
Condor, xxxiv, 1932, 191 (hybrid between this form and Dendragapus obscurus
fuliginosus) Roberts, Birds Minnesota, i, 1932, 417 (habits; distr.; Min¬
nesota).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 310 (habits; distr.).— La
Touche, Handb. Birds Eastern China, ii, pt. 3, 1932, 228 (distr. China; descr.;
habits, etc.).— Groebbels, Der Vogel, i, 1932, 73 in table (bronchial tubes), 664
(body temperature) ; ii, 1937, 45 in text (sex relations), 167 (data on breeding
biology), 241 in text (eggs in mixed sets), 323 in text (40 to 104 eggs per year).
Bennitt, Univ. Missouri Stud., vii, No. 3, 1932, 26 (Missouri; uncommon
permanent resident) .—Stoner, Roosevelt Wild Life Ann., ii, Nos. 3, 4, 1932, 436
(habits; Oneida Lake region, N. Y.).— Ransom, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 51 text
(Harrison, Idaho; flight habits).— Edson, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 43 (e. Wash¬
ington; several records).— Cumming, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 14 (Vancouver,
British Columbia; common; introd.).— Willett, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 21,
1933, 50 (sw. California; nest and eggs near San Bernardino).— Hicks, Wils.
Bull., xlv, 1933, 180 (Ashtabula County, Ohio) .—Murray, Auk, 1, 1933, 195
(introduced in Virginia: Warwick County, Hot Springs, lower end of Valley of
Virginia).— Monson, Wils. Bull, xlvi, 1934, 43 (Cass County, N. Dak. ; common
resident). — Long, Bull. Univ. Kansas Sci., xxxvi, 1935, 234 (w. Kansas; intro¬
duced) ; Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xliii, 1940, 441 (Kansas; introduced; common
in nw. parts).— Fisher, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlviii, 1935, 161 (Plummers
Island, Md.).— McCreary and Mickey, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 129 in text (se.
Wyoming; resident).— Youngworth, Wils. Bull., xlvii, 1935, 217 (becoming
common, Fort Sisseton, S. Dak.) .— Shelley, Auk, Iii, 1935, 307 in text (New
Hampshire; albinism).— Miller, Lumley, and Hall, Murrelet, xvi, 1935, 58
(San Juan Islands ; common). — Weydemeyer and Marsh, Condor, xxxviii, 1936,
194 (Lake Bowdoin, Mont.).— Imler, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xxxix, 1936, 301
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
427
(Rooks County, Kans.; common until 1934; since largely killed by dust storms).
—Alexander, Univ. Colorado Stud. Zook, xxiv, 1937, 91 (Boulder County,
Colo. ; very common resident; spec. Univ. Colorado Mus.).— Stone, Bird Studies
Cape May, i, 1937, 327 (New Jersey; status, habits).— Wetmore, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., lxxxiv, 1937, 408 in text.— Bagg and Eliot, Birds Connecticut Valley
in Massachusetts, 1937, 175 (Connecticut Valley, Mass.; permanent resident-
introd.).— Deaderick, Wils. Bull., 1, 1938, 263 (Hot Springs Nat. Park Ark •
1 seen). -Bennett, Blue-winged Teal, 1938, 49 in text, 66 in text (laying eggs in
blue-winged teal’s nests).— Poole, Auk, lv, 1938, 517 in table (weight, wing
area).— MacLulich, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zook, No. 13, 1938, 12 (Algon¬
quin Prov. Park, Ontario; introduced unsuccessfully). — Van Tyne Occ Pap
Mus. Zook Univ. Michigan, No. 379, 1938, 12 (Michigan; brought in about
1918 now permanent resident north to Arenac, Gladwin, and Mason Counties
and very locally north to Charlevoix; breeding records). — Trautman Bills
and Wickliff, Wils. Bulk, li, 1939, 101 in text (winter mortality; Ohio).-
Errington, Wils. Bulk, li, 1939, 22 in text (ability to withstand cold and hunger) ;
in, 1941, 87 in text (mentioned). — Niedrach and Rockwell, Birds Denver and
Mountain Parks, 1939, 64 (introduced resident; distr. ; habits; food).— Miller
and Curtis, Murrelet, xxi, May 1940, 42 (Univ. Washington campus; resident).
Campbell, Bulk Toledo Mus. Sci., i, 1940, 64 (Lucas County, Ohio; hist.;
common resident; distr.).— Underhill, Auk, lvii, 1940, 566 in text (eating birds;
New York).— Dear, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xxiii, pt. 1, 1940, 127 (Thunder Bay!
Lake Superior, Ontario; introduced species; hard winters and predatory birds
and animals make it doubtful if many survive) .—Trautman, Misc Publ Mus
Zook Univ. Michigan, No. 44, 1940, 226 (Buckeye Lake, Ohio; common resident;
habits).— Gabrielson and Jewett, Birds Oregon, 1940, 227 (Oregon, distr •
descr.; habits).— Fried, Wils. Bulk, liii, 1941, 44 (Minneapolis; food habits).-
Bruckner, Auk, lviii, 1941, 536 text (white plumage inheritance). — Stabler,
Auk, lviii, 1941, 561 (used in parasite experiment). — Goodpaster Journ
Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., xxii, 1941, 13 (sw. Ohio; introduced each
year but do not thrive well).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 290 (syn. ; distr. ) .— Petrides, Trans. 7th North Amer. Wildlife
Conf., 1942, 323 in text (age indicators in plumage). — Pearson, Brimley and
Brimley, Birds North Carolina, 1942, 110 (North Carolina). -Knowlton and
Harmston, Auk, lx, 1943, 589 (Utah; food habits). — Linduska, Auk, lx, 1943,
427 in text (anatomy; bursa; age indicators). — Wright and Hiatt, Auk, lx,
1943, 266 in text (age indicators in plumage; Montana). — Behle, Bulk Univ.
Utah, xxxiv, 1943, 24 (sw. Utah, Washington County) ; Condor, xlvi, 1944 72
(Utah; introd.).
Phasianus colchius torquatus Breckinridge, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 269 (Minnesota).
Phasumus c[olchicus] torquatus Schenk Aquila, xxxiv-xxxv, 1929, 32, in table
(banding; Hungary, 1926-1927); xxxvi-xxxvii, 1931, 184 (banding; Hungary
1928-1930).— Breckinridge, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 272 (eaten by marsh hawk)’
—Marshall and Leatham, Auk, lix, 1942, 44 (Great Salt Lake Island).
[ Phasianus ] colchicus torquatus Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy Ontario
Mus. Zook, No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 31 in text (Ontario).
t Phasianus] c[olchicus] torquatus Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 41 in text (cock
feathering) .
Phasianus colchicus subsp.? White, Auk, xliii, 1926, 378 (resident; breeding; New
Hampshire).
Phasianus colchicus x Phasianus torquatus Pearson, Brimley, and Brimley Birds
North Carolina, 1919, 156 (North Carolina; descr.; range).
428
BULLETIN 5 0, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Phasianus colchicus x torquatus Pickens, Wils. Bull., xl, 1928, 189 (Upper South
Carolina).— Griscom, Trans. Linn. Soc. New York, iii, 1933, 97 (Dutchess
County, N. Y., permanent resident; introduced in 1913, now well established
and generally distributed).
Phasianus colchicus + P[hasiamis] torquatus Burns, Ornith. Chester County, Pa.,
1919, 49 (Chester County, Pa.; permanent resident).
[phasianus] colchicus (part) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 158 (“Habitat
in Africa, Asia”; based on Ray, Albin, Aldrovandus, etc.); ed. 12, i, 1766,
271. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 741. — Latham, Synop. Birds, Suppl.
i, 1787, 289; Index Orn., ii, 1790, 629.— Gray, Handlist, ii, 1870, 257, No
9574.— Sharpe, Handlist, i, 1899, 37.— Buturlin, Ibis, 1904, 379 (diagnosis)
Phasianus colchicus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 147 part; Man. d’Orn., 1815,
282; ed. 2, 1820, 453, part. — Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. deutschl. Vog., i,
1810, 291, part, pi.— Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat., xi, 1817, 29, part.—
Werner, Atl. Ois. d’Eur., Ord. 10, 1828, pis. 1, 2.— Selby, Illustr. Brit. Orn.,
i, 1833, 417, part, pi. 57.— Naumann, Nat. Vog. Deutschl., v, 1833, 432 part,
pi. 162.— Macgillivray, Brit. Birds, i, 1837, 114, part.— Gould, Birds Eur. iv,
1837, pi. 247 and text; Birds Asia, vii, 1869, pi. 34 and text; Birds Great
Brit., iv, 1873, pi. 12 and text. — Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth Eur.,
1840, p. lxiv.— Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 277, part; ed. 2, ii, 1845,
310, part; ed. 3, ii, 1856, 320, part. — Schlegel, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. lxxiv. —
Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 221, figs. 1925-1937.— Deg¬
land, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 40, part.— Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinse,
1867, 26, part. — Elliot, Monogr. Phasianidae, ii, 1872, pi. 2 and text, part. —
LIarting, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 37, part.— Dresser, Birds Europe, vii,
pt. 75, 1879, 85, part, pi. 469. — Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, 41 (Corsica). — Seebohm,
Ibis, 1887, 170 (crit.) .— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 320,
part.— Buturlin, Ibis, 1904, 385 (range, etc.; “basins of the Rion and eastern
coasts of Black Sea, not farther north than Sukhum-Kala”) .— Widmann,
Birds Missouri, 1907, 82.— Stone, Birds New Jersey, 152 (New Jersey; descr. ;
hist.; eggs).— Eaton, Birds New York, i, 1910, 378.— Hartert et ah, Handb!
Brit. Birds, 1912, 216.— British Ornithologists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, ed. 2,
1915, 311.— Bannerman, Ibis, 1920, 527 (no valid record for Canaries).— Gris¬
com, Birds New York City Region, 1923, 176 (status, New York City region).—
Witherby, Brit. Birds, xvii, 1923, 43 (breeding in old nests in trees) ; Ibis, 1928,
663 (central Spain) .—Loyd, Brit. Birds, xvii, 1923, 159 (Lundy; introduced).—
Witherby et ah, Practical Handb. Brit. Birds, ii, pt. 18, 1924, 869 (monogr).—
van Oordt, Ardea, xiii, 1924, 68 (near Pirth; near Aviemore, Scotland).—
Kayser, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvi, 1925, 243 (Sagan district, Germany) .—Von
Burg, in Fatio and Studer ; Ois. Suisse, xv, 1926, 3155 (monogr. ; Switzerland). —
Schenk, Aquila, xxxii-xxxiii, 1926, 36 (banding records ; Hungary) ; xxxiv-
xxxv, 1929, 32 in table, 44, 76 (banding, Hungary, 1926-27) ; xxxvi-xxxvii,
(devel. of young in captivity) .— Groebbels and Mobert, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay.,
xvii, 1926, 35 (Deggendorf, Germany) .—Pfeifer, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvii,
1927, 256 (valley of the Main, Germany) .—Poll, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvii,
1927, 409 (lower Bavaria) .— Heinroth, Vog. Mitteleurop., iii, 1927-28, 243
(devel. of young in captivity).— Groebbels and Mobert, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay.,
xviii, 1928, 267 (breeding habits; Hamburg, Germany). — Neubaur, Verh. Orn.
Ges. Bay., xviii, 1928, 303 (Rhone Valley, Germany). — Boetticher, Anz. Orn.
Ges. Bay., ii, 1929, 43 (Coburg, Bavaria).— Breuer, Aquila, xxxiv-xxxv, 1929,
446 (nervousness during meteor storm).— Urner, Abstr. Linn. Soc. New York,
No. 39, 40, 1930, 71 (Union County, N. J.). — Muller, Verh. Orn. Ges.
Bay., xix, 1930, 96 (Lake Maising, Bavaria; habits) .—Koch, Ardea, xix, 1930,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
429
57 (banding records, Wassenaar station, Holland). — Warga, Aquila, xxxvi-
xxxvii, 1931, 137 in text (Satoraljavjhelyer Forest, Hungary). — Lunau, Beitr.
Fortpfl. Vog., viii, 1932, 190 (early breeding). — Ticehurst, Birds Suffolk, 1932,
476 (status; habits; Suffolk, England). — Ticehurst and Whistler, Ibis, 1932,
92 (mouth of the Drin, Albania) .—Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 165 in text
(introduced in Canada); Can. Water Birds, 1939, 178 (field characters;
Canada).— Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ont. Mus. Zook, No. 8,
pt. 1, 1936, 30 (Ontario; common breeds; resident of more southern parts; in¬
troduced from Europe; breed, range). — Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
lxxxiv, 1937, 407 (W. Va. ; spec, from Mercers Bottom). — Ricker and Clarke,
Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zook, xvi, 1939, 8 (Lake Nipissing, Ontario;
records). I odd. Birds Western Pennsylvania, 1940, 131 in text (remains found
in eastern goshawk stomachs).— Bond, Condor; xlii, 1940, 220 (Lincoln
County, Nev. ; locally common in Pahranagat Valley, Meadow Valley, Wash.,
Ursine, Eagle, and Rose Valleys).— Allin, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., xxiii, pt. 1,
1940, 96 (Darlington Terrace, Ontario; recently introduced, now well
established).— Bruckner, Auk, lviii, 1941, 541, 542 text (white plumage in¬
heritance).— Snyder et ah, Contr. Roy. Ontario Mus. Zook, No. 19, 1941, 46
(I rince Edward County, Ontario; introduced and well established). — Webster,
Condor, xliii, 1941, 120 (Sitka area, se. Alaska). — Hand, Condor, xliii, 1941,
225 (St. Joe National Forest, Idaho). — Cruickshank, Birds New York City,
1942, 153 (New York City region) .—Allen, Condor, xlv, 1943, 151 (Berkeley
Hillside, Calif.).
P[hasianus] colchicus Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 598.— Bruckner
Auk, lviii, 1941, 536, 541 in text (albinism).
Phasianus colchicus colchicus Hartert, Vog, pal. Fauna, iii, heft 2, 1921, 1976
(monogr.).— Ramsay, Guide to Birds Europe and N. Africa, 192 3, 333 (descr.,
range, Europe, and N. Africa). — Gengler, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvi, 1925,
Sonderheft, 95, 274 (Bavaria); xvii, 1927, 486 (s. Rhone, Germany). — de
Paillerets, Rev. Frang. d Orn., xi, 1927, 193 (Charente-Inferieure, France). —
Arrigoni degli Oddi, Ornitologia Italiana, 1929, 816 (descr.; distr. ; Italy).—
Reboussin, L’Oiseau, x, 1929, 349 (Loir-et-Cher, France). — -Swenk, Univ.
Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Research Bulk 50, 1930, 5, in text (introduction in
North America; food in Nebraska).— Cumming, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 14 (Van¬
couver, B. C., introd.).— Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xix, 1932,
424 (Chile, introduced).
Phasianus c[olchicus ] colchicus Gaschott, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvi, 1924, 34, in
text (Speyer on Rhine, Germany).— Schuster, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvi, 1924,
58 (Bad Nauheim, Germany).— Glegg, Ibis, 1924, 86 (Macedonia, not common).
Lankes, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., xvi, 1925, 250 (Bavarian woods). — Schier-
mAnn, Journ. fur Orn., lxxviii, 1930, 152 (population density in breeding
season).
Phasianus colchicus, var. mongolicus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat., ii, 1826, 84.
Phasianus colchicus mongolicus Cumming, Murrelet, xiii, 1932, 14 (Vancouver,
British Columbia; introduced) .—Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 166 in text (in¬
troduced in Canada).
Phasianus mongolicus Taverner, Birds Western Canada, 1926, 163 in text (descr.;
distr.).
Phasianus colchicus mut. tcnehrosus Hachisuka, Bulk Brit. Orn. Club, xlvii, 1926,
51 (orig. descr.).
Phasianus albotorquatus Bonnaterre, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., i, 1791, 184. — Brandt,
Bulk Acad. St. Petersbourg, iii, 1844, 51.
430
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Phasianus holdereri gmelini Buturlin, Ibis, 1904, 408 (new name for P. torquatus
Gmelin).
Phasianus marginatus Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. deutschl. Vog., i, 1810, 291, pi.
(?) Phasianus colchicus septentrionalis Lorenz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1888, 572 (n.
Caucasus).
Phasianus colchicus typicus Buturlin, Ibis, 1908, 584 (w. Transcaucasia).
Family NUMIDIDAE : Guineafowls
=Numidinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 324.— Gadow, in Bronn, Thier-Reich,
Vog., ii, 1891, 172.
^Numididae Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Alt. Classif. Birds, 1891, 68; Hand-list, i, 1899, xi,
41.— Beddard, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 302.
=Numididae Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3; Smithsonian
Misc. Coll., lxxxix, No. 13, 1934, 6; xcix, No. 7, 1940, 6.— Peters, Check-list
Birds World, ii, 1934, 133.
=Numidinse Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1884, 213, in text.— Knowlton, Birds of
World, 1909, 280, in text.
>Meleagrime Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 60 (includes Meleagris and Numididae).
Galliform birds with second metacarpal without backward process;
costal processes outwardly inclined ; head and at least upper half of neck
naked, the former usually with a bony erect vertical helmet or bristly or
curly crest or an occipital feathered patch or band; tail relatively small,
drooping (decumbent), not erectile, mostly hidden by the coverts, and the
very full plumage of the back and rump presenting a strongly arched
contour.
Bill relatively large (from base nearly as long as head), strong, much
deeper than wide at base of rhamphotheca ; head and upper neck bare, the
pileum usually with either a bony knob ( Numida ), a full crest of vertical
feathers ( Guttera ), or a median line of short feathers, the rictal region
sometimes wattled ; nostril obliquely vertical, the lower and the anterior
one, narrowly oval, linear, or fusiform. Wing moderate, much rounded,
the longest primaries decidedly longer than longest secondaries; fourth
to sixth (usually the fifth?) primary longest, the first (outermost) about
as long as or slightly shorter than tenth, the outer ones moderately to
strongly bowed or incurved, and tapering toward their rather narrow tips.
Tail usually rather short, moderately rounded, and mostly overlain by
coverts, but sometimes (in genus Acryllium ) longer, with middle rectrices
long, narrow, and pointed, more than twice as long as lateral pair. Tarsus
moderately stout, much longer than middle toe with claw, decidedly less
than one-third as long as wing, the acrotarsium with two rows of large,
interdigitating transverse scutella, the planta tarsi with several rows of
much smaller scutella and without any spur ; middle toe much shorter than
tarsus, the outer toe reaching about to penultimate articulation of middle
toe, the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux decidedly shorter than basal
phalanx of middle toe ; claws moderate in size moderately to rather strongly
decurved, somewhat compressed ; a small web between basal phalanges of
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
431
middle and outer toes, but middle and inner toes separated nearly to base.
Range.—- Africa and Madagascar ; one species introduced into and natur¬
alized in some of the West Indian islands. (Five genera and 11 species.)
KEY TO THE GENERA OF NUMIDIDAE
a. Tail short and rounded, with middle j-ectrices not conspicuously longer than
lateral pair; feathers of lower neck, chest, and upper back short and rounded
(normal) ; acrotarsium of adult male either without any bony protuberance
or else with only a single short blunt spur.
b. Rectrices 14; acrotarsium with a short blunt spur in adult male; plumage
vermiculated with brown or white.
c. Pileum with a median line of short feathers; plumage vermiculated with
brown, back and chest not white . Phasidus (extralimital)* 7
cc. Pileum wholly nude; plumage vermiculated with white, lower neck, upper
back, and chest white . Agelastes (extralimital)8 *
bb. Rectrices 16; acrotarsium without spur; plumage spotted or dotted with
white or pale blue.
c. Pileum with a bony knob or helmet; but without feathered crest; plumage
spotted or dotted with white, secondaries not edged with white.
Numida (p. 431)
cc. Pileum without bony knob but with a full crest of erect feathers; plumage
dotted with pale blue, secondaries edged with white.
Guttera (extralimital)”
aa. Tail long and pointed, the middle rectrices more than twice as long as lateral
pair; feathers of lower neck, chest, and back elongated, lanceolate; acrotarsium
with 4 or 5 knobs or very short blunt spurs in adult male.
Acryllium (extralimital)10
Genus NUMIDA Linnaeus
Meleagris (not of Linnaeus, 1758) Brisson, Orn., i, 1760, 26. (Type, by tautonymy,
Mclcagris Brisson — Phasianus meleagris Linnaeus.)
Gallina Linnaeus, in Hasselquist, Reise nach Palestine, 1762, 327. (Type, by
original designation, Phasianus meleagris Linnaeus.)
Numida Linnaeus, Mus. Adolphi Friderici Regis, ii, 1764, 27. (Type, by monotypy,
Phasianus meleagris Linnaeus.)
Numidia (emendation) Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 64.
Querelea Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. Vog., 1853, xxvii. (Type, by monotypy,
Numida mitrata Pallas.)
Arquata Gistel, Naturg. Thierr. hohen Schulen, 1848, 92. (New name for Numida
Linnaeus.)
Pintado “S.D.W.,” Analyst, iii, No. xiii, Oct. 1835, 33. (Type, by monotypy, “Pin-
tada numida Leach” = Phasianus meleagris Linnaeus.)
'Phasidus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 1856 (1857), 322 (type,
by monotypy, P. niger, Cassin). Western Africa; monotypic.
8 Agelastes Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1849, 145 (type, by monotypy,
A. mcleagrides Bonaparte). — Agelastus (emendation) Hartlaub, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1855, 356. Western Africa; monotypic.
0 Guttera Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1225 (type, by special designation, Numida cristata
Pallas). Africa; three species with 11 races.
10 Acryllium Gray, List Genera Birds, 1840, 61 (type, by monotypy, Numida vul-
turina Hardwick). Eastern Africa; monotypic.
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BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
In addition to the characters given for the family Numididae, which are
mainly taken from this genus, the following apply exclusively to the genus
Numida: Head and upper foreneck entirely nude, except for fine bristles
on upper eyelid and, sometimes, a tuft of bristlelike feathers at base of
bill ; hindneck with narrow, rather rigid, somewhat hairlike feathers ;
occiput or posterior part of crown with a compressed, or sometimes cyl¬
indrical, bony protuberance or casque, usually inclined backward and with
rounded extremity; a pendant thin wattle immediately behind rictus;
tarsus without spurs ; rectrices 14.
Plumage and coloration .• — Plumage in general compact, smooth, and
blended. General color blackish dotted with white, the outer webs of
secondaries obliquely barred with white; bare skin of head and neck
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
433
brightly colored in life (red, blue or violet, and white). Sexes alike in
coloration.
Range. — Africa and Madagascar. (Two species with over 20 races.)
NUMIDA MELEAGRIS GALEATA Pallas
Gray-breasted Helmet Guineafowl
Adult (sexes alike). — Head and foreneck bare of feathers except for
a thin scattered line of black hairlike feathers from the occiput down the
hindneck along the middorsal line ; breast, lower part of back, and sides
of neck light brownish drab to light vinaceous-drab ; interscapulars and
upper back between drab and hair brown abundantly speckled with small
white spots, each completely bordered with fuscous to dark fuscous, and
finely vermiculated and peppered with pale buffy drab ; ground color of
back, lower back, rump, upper tail coverts, scapulars and upper wing
coverts chaetura black finely peppered with pale drab and closely speckled
with white spots, the spots largest on the upper wing coverts and scapulars
where the drab dots mark off diamond-shaped areas each of which con¬
tains one white spot ; secondaries similar with the white spots arranged in
three or four longitudinal rows on each web, those next to the outer edge
of the outer web extended into a fringe of short diagonal white bars ;
primaries without the drab peppering and with fewer but larger white
marks, those on the outer webs of the outer feathers forming irregular
bars ; tail feathers like their upper coverts but with the white spots larger ;
lower breast, all of abdomen except the posteromedian part, sides, flanks,
and under tail coverts fuscous-black to black with abundant, larger some¬
what more oval white spots and without any fine peppering of drab be¬
tween these spots ; posteromedian part of abdomen and thighs dusky
sepia to dark clove brown abundantly covered with white spots smaller
than those of the rest of the underparts of the body and slightly tinged
with pale drab ; under wing coverts dusky sepia to clove brown spotted
with white, the white spots faintly tinged will drab; iris dark brown;
maxilla burnt sienna, horn gray at the tip ; mandible horn gray ; a small
dark red patch near corner of mouth ; bare skin of chin, throat, and neck,
brownish black, in front of and below eye, across auriculars and sides of
neck very pale Cambridge blue, almost white ; forehead and skin over eyes
slate-black; helmet burnt umber; nares dark red; wattle and line from
them to nares scarlet-vermilion; legs and feet blackish brown (soft parts
ex Bannerman).
Subadult (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult but the upper breast
spotted like the lower breast and abdomen, the spots smaller ; some plumu-
laceous feathers around ear openings, and with the lower throat retaining
some of the immature feathers with pale shafts.
Immature (sexes alike). — Similar to the adult but with the hindneck,
interscapulars, and back much browner — sepia but with the same spotted
434
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
and peppered pattern ; the lower throat and upper breast feathers brownish
black with white shafts ; abdomen dark buffy gray ; chin and throat almost
bare but rest of head still covered with tawny-brownish down.
Juvenal (sexes alike).— Upperparts dull rufescent brownish, coarsely
vermiculated with blackish, each feather with a large subterminal V-shaped
blackish band, and tipped with pale ochraceous-buff ; remiges brown edged
with white for the whole length of the feathers on the outer web and
distally on the inner one, the outer web mottled with dull buffy ; underparts
grayish buffy somewhat mottled with dusky anteriorly; top of head still
covered with tawny-brownish down ; the bony helmet very small and
blunt but definitely present by this stage of development.
Natal dozm (sexes alike). — Forehead, sides of head and of crown;
chin, throat, breast, abdomen, sides, and wings white with a very faint
buffy tinge; center of crown and occiput olive-brown; the nape, back,
and base of wings Sayal brown ; the flanks and all but the lower part of the
thighs dusky buffy brown; bill and feet (in dried skins) light yellow.
Adult male.— Wing 223.5-263.5 (239.5); tail 126.5-153.0 (136.8);
culmen from base 32.7-35.7 (34.2) ; tarsus 63.4-68.0 (65.0) ; middle toe
without claw 39.5-42.4 (40.6 mm.).11
Adult female.- Wing 226—248 (235); tail 127—134 (130.6); culmen
from base 31.2—34.4 (32.7) ; tarsus 57.2—68.4 (63.0) ; middle toe without
claw 36.7-40.6 (39.1 mm.).12
Range. — Native in the open grassy scrub country of western Africa
south of the Sahara and north of the forested areas from Senegal and
Liberia to Lake Chad and the northeastern part of French Equatorial
Africa; also the Cape Verde Islands and the islands of Annobon and Sao
Thome in the Gulf of Guinea. Introduced into St. Helena and some of
the West Indies; Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Barbuda, etc., where it has
become established as a wild bird in eastern Cuba and in Hispaniola.
Type locality. — None stated.
[ Phasianus ] meleagris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 158, part.
[ Nwnida ] meleagris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 273, part.— Gmelin, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 744, part.— Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 621, part.— Gray,
Hand-list, ii, 1870, 262, No. 9629, part.— Cory, List Birds West Indies, 1885;
rev. ed., 1886, 24 (Antilles).— Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 41.
Numida meleagris Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 150.— Sonnini and Vieillot, Nouv.
Diet. Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 125, pi. M, 31, fig. 2. — Lesson, Traite d’Orn.,
1831, 497, pi. 81, fig. 2.— Ritter, Naturh. Reis. Westind. Insel Hayti, 1836, 150,
156 (Haiti).— Jardine, Nat. Libr., Orn., iii, 1836, 229, pi. 29.— Gray, List
Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 29; ed. 1867, 43.— Denny, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1847, 39 (Cuba and Jamaica; introduced). — Gosse, Birds Jamaica,
1847, 325.— Reichenbach, Syst. Av., iii, Gallinaceae, 1848, pi. 186, figs. 1586-95 —
SallL Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, 236 (Santo Domingo; habits).— Hart-
11 Six specimens from Haiti and Barbuda.
12 Seven specimens from Plaiti, Barbuda, and Jamaica.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
435
laub, Orn. West Afrika, 1857, 199. — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861,
80 (Jamaica) ; 1863, 125 (monogr.). — Gundlach, Journ. fiir Om., x, 1862,
181 (Cuba) ; xxii, 1874, 313 (Puerto Rico) ; xxvi, 1878, 161, 186 (Puerto
Rico; habits); Rep. Fisico Nat. Cuba, i, 1865-6, 397. — Albrecht, Journ. fiir
Orn., x, 1862, 204 (Jamaica). — March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1863, 303 (Jamaica). — Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 1866, 97
(Santo Domingo). — Sundevall, Ofv. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1869, 601
(Puerto Rico). — Dohrn, Journ. fiir Orn., xix, 1871, 7 (Cape Verde Islands). —
Elliot, Monogr. Phasianidae, ii, 1872, pi. 39 and text. — Lawrence, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 241, 487 (Barbuda, Lesser Antilles). — von Boeck, Mitth.
Orn. Verh. Wien, 1884, 20, in author’s reprint (Thale Cochabamba, Bolivia;
has become wild on the Beni River) .—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Domingo,
1885, 16; List Birds, West Indies, 1885, 24; Auk, iv, 1887, 223 (West Indies;
syn.) ; Birds West Indies, 1889, 222; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, 96 (Cuba;
Jamaica; Haiti; Puerto Rico; Barbuda; Barbados). — Scott, Auk, ix, 1892, 121
(Jamaica). — Tippenhauer, Die Insel Haiti, 1892, 320. — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 375. — Shelley, Birds Africa, i, 1896, 182. —
Christy, Ibis, 1897, 341 (Santo Domingo). — Reichenow, Vogel Afrikas, i,
1901, 434; Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 16 (Togo Land, Africa). — Riley, Smiths.
Misc. Coll., xlvii, 1904, 279 (Barbuda). — Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Nat.
xxxix, 1905, 192, footnote (Isle of Pines; feral). — Clark, Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., xxxii, 1905, 246 (Balliceaux, Grenadines). — Verrill (A. E. and
A. H.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1909, 357 (Santo Domingo). —
Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 326, 1916, 34 (Puerto Rico). — Phillips, U. S.
Dept. Agr. Techn. Bull. 61, 1928, 11-12 (Dominican Republic). — Erhardt,
Journ. fiir Orn., lxxviii, 1930, 219 (serology). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, i, 1932,
113 in table (blood cells), 643 (longevity), 664 (body temperature) ; ii, 1937, 46
in text (sex demorphism), 106 in text (polygyny) ; 168 (captive breeding,
biology).
N[umida] meleagris Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 313.
Nwnida meleagris meleagris Bangs and Kennard, List Birds Jamaica, 1920, 5 (prob¬
ably extirpated by mongoose).
Numida galeata Pallas, Spec. Zool., i, fasc. iv, 1767, 13, 15 (no locality). — Hartert,
Nov. Zool., xxviii, 1921, 85 (nomencl.). — Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and
Virgin Islands, ix, pt. 3, 1927, 332 (Puerto Rico). — Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, lxxx, 1928 (1929), 494 (Haiti; distr. ; habits). — Danforth, Auk,
xlvi, 1929, 362 (Haiti; Dominican Republic) ; Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico,
xix, 1935, 477 (Barbuda; introduced; now scarce). — Wetmore and Swales,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 155, 1931, 125 (Hispaniola; habits; syn). — Wetmore and
Lincoln, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxxii, art. 25, 1933, 22 (L’Arcahaie, Haiti ; also
Pont de l’Estere and Morne a Cabrits). — Caum, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus., x, No.
9, 1933,23 (Hawaii; introduced; domestic).
N[wnida] galeata Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxix, 1919, 87, in text (nomencl.).
Nwnida meleagris galeata Bannerman, Birds Trop. West Africa, i, 1930, 347
(descr. ; distr.; habits; West Africa). — Young, Ibis, 1931, 645 (Bauchi Plateau,
Nigeria).— Bond, Check-list Birds West Indies, 1940, 164 (introduced and com¬
mon resident in eastern Cuba and Hispaniola) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel¬
phia, xciv, 1942, 92 (well established in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Barbuda). —
Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 291 (syn.; distr.).
Nwnida galeata galeata Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, 1924, 264 (Cape
Verde Islands; habits). — Sclater, Syst. Av. Ethiopicarum, i, 1924, 95 (distr.). —
Bannerman, Ibis, 1931, 671 (Kwendu, eastern Sierra Leone). — Bates, Handb.
Birds West Africa, 1930, 90.
436
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Numida g[aleata ] galeata Beebe, New York Zool. Soc. Bull., xxx, 1927, 139;
Beneath Tropic Seas, 1928, 220 (Haiti).
Numida rendallii Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, 103 (banks of the Gambia).
— Fraser, Zool. Typ., 1841-2, pi. 62.
Numida maculipennis Swainson, Birds West Africa, ii, 1837, 226 (Senegal).
Numida marchei Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 6, xiii, art. 1 bis, 1882 (Gaboon;
coll.) ; Nouv. Arch. Mus., ser. 2, viii, 1885, 305, pi. 14.
Family MELEAGRIDIDAE ; Turkeys
=Meleagrin;e Elliot, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 222, in text. — American Ornithol¬
ogists’ Union, Check-list, 1886, 177. — Knowlton, Birds of World, 1909, 276, in
text.
=Meleagrinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 326.— Gadow, in Bronn, Thier-
Reich, Vdg., ii, 1891, 172.
>Meleagrinae Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 60 (includes Numididae). — Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 613 (includes Numididae).
;=Meleagridae Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 231. — Sclater and S alvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, vii, 137. — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Plist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 402. — Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 68;
Hand-list, i, 1899, xi, 43. — Beddard, Struct, and Classif. Birds, 1898, 302. —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 283.— American
Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 145.
=Meleagridae Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lxxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3.
£=Meleagridid3e Coues, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer. Birds,
iii, 1874, xxvi ; Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 576.
=Meleagrididae Oberholser, Outl. Classif. North Amer. Birds, 1905, 2. — Wetmore,
Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Ixxxix, No. 13, 1934, 6; xcix, No. 7, 1940, 6. — Peters,
Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 139. — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 292.
Galliform birds with postacetabulum longer than preacetabulum, and
longer than broad; furcula weak and (viewed laterally) straight, with
rodlike acetabulum; acromial process of scapula peculiar in shape.
Bill rather narrow and elongate, the cere nearly as long as rhampho-
theca, the line of junction of the latter with the former slightly but dis¬
tinctly depressed ; nostril longitudinally narrowly oval, elliptical, or
fusiform, about parallel with axis of bill ; head and upper neck nude, with
fleshy caruncles and corrugations and an elongated fleshy erectile caruncu-
lar appendage on anterior part of forehead in adult males (these caruncles
and corrugations absent or indistinct in females, in which the nude parts
are more or less covered or sprinkled with short downy feathers). Wing
moderate, moderately concave beneath, the longest primaries longer than
longest secondaries, the outer primaries moderately bowed or incurved ;
fifth, or fifth and sixth, primaries longest, the first (outermost) about
equal to or a little shorter than tenth. Tail decidedly shorter than wing,
flat (not vaulted), rather strongly rounded (the difference in length
between middle and lateral rectrices equal to less than one-fourth the
length of tail), the rectrices (18) very broad with slightly rounded or
subtruncate tips. Tarsus stout, relatively long (about one-third as long
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
437
as wing), the acrotarsium with two rows of interdigitating broad trans¬
verse scutella (as in most of Phasianidae), the planta tarsi also with two
rows, but on inner side the row of large scutella separated from the frontal
scutella and replaced on lower portion by small hexagonal or lozenge¬
shaped scales; adult males with a more or less prominent (sometimes
long and acute) strong spur on lower portion of planta tarsi, about three-
fourths the distance from upper end to base of hallux ; middle toe about
half as long as tarsus or a little more, the outer toe reaching to beyond
penultimate articulation of middle toe (nearly if not quite to middle of
subterminal phalanx), the inner toe slightly shorter; hallux a little more
than half as long as basal phalanx of middle toe ; a well-developed web
between basal phalanges of anterior toes ; claws relatively small, very
slightly curved, blunt.
Plumage and coloration. — Head and upper neck nude, or in females
more or less covered with short downy feathers ; feathers of lower neck
and body very broad, with truncate or subtruncate tips ; remiges strong,
the proximal secondaries very broad, with rounded tips, the primaries very
rigid ; plumage of lower abdomen and anal region soft and almost downy,
that of thighs short and soft. General color dark with metallic reflec¬
tions, less brilliant in females, most of the feathers margined terminally
with black, the remiges grayish dusky more or less barred with white ; bare
skin of head and neck brightly colored in life (white, blue, and red in one
genus; blue and orange in another).
Range. — Eastern temperate and tropical North America, south to
British Honduras and eastern Guatemala. (Two monotypic genera.)
The Meleagrididae are very closely related to the Phasianidae but differ
in a sufficient number of characters to warrant their recognition as a
distinct family. They are exclusively American, while the typical Phasi¬
anidae (Phasianinae) are found only in Eurasia and Africa.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF MELEAGRIDIDAE
a. Crown without a vertical process or protuberance; adult male with a beardlike
tuft of long, coarse, stiff bristles on center of chest; tail less strongly rounded,
the difference in length between middle and outer rectrices equal to but little,
if any, more than half the length of tarsus, the rectrices broader and less
rounded (nearly subtruncate) at tips; rectrices without metallic tips or
subterminal ocelli . Meleagris (p. 437)
aa. Crown, in male, with a conspicuous subcylindrical erect protuberance ; no beard¬
like tuft on chest; tail more strongly rounded, the difference in length between
middle and lateral rectrices equal to about distance from heel joint to base
of hallux, the rectrices narrower and distinctly rounded at tips; rectrices with
a terminal band of bright metallic coppery bronze and a subterminal spot or
ocellus of metallic blue . Agriocharis (p. 458)
Genus MELEAGRIS Linnaeus
Meleagris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 156. (Type, as designated by Gray.
1840, M. gallopavo Linnaeus.)
,653008°— 46 - 29
438
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Melagris (emendation) Eyton, Osteol. Avium, 1867, 1 7 1 .
Gallo-pavo Brisson, Orn., i, 1760, 26, 158. (Type, by tautonymy, Gallopavo Brisson=
Meleagris gallapavo Linnaeus.)
Galloparus (err. typog. ?) Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., Ois., vi, 1854, 99.
Gallopavm (emendation) Des Murs, in Chenu, Encycl. Hist. Nat., Ois., vi, 1854, 100,
109.
Pseudotaon Billberg, Synop. Faunas Scand., i, pt. 2, 1828, tabs. A, B, C, and p. 4.
(New name for Meleagris Linnaeus.)
Cynchramus “Moehring” Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ii, 1826, 122.
(Not adopted but cited in synonymy of Meleagris Linnaeus.)
Cenchramus (emendation) Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, 78.
Largest of gallinaceous birds (length of adult males about 107-127 cm.,
weight 16-40 pounds, the females decidedly smaller) ; adult males without
any vertical process or protuberance on crown, but with a conspicuous
pendant tuft of long, coarse bristles springing from center of chest; rec-
trices without a terminal metallic band or subterminal metallic ocelli.
(Other characters the same as these given for the family Meleagrididae.)
Plumage and coloration. — Head and upper neck nude, warted and cor¬
rugated in adult males, smoother and more or less covered with short
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
439
downy feathers and with true feathers extending upward on nape in
females, the skin of throat loose and sometimes, at least, developed into a
more or less distinct “dewlap” ; a fleshy but flabby appendage on anterior
portion of forehead, this more or less erect when contracted but pendant
and much enlarged in adult males during the pairing season — much smaller
or rudimentary in females. Feathers of lower neck, back, rump, and
underparts, together with smaller wing coverts and tail coverts, dis¬
tinctly outlined, very broad, and with truncate or subtruncate tips, those
of lower abdomen and anal region soft, more downy, those of thighs
shorter and close, but broad, rounded, and distinctly outlined ; rectrices
(18) very broad, with rounded tips. General color dusky but glossed
with brilliant metallic coppery, golden, and greenish hues, the feathers of
back, rump, breast, sides, and flanks, as well as the scapulars and smaller
wing coverts, margined terminally with velvety black ; primaries grayish
dusky, more or less broadly barred with white ; rectrices brown, barred
with dusky, broadly tipped with white, buffy, light rusty brown, or chest¬
nut and with a broad subterminal band of black. (Females with color¬
ation duller, the metallic hues much less brilliant.)
Range. — Eastern and south-central United States (west to Colorado
and Arizona) and mountains of Mexico. (Monotypic, but with six more
or less distinct subspecific forms.)
KEY TO THE FORMS OF MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO (LINNAEUS)
a. Tail tipped with deep rusty, its coverts and feathers of lower rump tipped with
rich dark chestnut.
b. Primaries broadly barred with white, white bars nearly or quite as broad as
dusky interspaces and extending to shafts of quills (northern Florida north¬
ward in eastern United States) . . . .Meleagris gallopavo silvestris (p. 440)
bb. Primaries narrowly barred with white, white bars very much narrower than
dusky interspaces and not extending to shafts of quills (Florida).
Meleagris gallopavo osceola (p. 447)
aa. Tail and tail coverts and feathers of lower rump tipped with light cinnamon-
brown, buffy, or white.
b. Tail, upper tail coverts, etc., tipped with light cinnamon-brown, cinnamon, or
cinnamon-buff; rump almost wholly “solid” glossy black (feathers tipped
with gray in female and young) (central Texas to northeastern Mexico).
Meleagris gallopavo intermedia (p. 449)
bb. Tail, upper tail coverts, etc., tipped with white or pale buffy.
c. Lower back and rump bluish black without reddish and greenish-golden
metallic reflections.
d. Upper body plumage purplish bronzy.
e. Narrow bars on basal three quarters of undersurface of rectrices more
grayish than rufescent (western slope of Sierra Madre, Chihuahua to
Durango and southern Sonora).
Meleagris gallopavo onusta (p. 457)
ee. Narrow bars on basal three-quarters of undersurface of rectrices more
rufescent than grayish (Colorado to Arizona, New Mexico, and
•• • southwestern Texas) . Meleagris gallopavo merriami (p. 451)
440
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
dd. Upper body plumage highly glossed with greenish and reddish-golden
reflections, less purplish bronzy (Veracruz to Oaxaca).
Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo (p. 454)
cc. Lower back and rump with reddish and greenish-golden metallic reflections,
not bluish black (eastern Chihuahua, Durango, to northern Jalisco).
Meleagris gallopavo mexicana (p. 455)
MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO SILVESTRIS Vieillot
Eastern Turkey
Adult male. — Head, elongated frontal appendage, neck, chin, and throat
bare, chiefly pale bluish in life, mixed with purplish red, only sparsely
feathered with blackish hairlike feathers chiefly on the midventral line
and with black and chestnut broader but short feathers on the middorsal
line; a little tuft of dirty buff feathers broadly tipped with black over the
ear openings ; the skin of the back and sides of neck and extreme lower
throat coarsely rugose, the carunculations increasing in size toward the
body, assuming the size of wattles at the feather line; general coloration
of body dark brown with variable brilliant metallic reflections of rich cop¬
pery bronze changing to metallic red and green in certain lights, each
feather of back, breast, sides, and flanks, together with the scapulars and
lesser upper wing coverts, sharply margined terminally with velvety black
(narrowly bluish at either edge) ; lowrer back and rump with black tips
much broader and without greenish bronze, with only a broad subterminal
pinkish bronze band narrowly edged with greenish basally, the feathers
of the back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing coverts averaging more
greenish, less coppery than those of the rump and flanks ; upper tail
coverts dark purplish chestnut with a narrow subterminal bar of velvety
black preceded by a broad band of metallic pinkish bronze, which in turn
is preceded by a broad, velvety, greenish, black bar ; the rest of the feathers
(actually their greatest part but which is usually hidden by overlapping)
dull russet to cinnamon-brown narrowly banded, vermiculated, and
mottled with blackish; tail varying from russet to Prout’s brown heavily
broadly vermiculated to barred with fuscous-black to black (the vermicu-
lations approaching barring more on the lateral rectrices, especially on
their inner webs), crossed by a broad subterminal band of dull black,
which breaks up into a vermiculated area on its distal side also, very
similar to the most proximal area, and tipped broadly with tawny snuff
brown to cinnamon-brown, the under surface of tail paler than the upper
side ; the subterminal black band greatly increasing in width on the lateral
feathers and the more distal vermiculated area correspondingly decreasing
laterally ; greater upper wing coverts glossy bronzy vinaceous-brown on
the exposed, outer webs, dusky green gray with subterminal oil-green
sheen on the covered inner webs, both webs subterminally broadly banded
with black and narrowly tipped with dirty buffy white ; primaries clove
brown barred with white, the white bars nearly, if not quite, as wide as the
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDDE AMERICA
441
dusky interspaces, and touching the shaft of the quills, the white bars,
especially on the inner web often more or less mottled with clove brown ;
secondaries similar but the dark areas paler and grayer — grayish olive-
brown terminally vermiculated, and on the inner webs strongly suffused
with cinnamomeous, the innermost ones with a purplish sheen and the
white bars averaging less pure white ; pectoral tuft or “beard” blackish
with a greenish sheen basally and a slight vinaceous-brown gloss distally ;
middle of abdomen to vent chaetura drab to dull fuscous to fuscous-black,
each feather tipped with pale grayish buff to grayish tawny ; thighs similar
but the tips slightly more olivaceous (in some more cinnamomeous) and
the terminal portion of the feathers somewhat suffused with olive grayish
or with cinnamomeous ; under wing coverts dark sepia to clove brown ;
under tail coverts similar to the sides ; iris deep brown ; bill orange basally,
yellowish at tip and along tomial edge ; tarsi, tarsal spur, and toes purplish
red, the larger scutella with light brownish gray or greenish brown mar¬
gins ; claws dark brown.13
Adult female. — Similar to the adult male but smaller and duller in
color, more brownish, the metallic reflections much less brilliant; the
frontal appendage much smaller or rudimentary ; “beard” smaller and
tarsal spurs absent or rudimentary ; the neck more extensively feathered,
the feathers extending to the nape ; the head, especially above, more or
less sparsely covered with short dusky downy feathers and small bristles ;
the feathers of the neck, back, and underparts with more or less distinct
pale terminal edges ; the tips of the feathers of the breast, flanks, and sides
brown (blackish in males).
Subadnlt.— Similar to the adult of the corresponding sex but with
the beard shorter14 and in the male the tarsal spurs and the frontal append¬
age smaller.
Immature male. — Similar to the adult male in size and to the adult
female in coloration but retains the two outer juvenal primaries.
Immature female. — Similar to the adult female but lacks the beard and
retains the two outer juvenal primaries.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Forehead and anterior part of crown light
pinkish cinnamon darkening to pinkish cinnamon on the posterior part of
crown ; occiput and nape pinkish cinnamon splotched with Brussels brown
to clove brown, this darker color largely on the basal parts of the feathers,
which do not completely overlap ; hindneck and uppermost interscapulars
dusky hair brown to chaetura drab, the feathers with whitish shafts and
“The elongated frontal appendage is largest (longest) during the breeding season
and may then attain a length of 3 inches or more; in the winter it may shrink to less
than 1 inch.
14 According to some workers who deal with live wild turkeys, a male with a
beard less than 4 inches long is probably a first-year bird, while females seldom
develop beards until they are three years old.
442
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
terminal shaft spots and subterminally banded with Prout’s brown ; scapu¬
lars and rest of interscapulars and upper wing coverts between Prout’s
brown and russet with narrow pale tawny shaft streaks terminally widen¬
ing into whitish tips, the feathers with a broad subterminal blackish band
(not extending across the pale shaft streak) and sparsely freckled with the
same on the basal brownish area ; back, lower back, and rump dark hair
brown barred with whitish (the whitish bars formed by the tips of the
feathers) ; primaries between hair brown and chaetura drab, faintly and
finely mottled on the outer web with pale cinnamon-buff and narrowly
tipped with whitish; secondaries hair brown on their inner webs, Sayal
brown on the outer webs which are transversely broadly blotched with
blackish and finely and sparsely peppered with dusky; the innermost sec¬
ondaries have this Sayal brown extending over the inner web as well, and
all the secondaries are tipped with pale pinkish buff ; upper tail coverts and
rectrices Sayal brown transversely broadly but irregularly banded with
blackish and tipped with buffy white ; lores, cheeks, and auriculars pinkish
buff darkening to light pinkish cinnamon above and behind the eye ; chin
and upper throat very pale pinkish buff ; lower throat pinkish buff irregu¬
larly barred with hair brown ; the feathers broadly tipped with white ;
breast, abdomen, sides, flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts dark hair
brown but the feathers of the sides and flanks and lower abdomen heavily
washed with Sayal brown, their shafts white.
Natal down (sexes alike). — Head as in juvenal plumage described
above ; the upper back slightly paler but very heavily and extensively
blotched with dark bister; back, lower back, and rump somewhat darker
and more rufescent, heavily marked with Brussels brown to bister and
Vandyke brown, the spinal tract being broadly and continuously of this
dark tone ; sides of head pale pinkish buff to tilleul buff, paling to almost
white on the chin and upper throat and breast ; middle of abdomen washed
with straw yellow, whiter laterally.
Adult male. — Wing 480-550 (512.9); tail 370-440 (397.2); culmen
from cere 31-38 (34.8) ; tarsus 146-181.5 (162.6); middle toe without
claw 73-87 (81.4); length of tarsal spur 14.5-23 (18.5); diameter of
tarsal spur 10-13.5 (11.6 mm.).15
Adult female.— Wing 382^38 (414.3) ; tail 306-345 (329.3) ; culmen
from cere 28—35.5 (31.7) ; tarsus 126-143 (131.8) ; middle toe without
claw 61.5-68 (65.4 mm.).16
Range. — Formerly resident in wooded districts from southern Maine,
southern Ontario, and northern New York, southern Michigan, southern
Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota, Iowa, southeastern South Dakota, Ne¬
braska, and Kansas; south through New England, New York, New Jersey,
10 Nine specimens from Virginia, Georgia, and Maryland.
10 Six specimens from Virginia, Arkansas, Missouri, and North Carolina.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
443
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, the Carolinas and
Georgia to northwestern Florida, and through Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
eastern Kentucky, and Missouri to Arkansas, Oklahoma, eastern Texas,
northeastern New Mexico, and the Gulf Coast; now extirpated in Canada,
New England, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Iowa, South Dakota,
Kansas, and Minnesota; mixed with domestic blood and with western
stock in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and in the eastern part of the range.17
Birds from coastal Georgia and southeastern South Carolina are some¬
what intermediate between this form and the Florida subspecies, M. g.
osceola.
Type locality. — Pennsylvania.
[Meleagris] gallopavo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 156, part18 (based
essentially on Meleagris sylvestris Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, p. xliv;
Brisson, Orn., i, 162, and New England Wild Turkey Ray, av. 51 ; Alb. av. 3,
p. 33, t. 35) ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 268.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 732. —
Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 618.
Meleagris gallopavo Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 149.— Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., i,
1825, 79, pi. 9; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, ii, pt. 1, 1826, 123; Contr. Mac-
lurian Lyc., i, 1827, 22; Geogr. and Comp. List, 1838, 42. — Audubon, Orn.
Biogr., i, 1831, 1, 33, pis. 1, 6; v, 1839, 559; Synopsis, 1839, 194; Birds Amer.,
8 vo ed., v, 1842, 42, pis. 287, 288.— Nuttall, Man. Orn. United States and
Canada, Land Birds, 1832, 630; ed. 2, 1840, 773. — Hitchcock, Rep. Geol. Massa¬
chusetts, 1833, 549 (Massachusetts). — Jardine, Nat. Libr., Orn., iii, 1836, 117,
pis. 1, 2.— Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 101 (s. Vermont) .— DeKay, Zook
New York, 1844, 199, pi. 76, fig. 172. — Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuni
and Colorado Rivers, 1853, 93 (Indian Territory; Texas).— Baird, Rep. Pacific
R.R. Surv., ix, 1858, 615; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 457.— Mc-
Ilwraith, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 91 (Ontario, formerly). — Allen, Mem.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1868, 500 (w. Iowa; formerly numerous) ; Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 141 (Fort Hays, Kans.), 144 (nw. Kansas), 181 (e. and
middle Kansas).— Snow, Cat. Birds Kansas, ed. 2, 1872, 12 (Kansas; becoming
rarer); 1879, 9; ed. 5, 1903, 15 (southwestern Kansas; rare, if not extinct). —
"Birds from the Wichita National Forest are only doubtfully identifiable as
si Ives Iris, but this seems to be due to mixing of strains there by local introduction.
18 It may fairly be questioned whether Linnaeus based his Meleagris gallopavo
more on the wild turkey of the Eastern United States or the domesticated bird, and
possibly those who insist upon the latter are right ; but this does not affect the right
of a subsequent author when dealing with a composite species to restrict the original
name according to his best judgment. In 1856, John Gould thus restricted the
specific name gallopavo to the wild bird of the Eastern United States and named
the wild turkey of eastern Mexico (which is unquestionably the parent stock of the
domesticated turkey) M. mexicana. The principle involved is a very simple and
just one, and there are few of those already incorporated with the rules of zoological
nomenclature which are more potent to prevent the unnecessary shifting of names
than this. It is true that the wild turkey of the Eastern United States had received
several different specific names prior to Gould’s discrimination of two species, in
1856; but the authors of these several names did not recognize two species and there¬
fore merely renamed the composite one, thus merely adding synonyms to the eastern
form as clearly separated by Gould. (R.R.)
444
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Elliot, Monogr. Phasianidae, i, 1872, pi. 30 (27?), and text. — Hatch, Proc.
Minnesota Acad. Sci., i, 1874, 61 (e. Minn.) ; Notes Birds Minnesota, 1892, 169,
458 (Minnesota; now extinct). — Brewer, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. His., xvii, 1875,
12 (New England). — Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 63 (s. Illinois; 10
miles w. of Anna, Union County), 65 (s. Illinois). — Gibbs, U. S. Geol. and
Geogr. Surv. Terr. Bull. 5, 1879, 491 (Michigan; locally common). — Townsend,
Bull. Nuttall Orn. Qub, vi, 1880, 60 (Mount Desert Island, Maine, formerly;
bones found in shellheap). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
1886, No. 310. — Slade, Auk, v, 1888, 204 (near Mount Holyoke, Mass., former¬
ly; flock in 1837-38). — Goss, Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 230 (Kansas; genl.). —
Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1892, 105 (Corpus Christi, Tex.) ;
Auk, xvi, 1899, 310 (sw. Pennsylvania; a few still lingering in Clinton and
Fulton Counties). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892, 112, part
(includes M. g. osceola). — Ulrey and Wallace, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1895,
151 (Wabash, Ind. ; last one killed in 1880!). — Wayne, Auk, xii, 1895, 364
(Aucilla, nw. Florida). — Cooke, Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, 91
(rare, near extirpation; still existing in Bent, Prowers, Baca, and Las Animas
Counties, se. Colorado). — Jones, Wils. Bull, v, 1898, 61 (Lorain County, n.
Ohio; extinct since about 1858 !).— Butler, Rep. State Geol. Indiana for 1897
(1898), 758 (Carroll County, Ind., up to 1870; Marion County, 1879; Crawford
County, 1897; Lake County, about 1880; Newton County, 1884; Wabash County,
1880; La Porte County, 1886; Monroe County, 1887; still found in Knox,
Gibson, Pike, and Posey Counties). — Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, 1900, 214 (sw.
Ontario, formerly common; now rare). — Judd, U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 24, 1905,
48-52, part (range, food, etc.) — Taverner and Swales, Wils. Bull, xix, 1907,
91 (Point Pelee, Ontario; extirpated since about 1878!). — (?) Felger, Auk,
xxvi, 1909, 191 (Oak Hills, s. of Denver, Colo., 1868). — Christy, Auk, xlviii,
1931, 374 (Sandusky Bay; Lake Erie). — Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy.
Ontario Mus. Zool., No. 8, 1936, 31 (extirpated, formerly common; Ontario).—
Taverner, Can. Water Birds, 1939, 179 (field chars.; Canada). — Stewart, Auk,
lx, 1943, 390 (Shenandoah Mountains; breeds).
M[eleagris] gallopavo Maximilian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1850, 426 (descr. ; plum.;
meas. ; habits). — Hatch, Bull Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, 61 (Minnesota;
sw. part). — Ridgway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., New York, x, 1874, 382 (Illinois;
resident). — Boies, Cat. Birds Southern Michigan, 1875, No. 145 (s. Michigan). — -
Nelson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 121 (ne. Illinois; formerly plentiful but
now probably extirpated); ix, 1877, 43 (s. Illinois; very common) 59 (Cairo,
Ill.; abundant; also in Kentucky and Missouri).
Meleagris gallopavo, var. gallopavo Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 404. — Langdon, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 1879, 15
(Cincinnati, Ohio; former resident).
Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo Goode, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 20, 1883, 328.
Meleagris Gallo pavo Kluk, Hist. Nat., ii, 1779, 136.
Meleagris gallipavo Kock, Mitth. Orn. Verh. Wien, 1889, 129-134 (Pennsylvania).
Meleagris americana Hildreth, Amer. Journ. Sci., xxix, 1836, 85 (Kanawha Valley,
W. Va. ; ex M. americanus Bartram, Travels in Florida, etc., 1792, 290 — nomen
nudum). — Cousfe, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1875, 349, footnote (crit.,
nomencl.). — Loomis, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 217 (Chester County,
S. C.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 389.
M[eleagris] americana Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 304.
[Meleagris] americana Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 262, No. 9626.
[ Meleagris gallopavo] var. americana Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 232.
Meleagris gallopavo . . . var. americana Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874,
No. 379a.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
445
[Meleagris gallopavo var. americana] b. Americana Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874,
391.
Meleagris gallopavo, var. americana Merriam, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Sci., iv.,
1877, 98 (extinct in Connecticut since about 1813). — Brown, Bull. Nuttall Orn.
Club, iv, 1879, 12 (Coosada, Ala.).
Meleagris gallopavo americana Coues, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, v, 1880, 100.—
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 195; Norn. North Amer. Birds, 1881,
No. 470a. — Wheaton, Rep. Birds Ohio, 1882, 444 ; 579 (descr. ; distr. ; hist.;
syn.). — Hay, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 93 (Kemper County, Miss.). —
Ageksborg, Auk, ii, 1885, 285 (se. South Dakota).
M[eleagris ] gallopavo americana Ridgway, Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull. 4,
1881, 191 (Illinois).
Meleagris gallipavo americana Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882,
No. 554.
[Meleagris] [gallopavo] americana Wheaton, Rep. Birds Ohio, 1882, 444 (distr.).
M[eleagris] g[allipavo] americana Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 576.
(?) Meleagris gallopavo ( americana Coues?) Nehrling, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 175 (se. Texas).
Meleagris palawa Barton, Med. and Phys. Journ., ii, pt. 1, 1805, 163, 164 (based
on “the common wild turkey of the United States”).
Meleagris silvestris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat., ix, 1817, 447 (Illinois to
Isthmus of Panama; Canada and central United States). — Ridgway, Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1874, 23 (lower Wabash Valley).
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Dawson, Birds Ohio, 1903, 431, pi. 50, 652 (Ohio;
hist.; descr.; etc.). — Williams, Auk, xxi, 1904, 453 (Leon County, nw. Fla.).—
[Nash], Check List Vert. Ontario: Birds, 1905, 36 (Ontario; formerly common;
now probably extinct). — Stockard, Auk, xxii, 1905, 150 (Mississippi; nesting
habits, etc.). — Townsend, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 3, 1905, 64 in text, 203
in text (Essex County, Mass.) ; No. 5, 1920, 97 (Essex County, Mass.; extinct).
— Henninger, Wils. Bull., xviii, 1906, 51 (Seneca County, Ohio; extirpated in
1880). — Brewster, Mem. Nuttall Orn. Club, No. 4, 1906, 175 (Cambridge,
Mass.). — Widmann, Birds Missouri, 1907, 83 (once common, now rare). —
Anderson, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., xi, 1907, 237 (Iowa; once common;
now practically extirpated). — Woodruff, Auk, xxv, 1908, 198 (Shannon County,
Mo., still common). — Stone, Birds New Jersey, 1908, 152 (New Jersey; hist;
now extinct) ; Bird Studies Cape May, i, 1937, 328 (Cape May County, N. J.,
formerly). — Knight, Birds Maine, 1908, 206 (s. Maine, formerly).— Cory,
Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. 131, 1909, 42 (Wisconsin, extirpated; Illinois, now
in southern counties only) Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Can. Birds, ed. 2,
1909, 234 (sw. Ontario; formerly common, now rare). — Wayne, Birds South
Carolina, 1910, 64 (habits; descr. of nest and eggs). — Howell, Auk, xxvii,
1910, 301 (Walden Ridge, e. Term.) ; Birds Alabama, 1924, 121 ; ed. 2, 1928, 121
(distr.; habits; Alabama). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list,
ed. 3, 1910, 145; ed. 4, 1931, 92 (distr.). — Eaton, Birds New York, i, 1910, 379
(now extirpated). — Iseley, Auk, xxix, 1912, 28 (Sedgwick County, Kans.,
formerly). — Barrows, Michigan Bird Life, 1912, 236 (formerly abundant, now
extirpated). — Harlow, Auk, xxix, 1912, 469 (Centre County, Pa.) ; xxxv, 1918,
23 (south-central Pennsylvania from Centre, Clearfield, and Lycoming Counties
to Somerset and Franklin Counties; also in Huntingdon County).— Forbush,
Game Birds, Wild-fowl and Shore Birds, 1912, 487 (history) .—Cooke, Condor,
xv, 1913, 104 [-105], fig. 32 (map) (western range) ; Auk, xxxi, 1914, 478
(Caddo, Okla. ; common) ; Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlii, 1929, 34 (Wash¬
ington, D. C.). — Bailey, Birds Virginia, 1913, 91 (Virginia; range; breeds). —
446
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Wright and Harper, Auk, xxx, 1913, 494 (Okefenokee Swamp, Ga.). — Harris,
Trans. Acad. Nat. Sci. St. Louis, 1919, 258 (extirpated near Kansas City, Mo.).
— Burns, Orn. Chester County, Pa., 1919, 48 (Chester County, Pa.). — Pearson,
Brimley, and Brimley, Birds of North Carolina, 1919, 154 (North Carolina;
descr.; distr.).— Holt, Geol. Surv. Alabama, Mus. Paper No. 4, 1921, 43
(Alabama; common in suitable localities; resident; breeds). — Over and Thoms,
Birds South Dakota, 1921, 78 (Union and Clay Counties, but extirpated about
1875).— Cahn, Wils. Bull., xxxiii, 1921, 172 (Harrison County, ne. Tex.).—
Evermann, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. for 1920 (1921), 336 (Monroe County,
Ind., up to about 1886; Vigo County, up to 1891 ?; Carrol County, up to
about 1878).— Hunt, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 376 (Tiller, Ark.; said to be common
in wild places).— Pearson, Wils. Bull., xxxiv, 1922, 86 (Cumberland Island,
Ga-)- Corrington, Auk, xxxix, 1922, 543 (Biloxi, Miss.; common in swamps).
" Nice and Nice, Birds Oklahoma, 1924, 37 (genl. ; Oklahoma). — Burleigh,
Wils. Bull., xxxvi, 1924, 69, 37 (migr.; Centre County, Pa.); xliii, 1931, 39
(breeding; State College; Centre County, Pa.) .—Pindar, Wils. Bull xxxvi,
1924, 204 (e. Arkansas); xxxvii, 1925, 83 (status; Fulton County, Ky.).—
Beck, Auk, xli, 1924, 292 in text (Pennsylvania German common names). —
Wheeler, Birds Arkansas, 1925, 40, xiv, xx (descr.; habits; nest and eggs;
Arkansas). Blincoe, Auk, xlii, 1925, 419 (Bardstown, Ky.). — Worthing¬
ton and Todd, Wils. Bull., xxxviii, 1926, 211 (Chostawhatchee Bay, Fla.). —
Bailey, Birds New Mexico, 1928, 230 (ne. New Mexico; Mora River near
junction with the Canadian River, and near North fork of the Canadian
River). Sutton, Birds Pennsylvania, 1928, 54 (Pennsylvania; descr.; nesting;
habits); Auk, xlvi, 1929, 326 (nesting habits; Pennsylvania; photographs). —
Pickens, Wils. Bull., xl, 1928, 189 (rare, upper South Carolina). — Brown,
Auk, xlv, 1928, 347 (longevity in captivity) —Pierce, Wils. Bull., xlii, 1930, 267
(status in Buchanan County, Iowa). — Snyder and Logier, Trans. Roy. Can.
Inst., xviii, 1931, 177 (Long Point Area, Norfolk County, Ontario; extirpated;
trapping methods).— [Arthur], Birds Louisiana, 1931, 220 (descr.; status,
Louisiana).— NrcE, Birds Oklahoma, rev. ed., 1931, 83 (Oklahoma; genl.).—
Baerg, Univ. Arkansas Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. 258, 1931, 56 (descr.; distr.).—
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 326 (habits; plum.; distr.). — Burns,
Wils. Bull., xliv, 1932, 28 (spec.; Peale coll.). — Bennitt, Univ. Missouri Stud.,
vii, No. 3, July 1932, 27 (s. Missouri; uncommon resident). — Roberts, Birds
Minnesota, i, 1932, 425 (distr.; habits; etc.; Minnesota). — Hicks, Wils. Bull.,
xlv, 1933, 180 (Ashtabula County, Ohio; none since 1880) .—Brooks, Wils. Bull.,
xlvi, 1934, 66 (Cranberry Glades, W. Va.).— Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
1934, 140.— Taverner, Birds Canada, 1934, 167 in text (e. Canada; w. to e.
Ontario). — Fisher, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlviii, 1935, 161 (Plummers
Island, Md.).— Ghigi, Gallini di Faraone e Tacchini, 1936, 330, pi. vii (col. fig.;
genl. hist.). — Groebbels, Der Vogel, ii, 1937, 106 in text (polygyny) ; 168 (data
on breeding biology) ; 239 in text (number of eggs) ; 402 in text (parental
care). Bagg and Eliot, Birds Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts, 1937, 175
(extirpated).— Murphey, Contr. Charleston Mus., ix, 1937, 15 (Savannah
Valley, Ga. ; formerly abundant, still fairly common resident) .—Van Tyne,
Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 379, 1938, 12 (Michigan; formerly
permanent resident; now extirpated; breeding records). — Poole, Auk, lx, 1938,
Si 7, in table (weight; wing area).— Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana, 1938,
193 (Louisiana; formerly not uncommon, now largely confined to the n. and ne.
parts of state).— Deaderick, Wils. Bull., 1, 1938, 263 (Hot Springs Nat. Park,
Ark.; rare resident).— Tanner, Auk, lvi, 1939, 90 (Madison Parish, La.;
60 seen).— Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ixxxvi, 1939, 184 (Tennessee;
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
447
one seen — Old Black Mountain). — Long, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., xliii, 1940,
441 (Kansas; formerly abundant resident; now extinct). — Campbell, Bull.
Toledo Mus. Sci., i, 1940, 65 (Lucas County, Ohio; formerly common; last
record 1892). — Todd, Birds Western Pennsylvania, 1940, 178 (w. Pennsylvania;
descr. ; habits; syn. ; bibl.). — Trautman, Misc. Publ. Univ. Michigan Mus.
Zool., No. 44, 1940, 227 (Buckeye Lake, Ohio; formerly common resident;
now extirpated). — Goodpaster, Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., xxii, 1941,
13 (sw. Ohio; formerly common, now practically extirpated in settled districts;
bones in Indian village sites). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 292 (distr. ; syn.) —Pearson, Brimley, and Brimley, Birds North
Carolina, 1942, 110 (North Carolina; status; habits). — Cruickshank, Birds
New York City, 1942, 154 (extirpated).- — Mosby and Handley, Wild Turkey in
Virginia, 1943, 4, ff. (distr.; monogr. ; management).
Meleagres gallopavo silvestris Johnston, Birds West Virginia, 1923, 88 (West
Virginia).
M[eleagris] gallopavo var. sylvestris Ridgway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York,
x, 1874, 382 (Illinois).
[Meleagris] gallopavo silvestris Baillie and Harrington, Contr. Roy. Ontario
Mus. Zool., No. 8, pt. 1, 1936, 31, in text (Ontario; extirpated). — Petrides,
Trans 7th North Amer. Wildlife Conf., 1942, 325, in text (age indicators in
plumage).
M[eleagris ] g[allopavo] silvestris Wright, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 343, in text (early
records). — Moore, Auk, lv, 1938, 113 in text, 114 (spec.; crit.). — Leopold,
Condor, xlv, 1943, 133, in text (molts of young).
Gallopavo sylvestris LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ix, 1857, 179-181
(crit. ; ex Ray).
Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris Allen, Auk, xix, 1902, 420 in text. — Jones, Birds
Ohio, Revised Cat., 1903, 85 (Ohio; prob. extinct). — Woodruff, Chicago Acad.
Sci. Bull., vi, 1907, 86 (extirpated in Chicago area).
Meleagris fera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat., ix, 1817, 447; Gal. Ois., ii,
1825, 10, pi. 201. — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 42. — Elliot,
Auk, xvi, 1899, 232 (crit. on p. 231).
[Meleagris] fera Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43.
Meleagris gallopavo fera Coues, Auk, xvi, 1899, 77. — American Ornithologists’
Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 108. — Beyer, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99
(1900), 98 (Louisiana). — Allen, Proc. Manchester Inst. Sci. and Arts, iv, 1902,
94 (formerly resident in s. New Hampshire). — Kumlien and Hollister, Bull.
Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., iii, 1903, 58 (Wisconsin).
Meleagris gallopavofera Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899),
254 (Kansas; now rare; formerly abundant).
Meleagris gallopavo fera Nash, Check List Birds Ontario, 1900, 27 (Ontario,
formerly common).
Meleagris gallopavo, var. occidentalis Allen, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, i, 1876, 55
(extirpated in New England; ex Meleagris occidentals Bartram, Travels in
Florida, etc., 1791, 88 — nomen nudum).
MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO OSCEOLA Scott
Florida Turkey
Adult male. — Similar to that of Meleagris gallopavo silvestris but
smaller and with the remiges with the white bars very much narrower
448
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
than the dark interspaces and on the whole less incomplete19 ; the rectrices
brown-tipped as in silvestris in most birds, but occasionally their tips paler
and more buffy ; the innermost secondaries averaging more grayish ;
the tips of the upper tail coverts slightly paler, more chestnut, and the
tarsal spurs averaging somewhat longer and sharper, i.e., more attenuate,
less blunt, and the general effect of the metallic reflections averaging more
brilliantly red and green, less bronzy.
Adult female. — Similar to that of Meleagris gallopavo silvestris but
differing from it in the same characters as do the adult males of the two
races.
Subadult. — Similar to the adult of the corresponding sex but with the
beard shorter, and in the male the tarsal spurs and the frontal appendage
smaller.
Immature. — Similar to the subadult of the corresponding sex but with
the two outer juvenal primaries.
Juvenal. — Similar to that of M. g. silvestris.
Natal dozun.- — Like that of M. g. silvestris but head and back slightly
darker.
Adult male. — Wing 430-487 (462) ; tail 345-390 (362.8) ; culmen from
cere 30.5-35.5 (32.9) ; tarsus 159.5-174 (169.8) ; middle toe without claw
70-82.5 (76.4) ; length of tarsal spur 17-32 (25.1) ; diameter of tarsal
spur 9.5-13 (11.6mm.).20
Adult female. — Wing 354-390 (368.7) ; tail 268-304 (291); culmen
from cere 26.8-31 (29.1) ; tarsus 125.5-135.5 (132.3) ; middle toe without
claw 59-68 (63.2 mm.).21
Range. — Resident chiefly in the dense hammocks and the dry swamps,
but also in open pineland and saw palmetto prairies in Florida from at
least as far north as Gainesville and the lower Aucilla River south to
Royal Palm Hammock.
Type locality. — Tarpon Springs, Fla.
Meleagris gallopavo (not of Linnaeus) Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871,
342 (e. Florida). — Scott, Auk, vi, 1889, 246 (Gulf coast, Fla.).
Meleagris gallopavo osceola Scott, Auk, vii, 1890, 376 (Tarpon Springs,
w. Florida; coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.); ix, 1892, 212, 215 (Caloosahatchie
region, sw. Florida; habits, etc.). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk,
ix, 1892, 109; xvi, 1899, 105; xviii, 1901, 310; Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, 118; ed.
3, 1910, 146; ed. 4, 1931, 92. — Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1896,
590. — Palmer, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 27-28, in text (instinctive stillness). — Baynard,
Auk, xxx, 1913, 243 (Alachua County, Fla.). — Howell, Auk, xxxviii, 1921, 255
Royal Palm Hammock, Fla.; very rare resident). — Bailey, Birds Florida, i,
1925, 1, 60, pi. 32 (fig.; distr. ; Florida).— Bent and Copeland, Auk, xliv,
'"One specimen seen (from Kissimmee, Fla., U. S. N. M. No. 124396) in which
the wing quills agree with the characters of silvestris.
20 Eleven specimens.
al Nine specimens.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
449
1927, 380 (Charlotte County, Fla.). — Christy, Auk, xlv, 1928, 288 (edge of Big
Cypress, s. Florida.). — Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lxx, 1930, 158 (type
in Mus. Comp. Zool.).- — Howell, Florida Bird Life, 1932, 195 (genl. ; Florida).
— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 340 (habits). — Peters, Check-list
Birds World, ii, 1934, 140. — Ghigi, Gallini di Faraone e Tacchini, 1936, 329
(genl.). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., 1, No. 1, 1942, 292.—
Mosby and Handley, Wild Turkey in Virginia, 1943, 4 (distr.).
Meleagris fera osceola Elliot, Auk, xvi, 1899, 232.
M[eleagris] g[allopavo] osceola Wright, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 343 in text (early rec¬
ords). — Moore, Auk, lv, 1938, 113 in text, 114 (spec.; crit.).
[Meleagris amcricana ] Subsp. a Meleagris osceola Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii, 1893, 390 (Tarpon Springs, Fla.).
[Meleagris] osceola Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43.
M[eleagris] osceola Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 305.
Meleagris occidentalis Bartram, Travels in Florida, etc., 1791, 83 (near Fincolata,
Fla.; nomen nudum).
MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO INTERMEDIA Sennett
Rio Grande Turkey
Adult male. — Similar to that of M. g. silvestris but smaller and with
the upper tail coverts and the rectrices with paler tips, those of the coverts
being cinnamon-buff with a slight tawny tinge, those of the rectrices being
Venus brown paling distally to pinkish cinnamon; the rectrices in many
specimens tend to be more barred with blackish over the area basal to the
black subterminal band, the brown interspaces somewhat freckled with
blackish in others they are vermiculated on the more median ones ; the
tips of the flank feathers paler and more cinnamomeous ; the lower back
and rump almost solid glossy blackish with rather faint subterminal bluish-
green reflections (not pinkish or coppery as in silvestris ) ; the metallic
reflections of the rest of the body more brilliant, less bronzy, agreeing in
this respect with M. g. osceola, inner webs of innermost secondaries more
heavily mottled with dusky and their outer webs more strongly glossed
with greenish purplish ; other secondaries darker, the brown areas fuscous ;
tarsal spur short and stubby as in silvestris; tips of under tail coverts and
flanks paler — cinnamon-buffy. Birds from Wichita Mountains, Okla.,
are intermediate between silvestris and intermedia, more like silvestris
in the color of the inner webs of the inner secondaries and the barring of
the rectrices.
Adult female. — Similar to that of M. g. silvestris but smaller and with
the feathers of lower back and rump and the upper tail coverts and the
rectrices with paler tips — cinnamon-buff to fairly pale pinkish buff ; the
rectrices averaging more definitely barred proximal to the subterminal
black band ; secondaries paler, more whitish on their outer margins, the
innermost ones sandy grayish cinnamon-buff ; feathers of the breast, upper
abdomen, sides, and flanks tipped with pale pinkish buff.
450
BULLETIN 60, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Juvenal male. — Similar to that of M. g. silvcstris but slightly paler,
the dark areas reduced on the wings and the brown slightly more “sandy”
generally on the upperparts.
Adult male. — Wing 462—468 (465) ; tail 346—385 (369.3) ; culmen from
cere 35-37 (35.8); tarsus 162-171 (166.3); middle toe without claw
78-81.5 (80.2) ; length of tarsal spur 11.5-17 (14.7) ; diameter of tarsal
spur 11.5-12.5 (12.2 mm.).22
Adult female. — Wing 385-405 (392.3) ; tail 277-302 (290.3) ; culmen
from cere 26.5-32.5 (30.3) ; tarsus 126-138.5 (130.4) ; middle toe without
claw 61.5-71 (65 mm.).23
Range. — Resident from central Texas (San Antonio; Nueces River
near Corpus Christi; Tom Green, Concho, Cameron, Motley, Kerr, Ken¬
dall, Aransas, and Bexar Counties) ; south to Tamaulipas (Soto la
Marina; Forlon, Rio de la Cruz) ; Nuevo Leon (Montemorelos, Cerrode
la Silla), and northwestern Coahuila (Sabinas and La Palma), and ex¬
treme southeastern San Luis Potosi (Micos).
Type locality. — Lomita, Tex.
Melcagris gallopavo (not of Linnaeus) Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 25 (se. Texas; ne.
Mexico).— Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 379, part.—
Sennett, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr, Bull. 4, No. 1, 1878, 53 (Hidalgo,
lower Rio Grande); 5, No. 3, 1879, 427 (Lomita, lower Rio Grande Valley, se.
Texas; crit.). — Merrill, Auk, i, 1878, 159 (Fort Brown and Hidalgo, se. Texas;
crit. ; descr. eggs).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, iii, 1880, 195, part; Nom.
North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 470, part.— Brown, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, vii,
1882, 41 (Boerne, Kendall County, Tex.). — Beckham, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus,
x, 1888, 657 (Bexar County, etc, Tex.). — Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist, iii, No. 2, 1891, 321 (Nueces River, 20-30 miles w. of Corpus Christi,
Tex.).— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer, Aves, iii, 1903, 284, part
(southern Texas and Tamaulipas).— Sutton and Pettingill, Auk, lix, 1942, 13
(Gomez Farias region, southwestern Tamaulipas; 1 seen).
[Meleagris] gallopavo Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 232, part.
Meleagris mexicana (not of Gould) Elliot, New and Unfig. North Amer. Birds,
pt. 10, 1868 (vol. ii), text, pi. 38, part; Monogr. Phasianidae, i, 1870, text, pi.
28, part.
Meleagris gallopavo mexicana American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886,
No. 310a, part.- — Lloyd, Auk, iv, 1887, 187 (Tom Green and Concho Counties,
w. Tex.). — Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Valley, 1888, 107, part (San Antonio
and Concho Counties, Tex.). — Bendire, Life Hist. North Amer. Birds, i, 1892,
116, part.— Attwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 233 (San Antonio, Tex.).
M[eleagris] gallopavo mexicana Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 207, part
(s. Texas).
[Meleagris gallopavo ] var. intermedia Sennett, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr.,
Bull. 5, No. 3, 1879, 428, in text (Lomita Ranch, lower Rio Grande Valley, s.
Tex.; coll. G. B. Sennett, type now in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.).
Meleagris gallopavo intermedia American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899,
108; Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 146; ed. 4, 1931, 92— Phillips, Auk, xxviii, 1911,
"Four specimens from Texas, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo Leon.
” Eleven specimens from Texas, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo Leon.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
451
74 (Rio de !a Cruz, Tamaulipas).- — Smith, Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 188 (Kerr County,
Tex.) ; Condor, xx, 1918, 212 in text (near Matador, Motley County, Tex.). —
Simmons, Birds Austin Region, 1925, 84 (Austin region, Tex.; habits; nest
and eggs; descrip.; etc.). — Griscom and Crosby, Auk, xlii, 1925, 533 (Browns¬
ville, Tex.). — Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 342 (life hist.; etc.). —
Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 140.— Ghigi, Gallini di Faraone e
Tacchini, 1936, 327 (genl.). — Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxvii, 1938, 178
(Tarrant County Tex.; probably breeds). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds
Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 293.
M[eleagris] g[allopavo] intermedia Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States,
1902, 136 (descr. ; distr.). — Moore, Auk, lv, 1938, 113 in text, 114 (spec.; crit.).
— Mosby and Handley, Wild Turkey in Virginia, 1943, 4 (distr.).
Meleagris gallapavo intermedia Lacey, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 206 (Kerrville, Tex.;
formerly common).
Meleagris intermedia Elliot, Auk, xvi, 1899, 232 (crit. on p. 231).
M[eleagris ] intermedia Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 305.
[ Meleagris ] intermedia Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43.
Meleagris gallopavo ellioti Sennett, Auk, ix, 1892, 167, pi. 3 (Lomita Ranch,
Hidalgo County, s. Tex.; coll. G. B. Sennett).— American Ornithologists’
Union, Auk, x, 1893, 60; Check-list, ed. 2, 1895, No. 310c. — Ridgway, Man.
North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1896, 591.
[Meleagris gallopavo.] Subsp. a Meleagris ellioti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxii, 1893, 388 (Tamaulipas; Hidalgo, Tex.).
MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO MERRIAMI Nelson
Merriam’s Turkey
Adult male. — Similar to that of M. g. silvestris but with tips of the
rump feathers, upper tail coverts, and rectrices very much lighter and
whiter (even paler than in M. g. intermedia ) — pale pinkish buff, the
feathers of the upper back, breast and upper abdomen very slightly less
bronzy, the lower back blackish with bluish gloss as in M. g. intermedia;
the upper tail coverts bright auburn proximal to the broad pale tips which
in turn are basally narrowly pale ochraceous-tawny, the black subterminal
band of the rectrices averaging narrower than in silvestris and in the
lateral ones, with well-developed, metallic, greenish-purplish, transverse
bars included, the secondaries more mottled with pale tawny to cinnamon,
especially on the inner webs and with more white on both webs ; feathers
of flanks and the under tail coverts broadly tipped with pinkish buff to
light pinkish cinnamon, averaging paler on the flanks and darker on the
under tail coverts, these broad tips, in turn, basally hazel, these basal
hazel areas broader on the under tail coverts than on the flanks; tarsal
spur somewhat shorter and more stubby than in silvestris.
Adult female. — Similar to that of M. g. intermedia but larger (as large
as M. g. silvestris ) and with the upper tail coverts and rectrices with still
paler tips — pale pinkish buff to tilleul buff ; the innermost secondaries
more heavily mottled with dusky.
Immature. — Similar to the adult of corresponding sex but generally
duller below and retaining the two outermost juvenal primaries.
452
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult male.— Wing 502-524 (511) ; tail 373— 427 ( 398.4) ; culmen from
cere 34.5-40 (37.2) ; tarsus 159-175 (166.6) ; middle toe without claw
78-88 (83.5 mm.).24
Adult female., — Wing 400-463 (435.9); tail 325-360 (345); culmen
from cere 31-34 (32.3) ; tarsus 124—159 (133.6) ; middle toe without claw
66-73 (68.8 mm.).25
Range. — Resident in the Transition and Upper Austral Zones in the
mountains of central and southwestern Colorado (up to 7,000 feet ; Canyon
City; Upper Arkansas River; Raton Pass; Las Animas; South Park;
Oak Hill; Pueblo County, San Miguel County), New Mexico (Manzano,
Chusa, Santa Fe, San Luis, San Mateo, and Sacramento Mountains ;
Upper Pecos River up to 11,000 feet; Valverde, La Jara, Cloudcroft,
Fort Thorn, Gila River, etc.) ; Arizona (Huachuca, Santa Catalina, and
San Francisco Mountains; near Winslow; Fort Whipple; White Moun¬
tains; Williams; San Pedro River; Copper Mine; Bill Williams River;
etc.) ; and southwestern Texas (Guadelupe Mountains).
Type locality. — Forty-seven miles southwest of Winslow, Ariz.
Meleagris mexicana (not of Gould) Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 618
(Fort Thorn, N. Mex.) ; Cat. North Amer. Birds, 1859, No. 458. — Coues, Ibis,
1865, 165, in text (Fort Whipple, Ariz.) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1866, 93 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.) ; 1868, 84 (mountains of New Mexico and
Arizona) .—Elliot, New and Unfig. North Amer. Birds, pt. 10, 1868 (vol. ii),
pi. 38 and text, part; Monogr. Phasianidae, i, 1872, pi. 28, and text, part.—
Baird, in Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870, 523, part (w. Texas to
Arizona) .
Meleagris gallopavo, var. mexicana Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North Amer.
Birds, iii, 1874, 410, part.
Meleagris gallopavo mexicana American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886,
No. 310a, part; ed. 2, 1895, No. 310a, part (w. Texas to Arizona). — Scott,
Auk, iii, 1886, 389 (San Pedro River and Santa Catalina Mountains, Ariz.). —
Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Valley, 1888, 107, part (w. Texas; Arizona);
Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, 72 (mountains of Colorado up to 7,000
ft.) ; Condor, xv, 1913, 104 [-105], fig. 32 (map) (range in Colorado). —
Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 52 (San Francisco Mountains, Ariz.). — Mitchell,
Auk, xv, 1898, 307 (San Miguel County, N. Mex., 8,000 feet to timberline).
M[eleagris ] gallopavo mexicana Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 207, part
(w. Texas to Arizona).
Meleagris gallopavo (not of Linnaeus) Woodhouse, in Sitgreaves Expl. Zuiii and
Colorado Rivers, 1853, 93, part (Copper Mines and Bill Williams River, Ariz.). —
Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 186 (Colorado) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
iii, 1880, 195;' Nom. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 470. — Coues, Check List
North Amer. Birds, 1874, No. 379, part.— Henshaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 80 (upper
Pecos River, N. Mex.). — Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893,
387, part (Sante Fe Mountains, N. Mex.; w. Texas; Arizona). — Cooke, Colo¬
rado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 37, 1897, 71 (Colorado; rare resident; distr.) ;
Bull. 56, 1900, 203 (South Park, Colo.). — American Ornithologists’ Union,
24 Eight specimens from Arizona and New Mexico.
K Twelve specimens from Arizona and New Mexico.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
453
Auk, xvi, 1899, 107 (w. Texas to Arizona). — Elliot, Auk, xvi, 1899, 232, part
(w. Texas to Arizona).— Felger, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 191 (Oak Hills, s. of Denver
Colo, in 1868). -Miller, Condor, xxxiv, 1932, 139 (remains, c* Indian site’
Arizona).— Wetmore, Condor, xxxiv, 1932, 142 (bones, cave deposits n. of
Carlsbad, N. Mex.).— Howard and Miller, Condor, xxxv, 1933, 16 (bones,
Organ Mountains, N. Mex.). — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 140. _
Ayer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, lxxxviii, 1936, 604 (William’s Cave,
Guadelupe Mountains, Tex.; lower jaw). — Ghigi, Gallini de Faraone e
Tacchini, 1936, 326 (genl.).
fMeleagris gallopavo Nelson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1875, 343 (30
miles s. of Fort Bridger, Utah).
[Meleagris] gallopavo Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 232, part.— Sharpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 43, part (w. Texas to Arizona).
M[eleagris ] gallopavo Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 304.
Meleagris gallopavo americana (not M. americana Hildreth) Abert Journ
Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 1882, 58 (Bents Fort, Colo.), 59 (Valv’erde N
Mex.).
[Meleagris gallopavo var. americana ] a. gallopavo Coues, Birds Northwest 1874
391, part.
Meleagris gallipavo Coues, Check List North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 553.
M[eleagris] gallipavo Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed’. 2, 1884, 576.
Meleagris gallopavo fera Cooke, Colorado State Agr. Coll. Bull. 56, 1900, 203
(Colorado ; distr.).
M[eleagris] g[allopavo] fera Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United States 1902
136 (descr. ; distr.).
Meleagns gallopavo merriami Nelson, Auk, xvii, 1900, 120 (47 miles sw. of
Winslow, Ariz.; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).— Bailey, Handb. Birds Western United
States, 1902, 136 (descr.; habits; distr.); Auk, xxi, 1904, 352 (upper Pecos
River, N. Mex., up to above 4,000 feet) ; Birds New Mexico, 1928, 231 (New
Mexico; genl.; distr.).— Swarth, Pacific Coast Avif., No. 4, 1904, 4 (Huachuca
Mountains, Ariz.; rare; formerly abundant); No. 10, 1914, 23 (Arizona; now
nearly extinct; formerly s. of Grand Canyon, w. to Santa Cruz Valley).—
Gilman, Condor, ix, 1907, 153 (San Miguel Canyon, sw. Colorado) ; x, 1908,
147 (w. end of Chusa Mountains, N. Mex.). — American Ornithologists’
Union, Check-list, ed. 3, 1910, 145 ; ed. 4, 1931, 92,-Visher, Auk, xxvii, 1910,
281 (Pima County, Ariz.; nearly extirpated) .— Sclater, Hist. Birds Colorado,
1912, 155 (Colorado; formerly abundant; now rare).— Cooke, Condor, xv[
1913, 104, 105, fig. 32 (Colorado range).— Lowe, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 453 (Pueblo
County, Colo., spring of 1895).— Jensen, Auk, xl, 1923, 454 (n. Sante Fe County,
N. Mex.).— Wyman and Burnell, Field Book Birds Southwest United States,’
1925, 88 (descr.).— Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 162, 1932, 323 (habits; distr.).—
Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 140, part (exclusive of Chihuahua). —
Hargrave, Condor, xxxvii, 1935, 285 (Williams, Ariz.).— Huey, Wils. Bull.,
xlviii, 1936, 122 (White Mountains, Ariz.; fairly common).— Moore, Auk, lv|
1938, 112 in text. Niedrach and Rockwell, Birds Denver and Mountain Parks,
1939, 65 (extinct; former straggler; 3 specimens, 1868).— Hellmayr and Con¬
over, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 293, part (exclusive of Chihuahua and
northern Sonora) .— Mosby and Handley, Wild Turkey in Virginia, 1943, 4
(distr.).
M[eleagris] g[allopavo] merriami Moore, Auk, lv, 1938, 113 in text, 115 (spec.;
crit.).
653008°— 46 - 30
454
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO GALLOPAVO Linnaeus
South Mexican Turkey
Adult male. — Similar to that of M. g. silvestris but smaller, the tail
much less rufescent — dusky natal brown very abundantly flecked with
clove brown to fuscous, the median feathers with their median areas
broadly solid clove brown, the outer few pairs with incomplete russet bars
on their basal two-thirds, the black subterminal bar deeper black and
broader than in silvestris and, on the lateral feathers with an included
band of metallic greenish-bluish reflections, the rectrices tipped with white
slightly tinged with pale tilleul buff to light pinkish buff ; feathers of rump
and upper tail coverts, flanks, and under tail coverts broadly tipped with
tilleul buff to light pinkish buff, nearest in this respect to M. g. merriami ;
feathers of upper back, breast, and upper abdomen less bronzy more bril¬
liantly coppery and greenish, as in M. g. osceola; lower back and rump
blackish with narrow bluish tips and with subterminal blue-green reflec¬
tions, nearest in this character to M. g. merriami; outer secondaries with
fairly continuous white edges ; inner secondaries much grayer, less rufes¬
cent than M. g. silvestris — hair brown mottled on the inner web with
drab to light drab, and with a purplish sheen on the outer web; tarsal
spurs shorter and stubbier than in M. g. silvestris.
Adult female. — -Similar to that of M. g. merriami but with the upper
body plumage highly glossed with greenish and reddish metallic reflec¬
tions. ,
Adult male. — Wing 465-513 (489) ; tail 345-400 (372.5) ; culmen
from cere 34—38.5 (35.8) ; tarsus 162-176 (168.4) ; middle toe without
claw 74—85 (79.9) ; length of tarsal spur 14.5-16.5 (15.5) ; diameter of
tarsal spur 11.5-14 (12.8 mm.).24
Adult female. — Wing 396-416 (405.6) ; tail 311-323 (319.8) ; culmen
from cere 32.5-36 (34.6); tarsus 130-140 (135); middle toe without
claw 65-71.5 (68.6 mm.).25
Range. — Resident from Veracruz (Mirador, Zacnapam) westward to
Michoacan (La Salada) and to Oaxaca.
Type locality. — Mexico; restricted (by Moore, Auk, lv, 1938, 113) to
Mirador, Veracruz.
[ Meleagris '] gallopavo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 156, part (North
America; based on Meleagris Fauna Suecica, 164; Gallopavo sylvestris nova-
anglice Ray, Av., 51; Albin, Av., iii, 33, pi. 35; /? Gallopavo Gesner, Av., 482;
Aldrovandi, Orn., 13, pi. 4; Bell, Av,, 60, a; Jonston, Av., 58, pi. 24; Willughby,
Orn., 113, pi. 27; Ray, Av., 51 y Gallopavo cristatus Albin, Av., ii, 30, pi. 33) ;
ed. 12, i, 1766, 268, part.— Latham, Synop. Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 289; Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 618 part.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 732, part.— Gray,
Hand-list, ii, 1870, 262, No. 9627. — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43, part.
11 Four specimens from Veracruz and Michoacan.
“ Five specimens from Veracruz and Michoacan.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
455
Me[leagris ] gallopavo Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xiv, pt. 1, 1826, 297, part.
Melcagris gallopavo Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., ix, 1817, 4-17, part. — Stephens,
in Shaw, Gen. Zool., x, 1819, 156, pi. 8. — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5,
Gallinae, 1867, 42, part. — American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899,
107, part (tableland of Mexico).
M[eleagris] gallopavo Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1840, lxv, 200. —
Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 576, part. — Cubas, Cuadro Geo¬
graph., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 171,
(common names, Mexico). — Nelson, Auk, xvii, 1900, 123 in text (crit.).
Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed.
3, 1910, 145, part.— Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 140, part. — Ghigi,
Gallini di Faraone e Tacchim, 1936, 323 (genl.).- — Hellmayr and Conover,
Cat. Birds Amer., No. 1, 1942, 294, part. — Mosby and Handley, Wild Turkey
in Virginia, 1943, 4, part (distr. ; part).
M[cleagris] g[allopavo] gallopavo Moore, Auk, lv, 1938, 112 in text, 113, 115 (crit.
spec.).
[Meleagris] [gallopavo] gallopavo Wheaton, Rep. Birds Ohio, 1882, 444 (distr.).
Meleagris mexicana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, 125, part (monogr.). —
Elliot, New and Unfig. North Amer. Birds, pt. 10, 1868 (vol. ii), pi. 38 and
text, part; Monogr. Phasianidae, i, 1872, pi. 28 and text, part. — Baird, in
Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870, 523, part. — Beristain and Lauren-
cio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzate,” vii, Nos. 7, 8, 1894, 219 (Vera¬
cruz; Oaxaca).
[Meleagris] mexicana Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part.
Meleagris gallopavo, var. mexicaixa Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 410, part.
[Meleagris gallopavo var. americana] a gallopavo Coues, Birds Northwest, 1874,
391, part (in synonymy).
Meleagris gallopavo mexicana American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886,
No. 310a, part; ed. 2, 1895, No. 310a, part.— Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi
Valley, 1888, 107, part (tablelands of Mexico).
M[eleagris] gallopavo mexicana Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 207, part
(Veracruz) .
Gallopavo primus Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 490, pi. 82, fig. 2 (new name for
Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus).
MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO MEXICANA Gould!S
Gould’s Turkey
Adult male. — Similar to that of M. g. gallopavo but with the upper
back and wing coverts duller, more purplish bronzy, and with the lower
20 The use of the name mexicana is unfortunately still unsettled and must remain
so until it is possible to examine the type specimen critically. Furthermore, the
type locality is also uncertain and has been arrived at by faunal inference rather
than by definite data. If it were to be accepted as originally given — Real del Monte,
Hidalgo, it would seem (from geographic reasoning) that mexicana would probably
have to be treated as a synonym of gallopavo, but if Nelson’s interpretation of the
case be followed and the type locality be considered as Bolanos, northern Jalisco,
the course here adopted would be the correct one. At any rate, there are two
distinct forms of the turkey involved in the currently used comprehensive " gallopavo ”
concept, and the names mexicana and gallopavo are used here in an attempt to
render more distinct the two forms and their literature.
456
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
back and rump with some coppery and greenish-golden metallic reflections
as in silvestris and osceola, rather than bluish black as in gallopavo, and
larger, like merriami in size.
Adult female. — Similar to that of M. g. gallopavo, but with general
dorsal coloration duller, more dusky purplish, less of the coppery and
greenish-metallic reflection.
Subadult.- — Similar to the adult of corresponding sex but with the
beard shorter, and, in the males, with tarsal spurs and frontal appendage
smaller.
Immature. — Similar to the adult of corresponding sex, but has the
two outer juvenal primaries.
Juvenal (sexes alike). — Similar to that of M. g. silvestris but darker,
the interscapulars and feathers of the upper back clove brown to chaetura
blackish with narrow whitish shafts, terminally edged with grayish Prout’s
brown and subterminally banded with sepia; inner secondaries and rec-^
trices slightly more rufescent — between Verona brown and Sayal brown
(Sayal brown in silvestris ) ; breast, abdomen, sides, and flanks fuscous
to chaetura drab, the feathers of the breast and upper abdomen subtermi¬
nally banded with dusky cinnamon-brown and tipped with whitish.
Natal down (judged from specimens in postnatal molt). — Similar to
that of M. g. silvestris but with the middorsal brown area somewhat paler
and duller — sepia.
Adult male.— Wing 465-545 (504.1); tail 363-437 (396.1); culmen
from cere 34.5-41 (38.7) ; tarsus 168-182 (173.8) ; middle toe without
claw 84—93 ( 87.6) ; length of tarsal spur 13.5-17.5 (16.1) ; diameter of
tarsal spur 11-13 (12 mm.).27
Adult female. — Wing 402—436 (419.6) ; tail 318—362 (334.9) ; culmen
from cere 33.5-35 (34.4); tarsus 132-139.5 (134.5); middle toe with¬
out claw 68-73 (70.1 mm.).28
Range. — Resident from Chihuahua, east of the cordillera (Colonia
Garcia; Pacheco River; Cajon Bonita Creek; San Luis Mountains) to
Durango (Ciudad Durango and El Salto) and to northern Jalisco
(Bolanos).
Type locality. — Real del Monte, Hidalgo ? = Bolanos, Jalisco.
[Meleagris] gallopavo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 156, part (North
America, part). — Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 732, part. — Latham, Index
Orn., i, 1790, 618, part. — Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43, part.
Me[leagris] gallopavo Stephens, in Shaw, Genl. Zool., xiv, pt. 1, 1826, 297, part.
M[eleagris] gallopavo Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 576, part.
Meleagris gallopavo Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., ix, 1817, 447, part.— Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 5, Gallinae, 1867, 42, part.— Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 387, part (type spec, of mexicana; also Ciudad Durango,
57 Nine specimens from Chihuahua and Durango.
" Seven specimens from Chihuahua and Durango.
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
457
Durango). — American Ornithologists’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 107, part. —
• Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 284, part (Ciudad
Durango and El Salto, Durango).
Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, ed.
3, 1910, 145, part. — Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii, 1934, 140, part. — Hell-
mayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1, 1942, 294, part.— Mosby and
Handley, Wild Turkey in Virginia, 1943, 4, part (distr. ; part).
Meleagris mexicana Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, 61 (Real del Monte,
Hidalgo ? (=:Bolanos Jalisco!); coll. Brit. Mus.). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1863, 125, part (monogr.). — Elliot, New and Unfig. North Amer.
Birds, pt. 10, 1868 (vol. ii), pi. 38 and text, part; Monogr. Phasianidae, i, 1872,
pi. 28 and text, part. — Baird, in Cooper, Orn. California, Land Birds, 1870, 523,
part. — Cubas, Cuadro Geograph., Estadistico, Descr. e Hist, de los Estados
Unidos Mexicanos, 1884, 171 (common names in Mexico).
[Meleagris] mexicana Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137, part.
Meleagris gallopavo, var. mexicana Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. North
Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 410, part.
Meleagris gallopavo mexicana American Ornithologists’ Union, Check-list, 1886,
No. 310a part; ed. 2, 1895, No. 310a, part. — Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi
Valley, 1888, 107, part.
M[eleagris ] gallopavo mexicana Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 207,
part (tableland of Mexico).
Meleagris gallopavo merriami (not of Nelson) Peters, Check-list Birds World, ii,
1934, 140, part (Chihuahua).— Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i,
No. 1, 1942, 293, part (Chihuahua).
MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO ONUSTA Moore
Moore’s Turkey
Adult male. — Similar to Meleagris gallopavo merriami but with the tips
of the rectrices and their upper coverts white instead of light buff ; sub¬
terminal narrow cinnamon bar of merriami absent; the black bar im¬
mediately anterior to it usually absent; inner and outer margins of
secondaries and primaries less cinnamon, more dull earth brown and
white ; the iridescence of the body feathers, both above and below, darker,
less brilliantly green and copper ; the head less heavily clothed with black
hairlike feathers; the feathers of the back of the neck lighter and more
grayish brown, less cinnamomeous ; the basal two-thirds of the tail more
barred, less vermiculated than in M. g. gallopavo, agreeing in this respect
with merriami from which it differs in that these bars are much more gray¬
ish, less rufescent, especially on the under surface of the feathers in
onusta.
Adult female. — Differs from that of M. g. merriami in the same re¬
spects as the male of onusta does from the corresponding sex of merriami.
Adult male. — Wing 505 ; tail 421 ; culmen from cere 38.4 ; tarsus 173.7 ;
middle toe without claw 89.5 mm. (1 specimen).
458
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Adult female. — Wing 417-448 (434) ; tail 331-347 (339) ; culmen from
cere 32-38.4 (34.5) ; tarsus 140-149 (145.5) ; middle toe without claw
71-75.9 (73.5 mm.).29
Range. — Resident in “the Transition and Lower Canadian Zone of
the western slope of the Sierra Madre of northwestern Mexico (Sonora
(Barromicon; San Jose), western Chihuahua, Durango) at an altitude
of approximately 8,500 feet to 4,000 feet, descending still lower in the
autumn, as it is known to feed on the cornfields of the Indians as low
as about 2,500 feet.”
Type locality. — Two miles southeast of Guayachi, Chihuahua, 20 miles
northeast of junction of Rios Chinipas and Fuerte, western slope of Sierra
Madre (altitude about 6,400 feet) .
Meleagris gallopavo merriami (not of Sennett) Peters, Check-list Birds of World,
ii, 1934, 140, part (n. Sonora). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer.,
i, No. 1, 1942, 293, part (n. Sonora).
Meleagris gallopavo subsp. ? Moore, Condor, xl, 1938, 24 (near Barromicon, se.
Sonora).
Meleagris gallopavo onusta Moore, Auk, lv, 1938, 112 (orig. descr. ; e. of Guayachi,
Chihuahua; crit. ; distr.) .— Mosby and Handley, Wild Turkey in Virginia, 1943,
4 (distr.).
Genus AGRIOCHARIS Chapman
Agriocharis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., viii, 1896, 288. (Type, by
original description, Meleagris ocellata Cuvier.)
Eumeleagris Coues, Key North Amer. Birds, ed. S, ii, 1903, 727. (Type, by monotypy,
Meleagris ocellata Cuvier.)
Large gallinaceous birds (length about 83.5-102 cm.) closely resembling
Meleagris 30 but differing in the absence of a jugular beard and presence,
in adult male, of an erect protuberance or subcylindrical knob on crown,
decidedly more strongly rounded tail, and more brilliantly metallic colora¬
tion. Bill rather elongated and narrow (the culmen about equal to distance
from its base to rictus), its depth at base of culmen slightly less than its
width at same point; nostril longitudinal, elliptical, in anterior portion
of the rather long nasal fossa ; head and upper neck nude, with scattered
wartlike excrescences, the adult male with a flexible elongated appendage
on anterior portion of forehead (as in Meleagris) and a vertical, sub-
cylindrical knob or protuberance on posterior portion of crown, this
permanently erect and much thicker than the frontal appendage; wing
moderate, moderately concave beneath, the longest primaries slightly but
20 Four specimens including this type.
'M Agriocharis is, in fact, so closely related to Meleagris that I am somewhat
doubtful as to the expediency of recognizing it as a genus. One of the alleged char¬
acters certainly does not hold good, namely, the long and very sharp tarsal spur,
a precisely similar spur often occurring in Meleagris gallopavo osceola; in fact, in
an adult male Agriocharis ocellata now before me, the spur on one leg is only
moderately long and very blunt, while that on the other leg is a very small obtuse
cone — in fact is rudimentary! (R.R.)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
459
decidedly longer than longest secondaries ; secondaries broad, with rounded
tips; primaries rigid, the fifth or sixth longest, the first (outermost)
heel joint to base of hallux, the rectrices (18) moderately broad,, with
slightly shorter than tenth ; tail shorter than wing, stronger rounded, the
Figure 28. — Agriocharis ocellala.
460
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
middle rectrices exceeding lateral pair by about length of tarsus from
distinctly rounded tips ; tarsus about one-third as long as wing, stout, the
spur on lower part of planta tarsi (in adult males) usually long and
very acute ; middle toe nearly half as long as tarsus, the outer toe reach¬
ing decidedly beyond penultimate articulation of middle toe, the inner
toe slightly shorter ; hallux much shorter than basal phalanx of middle toe.
Plumage and coloration. — Feathers of lower neck, back, rump, chest,
breast, sides and flanks, together with scapulars and smaller wing coverts
very broad, with truncate or subtruncate tips, those of lower abdomen
and anal region soft and somewhat downy, those of thighs short, soft,
and rounded ; secondaries moderately broad, with rounded tips, the
primaries rigid. General color brilliant green with golden and bluish
reflections, the greater wing coverts brilliant coppery bronze, the upper
tail coverts and tail broadly tipped with brilliant coppery bronze preceded
by a broad band or ocellus of brilliant coppery bronze, the secondaries
extensively white on outer webs ; bare skin of head and upper neck bright
blue in life, the wartlike excrescences orange or orange-red.
Range. — Yucatan and adjacent parts of Guatemala and British Hon¬
duras. (Monotypic.)
AGRIOCHARIS OCELLATA (Cuvier)
OCELLATED TURKEY
Adult male. — Basal half or more of the neck greenish bronze or bronze-
green, each feather tipped with bright metallic green or bronze-green and
with a subterminal bar, more or less complete, of velvety black ; upper
breast similar, but the terminal bars more bronzy, the lower breast, sides,
and flanks with the terminal bars becoming gradually broader and more
coppery posteriorly, with remainder of each feather more blackish; ab¬
domen, anal region, and thighs plain sooty or dusky, the longer under
tail coverts metallic bluish green or greenish blue subterminally and
broadly tipped with brilliant metallic copper-bronze ; feathers of back
metallic bronze-green, blackish on concealed portion, broadly tipped with
bright greenish bronze (becoming bright coppery isabelline in certain
lights), and with a narrow subterminal bar of black, the scapulars similar
but with terminal bars broader and more brassy bronze ; smaller wing
coverts bright metallic green, more bluish toward bend of wing, more
bronzy posteriorly, each with a narrow subterminal bar of black ; greater
wing coverts brilliant metallic coppery bronze ; inner secondaries grayish
brown with irregular, broken oblique bars of white, the distal secondaries
with outer webs white with concealed spots of grayish brown next to
shaft, corresponding with larger spots or imperfect bands on middle
secondaries; primaries, primary coverts, and alula grayish dusky with
irregular oblique bars of white on both webs; feathers of rump bright
metallic blue, broadly tipped with bronze and crossed by a broad bar of
BIRDS OP NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
461
velvety black, the upper tail coverts similar but with bronzy tips becoming
gradually broader and more reddish bronze or coppery ; tail light gray,
transversely vermiculated or very narrowly and irregularly barred with
dusky, broadly tipped with bright metallic red-bronze or coppery bronze
and with subterminal band of velvety black enclosing, or partly enclosing,
a large spot or ocellus of bright metallic blue ; bare skin of head and upper
neck blue (in life), the wartlike excrescences and tip of vertical knob and
frontal tubercle orange or orange-red 31 ; bill dull red ; iris dark brown ;
legs and feet lake red, the larger scutella edged with brownish.
Adult female. — Similar to the adult male but smaller and averaging
less brilliant in coloration; the ocelli at the tips of the tail feathers much
reduced, the tarsal spurs lacking or reduced to small knobs, and the
frontal process smaller.
Gray phase (?)32. — Similar to the adult female but the feathers of the
hindneck, interscapulars, scapulars, and lesser upper wing coverts much
less greenish, most of them with the terminal bar paler — dull opaline
green to variscite green, as contrasted with cobalt green in the adult
(although in some of the feathers these tips are like those of the adult) ;
feathers of the upper and lower back with the broad terminal bars pale
purplish gray mixed with a light yellowish-olive sheen, which in some
lights looks slightly coppery ; feathers of rump with much broader and
brighter coppery tips, subterminally edged with velvety black, next to
which is a broad band of bluish green which is basally edged with velvety
black, the remainder (usually concealed) of the feathers being fuscous-
black vermiculated with grayish white ; rectrices as in adult but the tips
paler, less coppery; breast and sides as in the adult but with narrower
and somewhat duller tips to the feathers ; abdomen, flanks, and thighs
slightly paler, more fuscous, less blackish than in adults.
Juvenal female.33 — Upper back, scapulars, and lesser upper wing
coverts chaetura black basally and medially, broadly edged and tipped
with cinnamon-buff to light ochraceous-salmon ; greater upper wing
coverts light pinkish cinnamon broadly tipped with white and subtermi¬
nally splotched and basally suffused with chaetura black ; primaries hair
brown, externally edged with pale pinkish cinnamon, internally and
terminally edged with whitish, the outer webs crossed by a few irregular
11 According to Gaumer (Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., viii, 1883, 60) freshly killed
specimens have “twenty-four fleshy processes arranged in two rows on the front
part of the neck, and about twenty more of the same kind form two rows over the
head ; many smaller ones are scattered over the head. At the point of union of the
bill with the head, there is a long fleshy process capable of much erection and disten¬
sion. Behind this the fleshy scalp is permanently elevated so as to form a flat-
topped pyramid, with its greatest length from bill to occiput.”
“ One unsexed specimen apparently adult, without spurs, from Guatemala.
" Taken from a bird in postnatal molt and only partly in juvenal plumage ; no male
in this stage seen, but sexes probably similar.
462
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
bars of pale pinkish cinnamon; secondaries with the outer webs light
pinkish cinnamon tipped with white and crossed by five or six broad
blotches of chaetura black giving a heavily banded appearance, their
inner webs hair brown vermiculated finely with dusky, tipped with white
like the outer webs and subterminally somewhat suffused with pale pinkish
cinnamon; rectrices with both webs similar to the outer webs of the
secondaries.34
Natal down (sexes alike). — Top of head, occiput, nape, auriculars, and
hindneck pale ochraceous-tawny, slightly paler anteriorly; the middle of
the occiput with a blotch of mummy brown ; back and rump pale ochra¬
ceous-tawny broadly streaked with blackish ; chin and upper throat light
cream buff, lower throat pinkish buff ; breast and abdomen light buff
slightly tinged with pinkish buff on the breast, flanks, and thighs.
Adult male. — Wing 348-412.5 (388.5) ; tail 284-347 (327.9) ; culmen
from cere 25—31.8 (28.5) ; tarsus 131—139.4 (136.2) ; middle toe without
claw 69.8-76.2 (72.6 mm.).85
Adult female. — Wing 313-357 (339.7) ; tail 244-281.5 (262.5) ; culmen
from cere 21—29.8 (24.3) ; tarsus 109.0—115 (112.6) ; middle toe without
claw 60.5-66.4 (63.7 mm.).30
Range. — Resident in the tropical forests of the lowlands of the Peten
district of Guatemala (Yaxa; Uaxactun, Pacomon, and Dos Arroyos)
and adjacent parts of British Plonduras (Belize; Western Districts) and
of Yucatan (Buctzotz; Acomal, eastern Quintana Roo; Chichen Itza;
Merida; Epista; Rio Lagartos La Vega; Calotmal, Tomax, and Vallado¬
lid), and of Campeche (Pacaitun, Apazote, La Tuxpena, and Yahaltun):
Introduced unsuccessfully on Sapelo Island, Georgia, but no birds are
now to be found there.
Type locality. — Gulf of Honduras.
Meleagris ocellata Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vi, 1820, 1, 4, pi. 1 (Bay
of Honduras; coll. Paris Mus.). — Temmincic, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., v, 1824,
“Very inadequate material suggests that there may be an immature plumage be¬
tween the ju venal and the adult stages. An unsexed adult bird from Guatemala
(U.S.N.M. No. 132188) has a few scapulars similar to the juvenal described above
but grayer and crossed by more but narrower blackish bands. It also has an outermost
rectrix which is gray as in the adult tail feather but has the unvermiculated bars
much wider than the white and brownish-gray vermiculated transverse areas (just
the opposite of the adult condition) and lacks the subterminal ocellus, the terminal
bronzy bars being dull dusky toward the tip which is very pointed (flatly rounded
in adults). These few feathers— scapulars and a rectrix— are the only indication I
have seen of an immature plumage, but I cannot explain them in any other way.
Two females from Campeche, described by Shufeldt (Auk, xxx, 1913, 432) and
examined by me in the present connection, have the remiges devoid of white cross
bars, but are not immature as far as other characters are concerned. They seem to
me to be adult, but I cannot account for their peculiar wing feathers.
M Eight specimens.
“Six specimens from Yucatan, Campeche, and Guatemala.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
463
pi. 112, and text on p. 39. — Lesson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 490. — Jardine, Nat.
Libr., Orn., iii, 1836, 143, pi. 3. — Cabot, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1842,
73; Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, pt. 2, 1844, 246-251 (Yucatan; habits,
etc.). — Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. 3, Gallinae, 1844, 29; pt. 5, 1867, 42. —
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 62 (Belize, British Honduras; Peten
district, e. Guatemala; habits). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1859, 225 (Belize, British Honduras; Yucatan; Peten, Guatemala). — Taylor,
Ibis, 1860, 311 (Belize). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, 402, 403,
pi. 40 (col. figs, of head, adult male and female, from living specimens) ; 1863,
125 (distr.) . — Orton, Amer. Nat., iv, 1870, 716 (spec, in Mus. Vassar College). —
Elliot, Monogr. Phasianidae, i, 1872, pi. 33 and text. — Gaumer, Trans. Kansas
Acad. Sci., viii, 1881-2, 60-62 (habits; descr. ; Yucatan). — Boucard, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1883, 461 (Yucatan; habits).— [Allen], Auk, iii, 1886, 144, in
text (Yucatan).— Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxii, 1893, 391
(Buctzotz, Yucatan; Yasha, Peten, Guatemala; Western District, British
Honduras) ; Handb. Game Birds, ii, 1897, 110, pi. 31 (monogr.). — Beristain
and Laurencio, Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. “Antonio Alzale,” vii, Nos. 7, 8, 1894,
220 (Yucatan). — Coues, Auk, xiv, 1897, 275 (Honduras). — Lantz, Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 219 (Yaxa, e. Guatemala). — Salvin
and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 285 (Buctzotz, Merida, Espita,
and Valladolid, Yucatan; Belize and Western District, British Honduras; Yasha,
Peten, Guatemala) .— Trouessart, Bull. Soc. Nat. Acclim. Paris, lvii, 1910, 404.—
Seth-Smith, Avicult. Mag., ser. 5, ii, 1937, 271 (habits; general; captivity).
Me[leagris] ocellata Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., xiv, pt. i, 1826, 297, pi. 35
(“Honduras,” i.e., British Honduras).
[Meleagris] ocellata Reichenbach, Synop. Av., iii, Gallinaceae 1848, pi. 187, fig.
1618. — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 137.
M[eleagris] ocellata Ridgway, Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 207. — Reichenow,
Die Vogel, i, 1913, 305.
Agriocharis ocellata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, viii, 1896, 287 (Chichen
Itza, Yucatan; habits; notes). — Coues, Auk, xiv, 1897, 275, in text (specific
characters). — Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 115 (Chichen Itza). —
Shufeldt (P.W.), Auk, xxx, 1913, 432 (variations of plumages).- — Shufeldt
(R.W.), Aquila, xxi, 1914, 1 (osteology). — Bangs, Auk, xxxii, 1915, 167, in
text (Yucatan). — Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 235, 1926, 7 (Acomal, eastern
Quintana Roo, Yucatan) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lxiv, 1932, 104 (distr.;
Guatemala). — Peters, Check-list Birds of World, ii, 1934, 141.— Taibel, Riv.
Ilal. Orn., ser. 2, iv, 1934, 103 (Guatemala; habits); L’Oiseau, iv, 1934, 542
in text (Guatemala; habits; distr.).— Van Tyne, Misc. Publ., Univ. Michigan
Mus. Zool. No. 27, 1935, 11 (spec.; Uaxactun, Pacomon, and Dos Arroyos,
Peten, Guatemala; eggs, colors of soft parts). — Ghigi, Gallini di Faraone e
Tacchini, 1936, 356, pi. viii (plum.; col. fig.; monogr.). — Traylor, Publ. Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., zool. ser., xxiv, 1941, 198, 204 (Pacaitun, Campeche; and
Chichen Itza, Yucatan). — Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Birds Amer., i, No. 1,
1942, 294 (Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent parts of Guatemala and British
Honduras; syn.). — Brodkorb, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 56,
1943, 31 (Tabasco-La Palma; spec.; descr. of downy young).
[Agriocharis] ocellata Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 43.
Meleagris aureus Vieillot, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., i, 1820, 361 (Bay of Honduras).
' .. ,q
.<
INDEX
aburri, Aburria, 20.
Penelope, 9, 20.
Aburria, 6, 9.
aburri, 20.
Acetinornis, 90.
achrustera, Lophortyx; californica, 278,
279, 287, 289, 290.
Aery Ilium, 430, 431.
aequatorialis, Penelope, 27, 28.
Penelope purpurascens, 20, 23, 25, 28.
affinis, Bonasa umbellus, 155, 175, 176,
178.
Eupsychortyx, 363.
Ortyx, 363.
Agelastes, 431.
meleagrides, 431.
Agelastus, 431.
Agriocharis, 437, 458.
ocellata, 458, 459, 460, 463.
alascensis, Lagopus lagopus, 93, 97, 100,
101, 104, 105, 106, 107.
alberti, Crax, 12, 18.
Crax alberti, 12.
albifrons, Ortyx, 358.
albini, Crax, 18.
albiventer, Penelope, 38.
Penelopsis, 38.
albiventris, Penelope, 28, 38.
albotorquatus, Phasianus, 429.
albus, Lagopus, 94, 95, 100, 103, 105, 106,
108, 110, 113.
Lagopus lagopus, 93, 100, 103, 104,
105, 108.
Tetrao, 93, 94, 95, 103, 105, 106, 108,
110, 113.
Alector, 237.
alector, Crax, 12, 13, 18.
Alectorides, 1.
Alectoris, 231, 238.
graeca, 238.
rufa, 238.
Alectoromorphae, 1, 62.
Alectorophasis, 237.
Alectoropodes, 62.
Alectrides, 5.
Alectrophasis, 237.
alexandrae, Lagopus, 105.
Lagopus lagopus, 93, 94, 101, 104,
105.
alleni, Lagopus, 109.
Lagopus alba, 108.
Lagopus lagopus, 92, 104, 108, 109.
alpinus, Lagopus, 93, 95, 125.
Tetrao, 93, 125.
altipetens, Lagopus leucurus, 92, 134, 135.
americana, Cupidonia, 215, 219.
Meleagris, 444, 449.
Meleagris gallopavo, 444, 445, 455.
americanus, Lagopus, 126.
Lagopus mutus, 120, 122, 126.
Tympanuchus, 215, 217, 219, 223.
Tympanuchus americanus, 217.
Tympanuchus cupido, 215, 219.
americus, Tympanuchus cupido, 215.
amherstiae, Chrysolophus, 232, 236.
Ammoperdix, 230, 231.
annulata, Crax, 12.
araucuan, Ortalis, 2.
arborea, Capricalea, 66.
Arboricola, 230.
argentatus, Nycthemerus, 237.
Argus, 3.
argus, Argusianus, 233.
Argusianae, 233.
Argusianus, 231, 234.
argus, 233.
grayi, 233.
aridus, Colinus virginianus, 307, 308, 309,
332, 333.
atkensis, Lagopus, 116.
atkhensis, Lagopus mutus, 95, 96, 115,
116, 118, 123.
Lagopus rupestris, 110, 113, 116, 117.
atratus, Canachites canadensis, 137, 138,
150, 151.
atriceps, Colinus, 344.
Colinus virginianus, 308, 310, 344.
Ortyx, 344.
Attagen, 90.
rupestris, 124.
Attagen pensvlvaniae, 160.
attwateri, Tympanuchus, 218.
Tympanuchus americanus, 218, 219.
Tympanuchus cupido, 208, 217, 219.
aureus, Meleagris, 463.
australis, Excalfactoria chinensis, 238.
Rhynchortyx cinctus, 405.
Azuero chachalaca, 45.
bahamensis, Colinus, 328.
Colinus virginianus, 328.
Ortyx, 328.
Bambusicola, 230, 238.
barbara, Perdix, 238.
barbata, Dendrortyx, 243.
barbatus, Dendrortyx, 239, 240, 241, 243.
bensoni, Callipepla elegans, 302, 303.
Lophortyx, 303.
Lophortyx douglasi, 303.
Lophortyx douglasii, 277, 278, 302,
303.
blumenbachii, Crax, 18.
465
466 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bobwhite, black-breasted, 335.
black-headed, 344.
Coyolcos, 339.
Cuban, 329.
eastern, 312.
Florida, 326.
Godman’s, 336.
Grayson’s, 333.
Guatemalan, 338.
Guatemalan white-breasted, 359.
Honduras, 350.
Jaumave, 332.
Key West, 328.
least, 337.
masked, 344.
Nelson’s, 342.
Panama crested, 363.
Progreso, 350.
Puebla, 334.
Salvadorean white-breasted, 358.
Salvin’s, 341.
Sonnini’s, 360.
spotted-bellied, 331.
Texas, 323.
Thayer’s, 343.
white-faced, 357.
Yucatan, 347.
Bonasa, 64, 65, 153, 206.
cupido, 210, 214, 215.
jobsii, 161.
sabinei, 168, 170, 171.
sabini, 167, 169, 177.
sabinii, 167, 168, 171, 177.
umbella, 161, 173.
umbella fusca, 169.
umbella umbelloides, 179, 181, 186,
187.
umbelloides, 183, 186.
umbellus, 153, 155, 160, 161, 162, 163,
165, 167, 171, 172, 173, 178, 179,
181, 183, 185, 186.
umbellus affinis, 155, 175, 176, 178.
umbellus brunnescens, 155, 170, 171.
umbellus canescens, 185, 187.
umbellus castanea, 155, 169.
umbellus castaneus, 170.
umbellus fusca, 169.
umbellus fuscus, 169.
umbellus helmei, 161.
umbellus incana, 155, 177, 179, 180,
185.
umbellus incanus, 182.
umbellus mediana, 155, 162, 164, 185.
umbellus medianus, 163.
umbellus monticola, 155, 162, 163,
164, 166, 170, 178.
umbellus phaia, 155, 176, 177, 178,
182, 184.
umbellus phaios, 179.
umbellus sabinei, 168.
umbellus sabini, 155, 166, 168, 169,
171, 175, 176, 177, 179, 183.
umbellus sabinii, 168, 177.
umbellus thayeri, 175.
umbellus togata, 1S5, 162, 170, 171,
174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 185,
187.
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides, 156, 176,
177, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186,
187.
umbellus umbellus, 155, 156, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170,
171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 179, 180,
182, 184, 186.
umbellus yukonensis, 155, 182, 183,
184.
Bonasia, 153, 230.
umbellus, 160.
bonasia, Tetrao, 65.
borealis, Ortyx, 323.
Perdix, 305, 323.
brachydactylus, Lagopus, 94.
Tetrao, 94.
brasiliensis, Penelope, 27.
Brevicaudes, 1.
bronzina, Ortalida, 47.
brunnescens, Bonasa umbellus, 155, 170,
171.
Lophortyx californica, 278, 284, 286.
Lophortyx californicus, 286.
Penelope purpurascens, 23.
caboti, Colinus nigrogularis, 309, 310, 347,
350, 351.
Caccabininae, 231.
Caccabis, 63, 230, 231, 238.
California, Tetrao, 80.
californica, Callipepla, 281, 286.
Lophortyx, 275, 276, 281, 282, 284,
285, 288, 289, 325.
Lophortyx californica, 278, 279, 283,
284, 286, 288, 289, 291.
Ortyx, 286.
Perdix, 284.
californicus, Lophortyx, 282, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289, 295, 299.
Lophortyx californicus, 286.
Tetrao, 275, 281, 284, 287, 295.
Calipepla, 264.
Callipepla, 235, 253, 264, 275, 305.
California vallicola, 282.
californica, 281, 286.
californica vallicola, 282, 287, 288,
289, 290.
castaneiventer, 270.
castanogastris, 270.
cristata, 363.
douglasi, 301.
douglasii, 301.
douglassii, 301, 303.
elegans, 299, 302, 303, 304.
elegans bensoni, 302, 303.
fasciata, 275.
gambeli, 295, 296, 297, 298.
gambeli deserticola, 295.
gambeli fulvipectus, 296.
gambelii, 293, 295, 298.
nigrogularis, 353.
personata, 275.
picta, 258, 259, 263.
squamata, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269,
270, 271.
squamata castanogastris, 265, 269,
270.
INDEX
467
Callipepla squamata pallida, 265, 268, 269,
270, 271.
squamata squamata, 265, 268, 270,
271, 272.
squamulata, 272.
strenua, 264, 272.
venusta, 295.
Caloperdix, 230.
campestris, Pediocaetes phasianellus, 203,
204.
Pediocetes phasianellus, 197, 198.
campisylvicola, Pediocetes phasianellus,
205, 206.
( sifici r*p 1 Sn
canadensis, 145, 149, 151, 152.
canadensis canadensis, 145, 149, 151,
152.
canadensis franklini, 142.
franklini, 142.
franklinii, 142.
fuliginosus, 79, 85.
obscura, 76, 79, 81, 87.
obscura fuliginosa, 73, 76, 79, 81.
obscura obscura, 87.
obscura richardsoni, 84, 85, 89.
obscura richardsonii, 84, 89.
obscurus, 79, 85, 87.
obscurus fuliginosus, 73, 76.
obscurus obscurus, 87.
obscurus richardsoni, 84, 89.
richardsoni, 80, 85, 89.
canace, Canachites canadensis, 137, 138,
147. 148, 151, 153.
Tetrao, 136, 147.
Canachites, 64, 66, 136, 137.
canadensis, 136, 137, 145, 146, 149,
150, 151, 152, 153.
canadensis atratus, 137, 138, 150, 151.
canadensis canace, 137, 138, 147, 148,
151, 153.
canadensis canadensis, 137, 143, 146,
151.
canadensis labradorius, 146.
canadensis osgoodi, 143, 146, 147,
151.
canadensis torridus, 137, 138, 151,
153.
franklini, 142, 143.
franklinii, 136, 137, 138, 143, 144.
canadensis, Canace, 145, 149, 151, 152.
Canace canadensis, 145, 149, 151, 152.
Canachites, 136, 137, 145, 146, 149,
^ 150, 151, 152, 153.
Canachites canadensis, 137, 143, 146,
151.
Dendragapus, 145, 149, 151, 152.
Tetrao, 136, 141, 144, 145, 148, 149,
150, 152.
Tympanuchus, 147.
canescens, Bonasa umbellus, 185, 187.
Odontophorus guianensis, 370.
Odontophorus parambae, 370.
canfieldae, Lophortyx californica, 278,
279, 287, 289, 290.
Capercaille, 66.
Capidonia cupido, 214.
Capricalea, 66.
arborea, 66.
carunculata, Penelope, 9.
castanea, Bonasa umbellus, 155, 169.
castaneus, Bonasa umbellus, 170.
Colinus virginianus, 323.
Ortyx, 323.
castaneiventer, Callipepla, 270.
castanogastris, Callipepla, 270.
Callipepla squamata, 265, 269, 270.
castigatus, Odontophorus, 368.
Odontophorus guianensis, 368.
Odontophorus gujanensis, 366, 368.
catalinensis, Lophortyx, 287.
Lophortyx californica, 278, 286, 287.
caurus, Pedioecetes phasianellus, 189, 190,
192, 193, 194, 196.
Cenchramus, 438.
Centrocercus, 2, 64, 65, 67, 223.
columbianus, 201.
phasianellus, 194, 195, 201.
urophasianus, 223, 224, 227, 230.
Centrocircus, 223.
Ceriornis, 2, 231, 232.
chacamel, Phasianus, 32.
Chachalaca, Azuero, 45.
Brodkorb’s, 40.
Darien, 45.
dusky-headed, 42.
gray-headed, 35.
Guatemalan black, 52.
Nicaraguan black, 54.
northern, 31.
northern rufous-bellied, 49.
Oaxaca, 34.
Peten, 39.
plumbeous-capped, 40.
rufous-tailed, 46.
Salvadorean black, 54.
Utila, 42.
Wagler’s rufous-bellied, 47.
white-bellied, 37.
Yucatan, 38.
Chachalacas, 5.
Chacura, 238.
Chamaepetes, 6, 9, 55.
goudotii rufiventris, 56.
leucogastra, 38.
unicolor, 56, 57, 58.
Chamapetes, 55.
chamberlaini, Lagopus mulus, 95, 96, 113,
114.
Lagopus rupestris, 114.
chapmani, Crax, 19.
Crax rubra, 15.
Odontophorus guianensis, 370.
chiapensis, Dactylortyx, 387.
Dactylortyx thoracicus, 381, 386, 387.
chinensis, Tetrao, 238.
Chrysolophus, 232, 236, 237.
amherstiae, 232, 236.
pictus, 2, 232, 236.
chukar, Perdix, 238.
cinctus, Odontophorus, 403, 405, 408.
Rhynchortyx, 404, 405, 408.
Rhynchortyx cinctus, 405, 407, 408,
409.
cineracea, Perdix, 417.
468 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
cinerea, Cothurnix, 417.
Perdix, 410, 416.
Perdix (Starna), 417.
cinereiceps, Ortalida, 43.
Ortalis, 44.
Ortalis cinereiceps, 44.
Ortalis garrula, 31, 44, 45.
clappertoni, Francolinus, 2.
Cock, black, 66.
Cock-of-the-woods, 66.
coffini, Colinus nigrogularis, 353.
colchicus, Phasianus, 232, 234, 417, 418,
424, 427, 428, 429.
Phasianus colchicus, 420, 421, 424,
429.
Colin, Caribbean long-legged, 409.
Honduranian long-legged, 405.
long-legged, 408.
colin, Tetrao, 322.
Colina, 305.
Colinia, 305.
colinicui, Tetrao, 322.
Colinus, 235, 305, 307.
atriceps, 344.
bahamensis, 328.
coyolcos, 341.
coyoleos, 340.
cristata, 305.
cristatus, 363.
cristatus dickeyi, 357.
cristatus hypoleucus, 359, 360.
cristatus leucopogon, 358.
cristatus panamensis, 308, 311, 363,
364.
cristatus sclateri, 355, 356.
cristatus sonnini, 308, 311, 360, 363.
cubanensis, 330.
floridanus, 327.
godmani, 337.
graysoni, 334, 346.
graysoni nigripectus, 335.
hypoleucus, 359.
insignis, 339.
leucopogon dickeyi, 309, 311, 356,
357.
leucopogon hypoleucus, 308, 311, 358,
359, 360.
leucopogon incanus, 308, 311, 359,
360.
leucopogon leucopogon, 308, 311, 357,
358.
leucopogon leylandi, 309, 311, 353,
355, 356, 357, 359.
leucopogon sclateri, 309, 311, 355,
356.
leucotis panamensis, 364.
leylandi, 357.
maculatus, 332.
minor, 338.
nigripectus, 335.
nigrogularis, 305, 341, 349.
nigrogularis caboti, 309, 310, 347,
350, 351.
nigrogularis coffini, 353.
nigrogularis nigrogularis, 309, 310,
349, 350, 353.
nigrogularis persiccus, 309, 310, 350.
pigrogularis segoviensis, 352.
Colinus pectoralis, 335, 336.
ridgwayi, 346, 347.
salvini, 342.
sonninii, 362.
texanus, 326.
virginiana, 319.
virginianus, 306, 319, 324, 328, 333.
virginianus aridus, 307, 308, 309, 332,
333.
virginianus atriceps, 308, 310, 344.
virginianus bahamensis, 328.
virginianus castaneus, 323.
virginianus coyolcos, 309, 310, 339,
341, 342, 343, 344.
virginianus cubanensis, 307, 310, 328,
329, 330, 331.
virginianus floridanus, 308, 310, 322,
326, 327, 328.
virginianus godmani, 307, 312, 336,
337, 338.
virginianus graysoni, 307, 309, 333,
334, 335, 339, 340.
virginianus insignis, 308, 310, 338,
339, 341, 343, 344.
virginianus insulanus, 308, 328.
virginianus maculatus, 308, 309, 324,
331, 332, 333.
virginianus minor, 307, 310, 337, 338.
virginianus nelsoni, 309, 342, 343.
virginianus nigripectus, 307, 334, 335.
virginianus pectoralis, 307, 312, 335,
336, 343.
virginianus ridgwayi, 308, 309, 344,
347.
virginianus salvini, 308, 311, 341, 342,
344.
virginianus taylori, 323.
virginianus texanus, 307, 309, 322,
323, 325, 329, 331, 332, 333, 344.
virginianus thayeri, 307, 310, 340,
343.
virginianus verus, 323.
virginianus virginianus, 308, 310, 312,
319, 322, 328.
coloratus, Odontophorus erythrops, 366,
372, 373.
Odontophorus melanotis, 373.
Columbae, 4.
columbianus, Centrocercus, 201.
Odontophorus, 364.
Pediaecaetes, 199, 201, 205.
Pediecaetes, 199, 201, 205.
Pediocaetes, 196, 199, 201, 205.
Pediocaetes phasianellus, 192, 199,
201, 205.
Pediocetes phasianellus, 192, 194, 199,
201.
Pedioecetes, 199, 201.
Pedioecetes phasianellus, 189, 199,
200, 201, 202, 203, 205.
Phasianus, 201.
Tetrao, 192, 197, 201.
communis, Coturnix, 239.
Compsortyx, 238.
confinis, Oreortyx, 262.
Oreortyx picta, 255, 261, 262, 263.
Oreortyx pictus, 262, 263.
consobrinus, Odontophorus, 377.
INDEX
469
Cothumix cinerea, 417.
Coturnix, 63, 230, 239.
communis, 239.
coturnix, 239.
excalfactoria, 238.
novae-zealandiae, 3.
pectoralis, 239.
virginiana, 315.
coturnix, Coturnix, 239.
Tetrao, 239.
Coturnyx, 239.
Coxolitli, 26.
coyolcos, Colinus, 341.
Colinus virginianus, 309, 310, 339,
341, 342, 343, 344.
Ortyx, 340, 341, 344.
Perdix, 340.
Tetrao, 340.
coyoleos, Colinus, 340.
Tetrao, 340, 344.
Graces 4
Cracidae, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 62.
Cracides, 5.
Cracinae, 6, 7, 8.
Cracoidea, 3, 4, 5.
Cras globicera, 18.
Crax, 2, 7, 8, 12.
alberti, 9, 12, 18.
alberti alberti, 12.
albini, 18.
alector, 12, 13, 18.
annulata, 12.
blumenbachii, 18.
chapmani, 19.
cumanensis, 20.
edwardsii, 18.
erythrognatha, 13.
galeata, 8.
globicera, 9, 13, 17, 18, 19.
globicera globicera, 18.
globicera griscomi, 19.
grayi, 15.
guianensis, 12.
hecki, 19.
mikani, 12.
mitu, 8, 13.
nigra, 12.
panamensis, 18, 19.
pauxi, 8.
pinima, 15.
pipile, 9.
pseudalector, 18.
rubra, 10, 16, 18.
rubra chapmani, 15.
rubra griscomi, 12, 19, 20.
rubra rubra, 12, 13, 16.
sclateri, 19.
sp., 18.
temminckii, 18.
urumutum, 8.
viridirostris, 12.
vociferans, 32.
Crax curassous, 17.
Creagrinus, 237.
cristata, Colinus, 305.
Callipepla, 363.
Meleagris, 24, 26.
Numida, 431.
653008'’— 46 - 31
cristata, Penelope, 20, 24, 25, 27.
Penelope cristata, 27.
Perdix, 363.
Salpiza, 27.
Tetrao, 272.
cristatus, Colinus, 363.
Eupsychortyx, 363.
Gallopavo, 454.
Ortyx, 363.
Pavo, 233.
Tetrao, 272, 305, 363.
Crossop til on, 231.
Cryptonyx, 230.
Crypturi, 1, 2, 5.
Crypturidae, 5.
cubanensis, Colinus, 330.
Colinus virginianus, 307, 310, 328,
329, 330, 331.
Ortix, 330.
Ortyx, 330.
Ortyx virginianus, 330.
cubensis, Ortyx, 331.
Cumana, 9.
cumanensis, Crax, 20.
Penelope, 20.
Pipile, 20.
Cupidinea, 206.
cupido, Bonasa, 210, 214, 215.
Capidonia, 214.
Cupidonia, 210, 211, 214, 218.
Cupidonia cupido, 211, 214, 218.
Tetrao, 153, 206, 210, 213, 214, 218,
222.
Tympanuchus, 207, 211, 215, 219, 220.
Tympanuchus cupido, 208, 211, 212,
213.
Cupidonia, 206.
americana, 215, 219.
cupido, 210, 211, 214, 218.
cupido cupido, 211, 214, 218.
cupido pallidicincta, 218, 222.
pinnata, 217.
Curassow, Central American, 13.
Cozumel, 19.
Curassows, 4, 5, 7.
cuvieri, Lophophorus, 237.
Cynchramus, 438.
Cyrtonyx, 236, 390, 391.
massena, 395, 397.
meleagris, 398.
merriami, 399.
montezumae, 390, 395, 397, 399, 401.
montezumae mearnsi, 391, 392, 395,
396, 401.
montezumae meleagris, 398.
montezumae merriami, 391, 398, 399.
montezumae montezumae, 391, 392,
396, 397, 398, 399.
montezumae morio, 396.
montezumae sallei, 391, 392.
ocellatus, 391, 392, 400, 402, 403.
ocellatus differens, 403.
ocellatus ocellatus, 403.
ocellatus sumichrasti, 403.
sallaei, 399, 400.
sallei, 398, 400.
sp., 338.
sumichrasti, 403.
470 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Dactylortyx, 236, 379.
chiapensis, 387.
devius, 384, 385.
lineolatus, 385.
thoracicus, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386,
387, 388.
thoracicus chiapensis, 381, 386, 387.
thoracicus devius, 380, 381, 383, 385,
386.
thoracicus fuscus, 381, 389, 390.
thoracicus lineolatus, 381, 385.
thoracicus salvadoranus, 381, 387,
388, 389.
thoracicus sharpei, 381, 385, 386.
thoracicus taylori, 381, 388, 389.
thoracicus thoracicus, 381, 382, 383.
damascenus, Tetrao, 417.
Dendragapus, 64, 65, 66, 67, 136.
canadensis, 145, 149, 151, 152.
franklini, 142.
franklinii, 142.
fuliginosus, 68, 73, 77, 79.
fuliginosus fuliginosus, 77.
fuliginosus howardi, 81, 82.
fuliginosus sierrae, 80.
fuliginosus sitkensis, 74.
howardi, 68.
obscurus, 67, 68, 69, 73, 76, 79, 85, 87.
obscurus flemingi, 85.
obscurus fuliginosus, 69, 73, 74, 76,
77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 426.
obscurus howardi, 69, 80, 81.
obscurus munroi, 74.
obscurus obscurus, 69, 85, 87, 88.
obscurus pallidus, 69, 83, 86, 88, 89,
90.
obscurus richardsoni, 83, 84, 89.
obscurus richardsonii, 69, 80, 82, 84,
86, 88, 89.
obscurus sierrae, 69, 77, 79, 80, 81,
82, 85.
obscurus sitkensis, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82.
richardsoni, 83, 89.
richardsonii, 68.
sierrae, 68.
sitkensis, 68.
Dendrogapus, 67.
Dendrophagus franklini, 142.
Dendrortyx, 236, 239, 240.
barbata, 243.
barbatus, 239, 240, 241, 243.
griseipectus, 246.
hypospodius, 253.
leucophrys, 250, 252, 253.
leucophrys Irypospodius, 240, 252,
253.
leucophrys leucophrys, 240, 249, 250,
251, 252.
leucophrys nicaraguae, 241, 250, 252.
macrorus, 245, 247.
macroura, 240.
macroura dilutus, 248.
macroura diversus, 241, 246.
macroura griseipectus, 241, 245, 246.
macroura macroura, 241, 243, 245.
macroura oaxacae, 241, 248.
macroura striatus, 241, 247, 248.
macrourus., 247, 248.
Dendrortyx macrourus dilutus, 248.
macrourus griseipectus, 246.
macrourus striatus, 248.
macrurus, 245, 247, 248.
oaxacae, 248.
striatus, 248.
Dentophorus, 364.
derbianus, Oreophasis, 58, 59, 60, 61.
derbyanus, Oreophasis, 61.
Orephasis, 61.
deschauenseei, Ortalis vetula, 30, 42.
deserticola, Callipepla gambeli, 295.
devius, Dactylortyx, 384, 385.
Dactylortyx thoracicus, 380, 381, 383,
385, 386.
dickeyi, Colinus cristatus, 357.
Colinus leucopogon, 309, 311, 356,
357.
Penelopina nigra, 51, 54.
dicksoni, Lagopotetrix, 66.
differens, Cyrtonyx ocellatus, 403.
dilutus, Dendrortyx macroura, 248.
Dendrortyx macrourus, 248.
dispar, Lagopus, 126.
diversus, Dendrortyx macroura, 241, 246.
dixoni, Lagopus, 121.
Lagopus mutus, 95, 96, 118, 120, 121,
122, 123.
Lagopus rupestris, 121.
douglasi, Callipepla, 301.
Lophortyx, 301, 303, 304, 305.
Lophortyx douglasi, 302.
douglasii, Callipepla, 301.
Lophortyx, 275, 276.
Lophortyx douglasii, 277, 278, 299,
302, 303, 304, 305.
Ortyx, 301.
douglassii, Callipepla, 301, 303.
Ortyx, 301.
Duodecempennatae, 6.
edwardsii, Crax, 18.
elegans, Callipepla, 299, 302, 303, 304.
Lophortyx, 302.
Ortyx, 299, 302, 303.
ellioti, Meleagris, 451.
Meleagris gallopavo, 451.
Epoima, 236.
Epomia, 236.
Epomis, 236.
eremophila, Oreortyx picta, 255, 262, 263.
erythrognatha, Crax, 13.
Eumeleagris, 458.
Euplocomus, 2, 230.
Eupsichortyx, 305, 306.
sonninii, 363.
Eupsychortix, 305.
Eupsychortyx, 305.
affinis, 363.
cristatus, 363.
fasciatus, 275.
hypoleucus, 359, 360.
leucofrenatus, 355, 357.
leucopogon, 358, 360, 364.
leucopogon leucopogon, 358, 364.
leucotis, 364.
leylandi, 355, 356, 357.
nigrigularis, 353.
INDEX
471
Eupsychortyx nigrogularis, 349, 350, 353.
sclateri, 356.
sonnini, 363.
sonnini sonnini, 363.
sonninii, 362, 363.
Eupsycortyx, 305.
evermanni, Lagopus, 110.
Lagopus mutus, 95, 96, 109, 111, 117.
Lagopus rupestris, 111.
Excalfactoria, 230, 238.
chinensis australis, 238.
excalfactoria, Coturnix, 238.
Excalfatoria, 238.
Excalphatoria, 238.
Falcipennis, 65, 66.
hartlaubii, 66.
falcipennis, Tetrao, 66.
fasciata, Callipepla, 275.
fasciatus, Eupsychortyx, 275.
Ortyx, 272, 274.
Philortyx, 272, 273, 274.
Ptilortyx, 275.
fera, Meleagris, 447.
Meleagris gallapavo, 447.
ferrugineus, Gallus, 232.
flemingi, Dendragapus obscurus, 85.
floridana, Ortyx virginiana, 327.
floridanus, Colinus, 327.
Colinus virginianus, 308, 310, 322,
326, 327, 328.
Ortyx, 327.
Ortyx virginianus, 322, 327.
Francolinus, 2, 63, 230.
clappertoni, 2.
franklini, Canace, 142.
Canace canadensis, 142.
Canachites, 142, 143.
Dendragapus, 142.
Dendropliagus, 142.
Tetrao, 141.
Tetrao canadensis, 142.
Tympanuchus, 143.
franklinii, Canace, 142.
Canachites, 136, 137, 138, 143, 144.
Dendragapus, 142.
Tetrao, 141.
Tetrao canadensis, 142.
frantzii, Ortalida, 44.
Ortalis garrula, 44, 45.
Ortalis cinereiceps, 44. ,
fronticornis, Penelope, 61.
fuliginosa, Canace obscura, 73, 76, 79, 81.
Tetrao obscurus, 73.
fuliginosus, Canace, 79, 85.
Canace obscurus, 73, 76.
Dendragapus, 68, 73, 77, 79.
Dendragapus fuliginosus, 77.
Dendragapus obscurus, 69, 73, 74,
76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 426.
Tetrao obscurus, 73.
fulvicauda, Ortalis vetula, 35.
fulvipectus, Callipepla gambeli, 296.
Lophortyx, 296.
Lophortyx gambelii, 277, 296.
fusca, Bonasa umbella, 169.
Bonasa umbellus, 169.
Tetrao, 143, 169.
fuscus, Bonasa umbellus, 169.
Dactylortyx thoracicus, 381, 389,
390.
gabrielsoni, Lagopus mutus, 95, 96, 116,
117.
galeata, Crax, 8.
Numida, 435.
Numida galeata, 435, 436.
Numida meleagris, 433, 435.
Galli, 1, 2, 3, 4.
pigeon-footed, 4.
galliae, Perdix, 417.
Gallidae, 1, 62.
Galliformes, 1, 3, 4.
Gallina indica, 17.
Gallina peruviana rubra, 16.
Gallinace, 1.
Gallinaceae, 62.
Gallinacees, 1.
Gallinacei, 1.
Gallinaces, 1.
Gallinae, 1, 4, 62, 231, 232.
Gallinae Alectoropodes, 62.
gallipavo, Meleagris, 444.
Galloparus, 438.
Gallopavo, 438, 454.
cristatus, 454.
primus, 455.
sylvestris, 447.
sylvestris novaeangliae, 454.
gallopavo, Meleagris, 437, 438, 439, 443,
444, 448, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455,
456.
Meleagris gallopavo, 440, 444, 454,
455, 456, 457.
gallopavofera, Meleagris, 447.
Gallopavus, 438.
Galloperdix, 230.
Gallophasis, 230.
Gallus, 2, 230, 231, 232, 237.
ferrugineus, 232.
gallus, 237.
indicus, 12.
gallus, Gallus, 237.
Gallus indicus alius, 17.
gambeli, Callipepla, 295, 296, 297, 298.
Lophortyx, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298.
Lophortyx gambeli, 295, 299.
gambelii, Callipepla, 293, 295, 298.
Lophortyx, 275, 276, 293, 296, 297,
298.
Lophortyx gambelii, 277, 291, 293,
294, 296.
Lophortyx, 295.
Ganix, 20.
garrula, Ortalida, 30.
Ortalis, 30.
Ortalis garrula, 30, 31.
Penelope, 30.
garrulus, Phasianus, 30, 47.
Gennaeeus, 237.
Gennaeus, 232, 237.
nycthemerus, 232, 237.
Giratores, 1.
472
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
globicera, Cras, 18.
Crax, 9, 13, 17, 18, 19.
Crax globicera, 18.
gmelini, Phasianus holdereri, 430.
Gnathodon, 305.
godmani, Colinus, 337.
Colinus virginianus, 307, 312, 336,
337, 338.
Ortyx, 337.
Gouan, 20.
goudotii, Ortalida, 55.
Gradatores, 1.
graeca, Alectoris, 238.
Grammatoptilos, 237.
Grammatoptilus, 237.
grayi, Argusianus, 233.
Crax, 15.
graysoni, Colinus, 334, 346.
Colinus virginianus, 307, 309, 333,
334, 335, 339, 340.
Ortyx, 334, 346.
griscomi, Crax globicera, 19.
Crax rubra, 12, 19, 20.
griseiceps, Ortalis wagleri, 30, 49.
griseipectus, Dendrortyx, 246.
Dendrortyx macroura, 241, 245, 246.
Dendrortyx macrourus, 246.
groenlandicus, Lagopus, 125.
Grous, white, 103.
Grouse, 4, 62, 63.
Alaskan sharp-tailed, 190.
Appalachian ruffed, 163.
Columbian ruffed, 175.
Columbian sharp-tailed, 200.
dusky, 85.
eastern ruffed, 156.
Franklin’s, 138.
gray ruffed, 184.
Great Plains sharp-tailed, 196.
Idaho ruffed, 178.
midwestern ruffed, 161.
Mount Pinos dusky, 80.
northern sharp-tailed, 194.
Olympic ruffed, 169.
Pacific ruffed, 166.
prairie sharp-tailed, 203.
sage, 224.
St. Lawrence ruffed, 171.
Sierra dusky, 77.
Sitkan dusky, 70.
sooty, 74.
Swarth’s dusky, 88.
Vancouver Island ruffed, 170.
wood, 66.
Yukon ruffed, 182.
Guan, 20, 26.
Guan, black, 57.
horned, 60.
northern crested, 23.
southern crested, 25.
Guans, 5.
Guanus, 20.
guianensis, Crax, 12.
Odontophorus, 368, 369, 370.
Tetrao, 364, 370.
Guineafowl, gray-breasted helmet, 433.
Guineafowls, 430.
gujanensis, Odontophorus, 365.
guttata, Ortyx, 375.
Tetrao, 397.
guttatus, Odontophorus, 366, 373, 376.
Odontophorus guttatus, 376.
Guttera, 430, 431.
Haematortyx, 230.
hartlaubii, Falcipennis, 66.
Heath hen, 208.
hecki, Crax, 19.
helmei, Bonasa umbellus, 161.
Hemipodii, 1, 5.
Hoazin, 18.
hodgsoniae, Sacfa, 410.
hoopesii, Ortyx, 323.
howardi, Dendragapus, 68.
Dendragapus fuliginosus, 81, 82.
Dendragapus obscurus, 69, 80, 81.
Hylobrontes, 153.
.hypoleucus, Colinus, 359.
Colinus cristatus, 359, 360.
Colinus leucopogon, 308, 311, 358,
359, 360.
Eupsychortyx, 359, 360.
Ortyx, 360.
hypopius, Rhynchortyx cinctus, 405, 409.
hypospodius, Dendrortyx, 253.
Dendrortyx leucophrys, 240, 252, 253.
ignoscens, Lophortyx gambelii, 277, 298,
299.
impedita, Lophortyx douglasii, 277, 278,
304, 305.
incana, Bonasa umbellus, 155, 177, 179,
180, 185.
incanus, Bonasa umbellus, 182.
Colinus leucopogon, 308, 311, 359, 360.
indicus, Gallus, 12.
insignis, Colinus, 339.
Colinus virginianus, 308, 310, 338,
339, 341, 343, 344.
Ortyx, 339.
insulanus, Colinus virginianus, 308, 328.
Lagopus rupestris, 95.
intermedia, Meleagris, 451.
Meleagris gallopavo, 439, 449, 450,
451.
Ortalis vetula, 30, 39, 40.
islandicus, Tetrao, 90.
Ithaginis, 230.
jacuaca, Penelope, 27.
jacucaca, Penelope, 27.
jacuntinga, Pipile, 20.
Jacupema, 26.
jacupema, Penelope, 20.
jalapensis, Ortalis vetula, 35, 40.
jamesi, Pedioecetes phasianellus, 190,
196, 200, 203.
jobsii, Bonasa, 161.
Junglefowl, Bankiva, 232.
Junglefowls, 232.
kamtschatkensis, Lagopus lagopus, 93.
kapustini, Lagopus lagopus, 94.
kelloggae, Lagopus mutus, 120.
Lagopus rupestris, 120, 125.
INDEX
473
kennicotti, Pediocetes phasianellus, 192.
Pedioecetes phasianellus, 194.
kennicottii, Pediocaetes, 194.
Pedioecetes phasianellus, 189, 192,
193, 194.
Keron, 90.
Kolobathrornithes, 1.
koreni, Lagopus lagopus, 93.
labradorius, Canachites canadensis, 146.
Lagopede de la Baye Hudson, 103.
Lagophus, 90.
Lagopotetrix, 66.
dicksoni, 66.
Lagopus, 3, 64, 65, 66, 90, 92, 230.
alba alleni, 108.
albus, 94, 95, 100, 103, 105, 106, 108,
110, 113.
alexandrae, 105.
alleni, 109.
alpinus, 93, 95, 125.
americanus, 126.
atkensis, 116.
brachydactylus, 94.
dispar, 126.
dixoni, 121.
evermanni, 110.
groenlandicus, 125.
lagopus, 90, 92, 93, 100, 102, 105, 106,
107, 108, 109.
lagopus alascensis, 93, 97, 100, 101,
104, 105, 106, 107.
lagopus albus, 93, 100, 103, 104, 105,
108.
lagopus alexandrae, 93, 94, 101, 104,
105.
lagopus alleni, 92, 104, 108, 109.
lagopus kamtschatkensis, 93.
lagopus kapustini, 94.
lagopus koreni, 93.
lagopus lagopus, 93, 94, 100, 103, 106,
107.
lagopus leucopterus, 92, 107.
lagopus okadai, 93.
lagopus ungavus, 93, 106, 107.
lapponicus, 94.
leucurus, 91, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
135.
leucurus altipetens, 92, 134, 135.
leucurus leucurus, 92, 127, 130, 131,
132, 133, 135.
leucurus peninsularis, 92, 131, 133.
leucurus rainierensis, 92, 133, 134.
leucurus saxatilis, 92, 132.
mutus, 95, 123.
mutus americanus, 120, 122, 126.
mutus atkhensis, 95, 96, 115, 116, 118,
123.
mutus chamberlaini, 95, 96, 113, 114.
mutus dixoni, 95, 96, 118, 120, 121,
122, 123.
mutus evermanni, 95, 96, 109, 111,
117.
mutus gabrielsoni, 95, 96, 116, 117.
mutus kelloggae, 120.
mutus nelsoni, 95, 96, 116, 117, 119,
120, 122.
mutus reinhardti, 125.
Lagopus mutus ridgwayi, 95.
mutus rupestris, 95, 96, 118, 120,
121, 122, 125, 126, 127.
mutus sanfordi, 95, 96, 113, 114, 115.
mutus townsendi, 95, 96, 97, 111, 113,
114, 115, 116, 117.
mutus welchi, 95, 96, 126, 127.
nelsoni, 119.
persicus, 90.
reinhardi macruros, 125.
reinhardti, 126.
ridgwayi, 95.
rupestris, 110, 116, 119, 122, 123, 124,
127.
rupestris atkhensis, 110, 113, 116,
117.
rupestris chamberlaini, 114.
rupestris dixoni, 121.
rupestris evermanni, 111.
rupestris insularis, 95.
rupestris kelloggae, 120, 125.
rupestris nelsoni, 119.
rupestris occidentalis, 116, 125, 126.
rupestris reinhardi, 126.
rupestris reinhardtii, 125.
rupestris rupestris, 124, 125, 127.
rupestris sanfordi, 114.
rupestris townsendi, 113, 114.
rupestris welchi, 127.
saliceti, 94.
scoticus, 66, 91.
subalpina, 94.
subalpinus, 94.
townsendi, 113, 114.
welchi, 127.
lagopus, Lagopus, 90, 92, 93, 100, 102,
105, 106, 107, 108, 109.
Lagopus lagopus, 93, 94, 100, 103,
106, 107.
Tetrao, 90, 93, 95, 102, 105, 106, 123.
languens, Lophortyx douglasii, 278, 305.
lapponicus, Lagopus, 94.
Tetrao, 94.
Lerwa, 230, 231.
leucofrenatus, Eupsychortyx, 355, 357.
leucogaster, Ortalida, 38.
leucogastra, Chamaepetes, 38.
Ortalida, 37, 38.
Ortalis, 38.
Ortalis vetula, 28, 29, 30, 37, 38.
Penelope, 28, 38.
Penelopsis, 38.
leucolaemus, Odontophorus, 366, 377, 378,
379.
leucolophos, Penelope, 9, 20.
leucophrys, Dendrortyx, 250, 252, 253.
Dendrortyx leucophrys, 240, 249,
250, 251, 252.
Ortyx, 250.
leucopogon, Colinus cristatus, 358.
Colinus leucopogon, 308, 311, 357,
358
Eupsychortyx, 358, 360, 364.
Eupsychortyx leucopogon, 358, 364.
Ortyx, 358, 364.
leucoprosopon, Lophortyx, 276.
leucopterus, Lagopus lagopus, 92, 107.
leucotis, Eupsychortyx, 364.
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
474
leucurus, Lagopus, 91, 130, 131, 132, 133,
134, 135.
Lagopus leucurus, 92, 127, 130, 131,
132, 133, 135.
Tetrao, 130.
Tetrao (Lagopus), 129, 133, 134.
leylandi, Colinus, 357.
Colinus leucopogon, 309, 311, 353,
355, 356, 357, 359.
Eupsychortyx, 355, 356, 357.
Ortyx, 355, 356, 357.
lineatus, Phasianus, 237.
lineolatus, Dactylortyx, 385.
Dactylortyx thoracicus, 381, 385.
Odontophorus, 385, 386.
Perdix, 385.
Strophiortyx, 385, 386.
Lobiophasis, 230.
lodoisiae, Perdortyx, 239.
longicauda, Ortalis poliocephala, 37.
Longicaudes, 1.
Lophophoreae, 232.
Lophophorinae, 231.
Lophophorus, 230, 231, 232.
cuvieri, 237.
Lophortix, 275.
Lophortyx, 230, 235, 275, 277, 305.
bensoni, 303.
californica, 275, 276, 281, 282, 284,
285, 288, 289, 325.
californica achrustera, 278, 279, 287,
289, 290.
californica brunnescens, 278, 284, 286.
californica californica, 278, 279, 283,
284, 286, 288, 289, 291.
californica canfieldae, 278, 279, 287,
289, 290.
californica catalinensis, 278, 286, 287.
californica orecta, 278, 279, 287, 289,
290, 291.
californica plumbea, 278, 279, 287,
288.
californica vallicola, 283, 288, 289.
californicus, 282, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289, 295, 299.
californicus brunnescens, 286.
californicus californicus, 286.
californicus vallicola, 282, 283, 288,
289.
californicus vallicolus, 283.
catalinensis, 287.
douglasi, 301, 303, 304, 305.
douglasi bensoni, 303.
douglasi douglasi, 302.
douglasii, 275, 276.
douglasii bensoni, 277, 278, 302, 303.
douglasii douglasii, 277, 278, 299,
302, 303, 304, 305.
douglasii impedita, 277, 278, 304, 305.
douglasii languens, 278, 305.
douglasii teres, 277, 278, 303, 304.
elegans, 302.
fulvipectus, 296.
gambeli, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298.
gambeli gambeli, 295, 299.
gambeli sanus, 298.
gambelii, 275, 276, 293, 296, 297, 298.
Lophortyx gambelii fulvipectus, 277, 296.
gambelii gambelii, 277, 291, 293, 294,
296.
gambelii ignoscens, 277, 298, 299.
gambelii pembertoni, 277, 297.
gambelii sana, 277, 297, 298.
gambelii, 295.
leucoprosopon, 276.
plumifera, 258.
vallicola, 283, 288, 289.
Lyrurus, 65, 66.
lyrurus, Tetrao, 65.
Lyura, 66.
Lyurus, 66.
tetrix, 66.
maccalli, Ortalida, 33, 39.
Ortalida vetula, 33.
Ortalis, 34.
Ortalis vetula, 34, 35, 49.
maccaulii, Ortalida, 33.
macrorus, Dendrortyx, 245, 247.
macroura, Dendrortyx, 240.
Dendrortyx macroura, 241, 243, 245.
Ortyx, 239, 245, 247.
macrourus, Dendrortyx, 247, 248.
Odontophorus, 245.
macruros, Lagopus reinhardi, 125.
macrurus, Dendrortyx, 245, 247, 248.
maculatus, Colinus, 332.
Colinus virginianus, 308, 309, 324,
331, 332, 333.
maculipennis, Numida, 436.
major, Starna cinerea, 417.
males, Megacephalon, 5.
Marail, 20.
marail, Penelope, 20.
marchei, Numida, 436.
Margaroperdix, 230.
marginatus, Phasianus, 430.
marilanda, Perdix, 322.
marilandica, Perdix, 305.
Tetrao, 322.
marilandicus, Tetrao, 322, 329.
marilandus, Tetrao, 322, 329.
marmoratus, Odontophorus, 368, 369.
Odontophorus guianensis, 370.
Odontophorus gujancnsis, 366, 368,
369.
Ortyx (Odontophorus), 369.
Tetrao, 245.
marylandus, Ortyx, 322, 329.
Tetrao, 322.
massena, Cyrtonyx, 395, 397.
Ortyx, 390, 395, 397.
massenae, Ortyx, 397.
matudae, Odontophorus guttatus, 377.
Mauroturnix, 239.
mccalli, Ortalida, 33, 35, 39, 49.
Ortalis, 34.
Ortalis vetula, 30, 31, 34.
mearnsi, Cyrtonyx mearnsi, 391, 392, 395,
396, 401.
mediana, Bonasa umbellus, 155, 162, 164,
185.
medianus, Bonasa umbellus, 163.
INDEX
475
Megacephalon, 2, 5.
males, 5.
Megapodes, 4.
Megapodidae, 3, 4, 5, 6, 62.
Megapodii, 3, 4.
Megapodiidae, 5.
Megapodinae, 5.
Megapodius, 2.
Melagris, 438.
Melanoperdix, 230.
melanotis, Odontophorus, 371, 372.
Odontophorus erythrops, 366, 370,
372, 373.
Odontophorus melanotis, 371.
melanotus, Odontophorus, 37l.
Meleagres gallopavo silvestris, 447.
meleagrjdes, Agelastes, 431.
ivlcleagridae, 6, 436.
Meleagrididae, 3, 62, 63, 230, 436, 437.
Meleagrinae, 430, 436.
Meleagris, 2, 230, 430, 437, 458.
americana, 444, 449.
aureus, 463.
cristata, 24, 26.
ellioti, 451.
fera, 447.
fera osceola, 449.
gallapavo occidentalis, 447.
gallapavo fera, 447.
gallipavo, 444.
gallo pavo, 444.
gallopavo, 437, 438, 439, 443, 444,
448, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455,
456.
gallopavo americana, 444, 445, 455.
gallopavo ellioti, 451.
gallopavo gallopavo, 440, 444, 454,
455, 456, 457.
gallopavo intermedia, 439, 449, 450,
451.
gallopavo merriami, 439, 451, 453,
454, 457, 458.
gallopavo mexicana, 440, 450, 452,
455, 457.
gallopavo onusta, 439, 457, 458.
gallopavo osceola, 439, 444, 447, 448,
4-19, 454, 456, 458.
gallopavo silvestris, 439, 440, 445,
447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 454, 456.
gallopavo sylvestris, 447.
gallopavofera, 447.
intermedia, 451.
mexicana, 443, 450, 452, 455, 457.
occidentalis, 449.
ocellata, 458, 462, 463.
osceola, 449.
palawa, 445.
silvestris, 445.
meleagris, Cyrlonyx, 398.
Cyrtonyx montezumae, 398.
Numida, 432, 434, 435.
Odontophorus, 398.
Phasianus, 434.
Menuridae, 6.
merriami, Cyrtonyx, 399.
Cyrtonyx montezumae, 391, 398, 399.
Meleagris gallopavo, 439, 45 i, 453,
454, 457, 458.
Mesoenatidae, 1.
mexicana, Meleagris, 443, 450, 452, 455,
457.
Meleagris gallopavo, 440, 450, 452,
455, 457.
Perdix, 322.
mexicanus, Tetrao, 305, 322.
Microperdix, 230.
mikani, Crax, 12.
minor, Colinus, 338.
Colinus virginianus, 307, 310, 337,
338.
Ortyx, 338.
Perdix, 417.
Tetrao, 323.
mira, Ortalis garrula, 31, 45.
Mitu, 7, 8.
mitu, Crax, 8, 13.
Mitua, 2, 8.
Monals, 232.
mongolicus, Phasianus, 429.
Phasianus colchicus, 429.
montagnii, Ortalida, 20.
Penelope, 21, 22.
montana, Perdix, 417.
montanus, Tetrao, 90, 417.
montezumae, Cyrtonyx, 390, 395, 397,
399, 401.
Cyrtonyx montezumae, 391, 392, 396,
397, 398, 399.
Odontophorus (Cyrtonyx), 397.
Ortyx, 390, 395, 397.
monticola, Bonasa umbellus, 155, 162,
163, 164, 166, 170, 178.
morio, Cyrtonyx montezumae, 396.
motmot, Phasianus, 28.
munroi, Dendragapus obscurus, 74.
muticus, Pavo, 233.
mutus, Lagopus, 95, 123.
Tetrao, 90, 123, 125.
Tetrao (Lagopus), 125.
nelsoni, Colinus virginianus, 309, 342,
343.
Lagopus, 119.
Lagopus mutus, 95, 96, 116, 117, 119,
120, 122.
Lagopus rupestris, 119.
nicaraguae, Dendrortyx leucophrys, 241,
250, 252.
niger, Penelope, 50, 53.
Phasidus, 431.
nigra, Crax, 12.
Penelope, 53.
Penelopina, 50, 51, 53, 55.
Penelopina nigra, 51, 52, 53, 54.
nigripectus, Colinus, 335.
Colinus graysoni, 335.
Colinus virginianus, 307, 334, 335.
nigrigularis, Eupsychortyx, 353.
Ortyx, 352.
nigrogularis, Callipepla, 353.
Colinus, 305, 341, 349.
Colinus nigrogularis, 309, 310, 349,
350, 353.
Eupsychortyx, 349, 350, 353.
Ortix, 349.
Ortyx, 349, 352.
476
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Nothocrax, 8.
novaeangliae, Gallopavo sylveslris, 454.
novae-angliae, Perdix, 322.
novae-zealandiae, Coturnix, 3.
Numida, 2, 230; 430, 431.
cristata, 431.
galeata, 435.
galeata galeata, 435, 436.
maculipennis, 436.
marchei, 436.
meleagris, 432, 434, 435.
meleagris galeata, 433, 435.
rendallii, 436.
vulturina, 431.
Numididae, 3, 62, 230, 430, 431, 436.
Numidinae, 430.
Nupidedes, 1.
Nycthemerus, 237.
argentatus, 237.
nycthemerus, Gennaeus, 232, 237.
Phasianus, 237.
oaxacae, Dendrortyx, 248.
Dendrortyx. macroura, 241, 248.
obscura, Canace, 76, 79, 81, 87.
Canace obscura, 87.
obscurus, Canace, 79, 85, 87.
Canace obscurus, 87.
Dendragapus, 67, 68, 69, 73, 76, 79,
85, 87.
Dendragapus obscurus, 69, 85, 87, 88.
Tetrao, 67, 73, 76, 78, 79, 81, 85, 86,
87, 90.
Tympanuchus, 88.
occidentalis, Lagopus rupestris, 116, 125,
126.
Meleagris, 449.
Meleagris gallapavo, 447.
ocellata, Agriocharis, 458, 459, 460, 463.
Meleagris, 458, 462, 463.
Rheinardia, 234.
ocellatus, Cyrtonyx, 391, 392, 400, 402,
403.
Cyrtonyx ocellatus, 403.
Ortyx, 402.
Odonthophorus, 364.
Odontophoridae, 231.
Odontophorinae, 3, 62, 63, 230, 231, 234,
235.
Odontophorus, 236, 364, 366, 379, 390.
castigatus, 368.
cinctus, 403, 405, 408.
columbianus, 364.
consobrinus, 377.
erythrops coloratus, 366, 372, 373.
erythrops melanotis, 366, 370, 372,
373.
erythrops verecundus, 366, 373.
guianensis, 368, 369, 370.
guianensis canescens, 370.
guianensis castigatus, 368.
guianensis chapmani, 370.
guianensis marmoratus, 370.
guianensis panamensis, 369.
guianensis polionotus, 370.
gujanensis, 365.
gujanensis castigatus, 366, 368.
Odontophorus gujanensis marmoratus,
366, 368, 369.
gujanensis polionotus, 370.
guttatus, 366, 373, 376.
guttatus guttatus, 376.
guttatus matudae, 377.
leucolaemus, 366, 377, 378, 379.
lineolatus, 385, 386.
macrourus, 245.
marmoratus, 368, 369.
melanotis, 371, 372.
melanotis coloratus, 373.
melanotis melanotis, 371.
melanotis verecundus, 373.
melanotus, 371.
meleagris, 398.
(Cyrtonyx) montezumae, 397.
parambae canescens, 370.
rubigenis, 409.
smithians, 379.
sonnini, 363.
spodiostethus, 403, 407, 409.
thoracicus, 383, 384, 386, 387.
veraguensis, 376, 377.
okadai, Lagopus lagopus, 93.
olivacea, Ortalis garrula, 31, 45, 46.
onusta, Meleagris gallopavo, 439, 457,
458.
Opetioptila, 9.
Ophrysia, 230.
Opisthocomi, 1, 2, 4.
Opisthocomidae, 6.
Oreas, 90.
orecta, Lophortyx calif ornica, 278, 279,
287, 289, 290, 291.
Oreias, 90.
Oreoortyx, 253.
Oreoperdix, 230.
Oreophasianus, 58.
Oreophasinae, 6, 8.
Oreophasis, 6, 8, 58.
derbianus, 58, 59, 60, 61.
derbyanus, 61.
Oreortyx, 235, 253, 305.
confinis, 262.
picta, 254, 255, 257, 260, 263.
picta confinis, 255, 261, 262, 263.
picta eremophila, 255, 262, 263.
picta palmeri, 255, 258, 262.
picta picta, 255, 258, 260, 261, 262,
263.
picta plumifera, 261, 263.
picta plumiferus, 261.
pictus, 257, 259, 260, 263.
pictus confinis, 262, 263.
pictus pictus, 257, 258.
pictus plumifera, 260.
pictus plumiferus, 258, 260, 263.
plumiferus, 258.
Orephasis derbyanus, 61.
Orortyx, 253.
picta, 260.
pictus, 263.
Ortalida, 28.
bronzina, 47.
cinereiceps, 43.
frantzii, 44.
garrula, 30.
INDEX
477
Ortalida goudotii, 55.
leucogaster, 38.
leucogastra, 37, 38.
maccalli, 33, 39.
maccaulii, 33.
mccalli, 33, 35, 39, 49.
montagnii, 20.
plumbeiceps, 37, 41.
plumbiceps, 37, 41.
poliocephala, 34, 35, 36, 43.
ruficauda, 47.
unicolor, 58.
vetula, 32, 33, 35, 39, 41.
vetula maccalli, 33.
wagleri. 28, 48, 49.
waglerii, 48.
Ortalidia, 28.
Ortalis, 6, 9, 28, 30.
araucuan, 2.
cinereiceps, 44.
cinereiceps cinereiceps, 44.
cinereiceps frantzii, 44.
cinereiceps saturatus, 44.
garrula, 30.
garrula cinereiceps, 31. 44, 45.
garrula frantzii, 44, 45.
garrula garrula, 30, 31.
garrula mira, 31, 45.
garrula olivacea, 31, 45, 46.
garrula saturata, 45.
leucogastra, 38.
maccalli, 34.
mccalli, 34.
pallidiventris, 39.
poliocephala, 37.
poliocephala longicauda, 37.
rufficauda, 47.
ruficauda, 30, 46, 47.
struthopus, 44.
vetula, 29, 33, 35, 39, 41.
vetula deschauenseei, 30, 42.
vetula fulvicauda, 35.
vetula intermedia, 30, 39, 40.
vetula jalapensis, 35, 40.
vetula leucogastra, 28, 29, 30, 37, 38.
vetula maccalli, 34, 35, 49.
vetula mccalli, 30, 31, 34.
vetula pallidiventris, 30, 38, 39.
vetula plumbeiceps, 41.
vetula plumbiceps, 30, 40, 41, 42.
vetula poliocephala, 30, 35, 37.
vetula vallicola, 30, 40.
vetula vetula, 30, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38,
39, 40, 42.
wagleri, 28, 29, 48, 49.
wagleri griseiceps, 30, 49.
wagleri wagleri, 30, 47, 49.
Ortix, 305.
cubanensis, 330.
nigrogularis, 349.
plumifera. 260, 261.
texanus, 324.
Ortygia, 239, 305.
Ortyginae, 231.
Ortygion, 239.
Ortygis, 305.
Ortygium, 239.
Qrtygornis, 230,
Ortyx, 230, 239, 305.
affinis, 363.
albifrons, 358.
atriceps, 344.
bahamensis, 328.
borealis, 323.
californica, 286.
castaneus, 323.
coyolcos, 340, 341, 344.
cristatus, 363.
cubanensis, 330.
cubensis, 331.
douglasii, 301.
douglassii, 301.
elegans, 299, 302, 303.
fasciatus, 272, 274.
floridanus, 327.
godmani, 337.
graysoni, 334, 346.
graysoni panucensis, 332.
guttata, 375.
hoopesii, 323.
hypoleucus, 360.
insignis, 339.
leucophrys, 250.
leucopogon, 358, 364.
leylandi, 355, 356, 357.
macroura, 239, 245 , 247.
(Odontophorus) marmoratus, 369.
marylandus, 322, 329.
massena, 390, 395, 397.
massenae, 397.
minor, 338.
montezumae, 390, 395, 397.
nigrigularis, 352.
nigrogularis, 349, 352.
ocellatus, 402.
pectoralis, 335, 336, 338.
perrotiana, 275.
picta, 257, 259, 263.
plumifera, 260, 263.
ridgwayi, 347.
salvini, 342.
sonnini, 362.
sonninii, 362.
spilogaster, 302.
squamata, 267, 271.
squamatus, 264, 267, 269, 271.
texanus, 324, 325, 332.
thoracicus, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388.
virginiana, 316, 317, 324, 327.
virginiana floridana, 327.
virginiana texana, 325.
virginianus, 315, 316, 324, 325, 327,
329, 346, 347.
virginianus cubanensis, 330.
virginianus floridanus, 322, 327.
virginianus texanus, 324, 325.
virginianus virginianus, 317.
osceola, Meleagris, 449.
Meleagris fera, 449.
Meleagris gallopavo, 439, 444, 447,
448, 449, 454, 456, 458.
osgoodi, Canachites canadensis, 143, 146,
147, 151.
Otididae, 62.
Ovjrax, 8,
478
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
palawa, Meleagris, 445.
pallida, Callipepla squamata, 265, 268,
269, 270, 271.
Pferdix, 417.
pallidicincta, Cupidonia cupido, 218, 222.
pallidicinctus, Tympanuchus, 208, 219,
222, 223.
pallidiventris, Ortalis, 39.
Ortalis vetula, 30, 38, 39.
pallidus, Dendragapus obscurus, 69, 83,
86, 88, 89, 90.
palmeri, Oreortyx picta, 255, 258, 262.
Toxostoma, 294.
palustris, Starna, 417.
panamensis, Colinus cristatus, 308, 311,
363, 364.
Colinus leucotis, 364.
Crax, 18, 19.
Odontopho-rus guianensis, 369.
panucensis, Ortyx graysoni, 332.
Partridge, Arizona scaled, 265.
bearded wood, 241.
Canadian spruce, 147.
chestnut-bellied scaled, 269.
eastern long-tailed, 243.
gray-breasted long-tailed, 245.
Guatemalan long-tailed, 249.
Guerrero long-tailed, 247.
Hudsonian spruce, 143.
Hungarian 411.
Jalisco long- tailed, 246.
Nicaraguan long-tailed, 250.
Oaxaca long-tailed, 248.
scaled, 270.
Valdez spruce, 150.
white, 103.
Partridges, 62, 230.
Old World, 230, 231.
Pauxi, 7, 8.
pauxi, Crax, 8.
Pauxis, 8.
cristatus, 233.
muticus, 233.
Pavoneae, 233.
Pavoninae, 231.
Peacock, Javan, 233.
Peacock-pheasants, 2 33.
Peacocks, 233.
pectoralis, Colinus, 335, 336.
Colinus virginianus, 307, 312, 335,
336, 343.
Coturnix, 239.
Ortyx, 335, 336, 338.
Pediaecaetes, 187.
columbianus, 199, 201, 205.
phasianellus, 195, 205.
Pediecaetes, 187.
columbianus, 199, 201, 205.
phasianellus, 195.
Pediocaetes, 187.
columbianus, 196, 199, 201, 205.
kennicottii, 194.
phasianellus, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197,
199, 203, 204, 205.
phasianellus campestris, 203, 204.
Pediocaetes phasianellus columbianus,
192, 199, 201, 205.
phasianellus phasianellus, 196.
Pediocetes phasianellus campestris, 197,
198,
phasianellus columbianus, 192, 194,
199, 201.
phasianellus kennicotti, 192.
phasianellus phasianellus, 196, 205.
Pediocoetes, 187.
Pediocoetus, 187.
Pedioecetes, 64, 65, 67, 187, 212.
columbianus, 199, 201.
phasianellus, 188, 189, 192, 194, 195,
197, 203, 204.
phasianellus campestris, 189, 198,
203, 204, 205.
phasianellus campisylvicola, 205, 206.
phasianellus caurus, 189, 190, 192,
193, 194, 196.
phasianellus campestris, 189, 198,
203, 204, 205.
phasianellus columbianus, 189, 199,
200, 201, 202, 203, 205.
phasianellus jamesi, 190, 196, 200, 203.
phasianellus kennicotti, 194.
phasianellus kennicottii, 189, 192, 193,
194,
phasianellus phasianellus, 189, 192,
194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 202, 205.
urophasianellus, 197.
pembertonii, Lophortyx gambelii, 277, 297.
Penelope, 5, 6, 9, 20, 22, 50.
aburri, 9, 20.
aequatorialis, 27, 28.
albiventer, 38.
albiventris, 28, 38.
brasiliensis, 27.
carunculata, 9.
cristata, 20, 24, 26, 27.
cristata cristata, 27.
cumanensis, 20.
fronticornis, 61.
garrula, 30.
jacuaca, 27.
jacucaca, 27.
jacupema, 20.
leucogastra, 28, 38.
leucolophos, 9, 20.
marail, 20.
montagnii, 21, 22.
niger, 50, 53.
nigra, 53.
perspicax, 22.
pipile, 20.
poliocephala, 34, 36, 43.
purpurascens, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27.
purpurascens aequatorialis, 20, 23, 25,
28.
purpurascens brunnescens, 23.
purpurascens perspicax, 22, 23.
purpurascens purpurascens, 22, 23,
25.
rufiventris, 55.
vetula, 34, 39, 41.
vociferans, 32.
INDEX
479
Penelopes, 4.
Penelophe, 20.
Penelopidae, 6.
Penelopides, 28.
Penelopina, 6, 8, 9, 50.
nigra, 50, 51, 53, 55.
nigra dickeyi, 51, 54.
nigra nigra, 51, 52, 53, 54.
nigra rufescens, 51, 54, 55.
Penelopinae, 6.
Penelops, 28.
Penelopsis, 28, 55.
albiventer, 38.
leucogastra, 38.
peninsularis, Lagopus lencurus, 92, 131,
133.
Perdicidae, 63, 230, 231.
Perdicinae, 230, 234.
Perdicula, 230.
Perdix, 63, 230, 238, 409.
barbara, 238.
borealis, 305, 323.
californica, 284.
chukar, 238.
cineracea, 417.
cinerea, 410, 416.
(Starna) cinerea, 417.
cinerea scantica, 417.
coyolcos, 340.
cristata, 363.
galliae, 417.
lmeolatus, 385.
marilanda, 322.
marilandica, 305.
mexicana, 322.
minor, 417.
montana, 417.
novae-angliae, 322.
pallida, 417.
perdix, 410, 414, 415.
perdix perdix, 411, 415, 416.
perspicillata, 398.
petrosa, 238.
plumifera, 260.
robusta, 417.
(Starna) robusta, 417.
saxatilis, 238.
sonnini, 362.
sonninii, 362.
sylvestris, 417.
thoracica, 238.
virginiana, 305, 315.
(Colinia) virginiana, 317.
perdix, Perdix, 410, 414, 415.
Perdix perdix, 411, 415, 416.
Starna, 414.
Tetrao, 409, 410, 414.
Perdortyx, 239.
lodoisiae, 239.
Perdrix, 409.
peregrina, Starna cinerea, 417.
Peristeropodes, 4.
perrotiana, Ortyx, 275.
persiccus, Colinus nigrogularis, 309, 310,
350.
persicus, Lagopus, 90.
Tetrao, 90.
personata, Callipepla, 275.
personatus, Philortyx, 275.
perspicax, Penelope, 22.
Penelope purpurascens, 22, 23.
perspicillata, Perdix, 398.
petrosa, Perdix, 238.
phaia, Bonasa umbellus, 155, 176, 177,
178, 182, 184.
phaios, Bonasa umbellus, 179.
phasianellus, Centrocercus, 194, 195, 201.
Pediaecaetes, 195, 205,
Pediecaetes, 195.
Pediocaetes, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197,
199, 203, 204, 205.
Pediocaetes phasianellus, 196.
Pediocetes phasianellus, 196, 205.
Pedioecetes, 188, 189, 192, 194, 195,
197, 203, 204.
Pedioecetes phasianellus, 189, 192,
194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 202, 205.
Tetrao, 187, 194, 195, 197, 201, 204.
Tetrao (Centrocercus), 194, 195.
Phasiani, 62, 236, 237.
Phasianidae, 1, 3, 62, 63, 230, 231, 234,
235, 237.
Phasianides, 62.
Phasianinae, 62, 63, 230, 232.
Phasianoidea, 3, 4, 62.
Phasianus, 230, 232, 236, 237, 417.
albotorquatus, 429.
PnOPqmPl S/
colchicus! 232, 234, 417, 418, 424, 427,
428, 429.
colchicus colchicus, 420, 421, 424,
429.
colchicus mongolicus, 429.
colchicus septentrionalis, 430.
colchicus tenebrosus, 429.
colchicus torquatus, 419, 421, 424,
426, 427.
colchicus typicus, 430.
colchius torquatus, 427.
columbianus, 201.
garrulus, 30, 47.
holdereri gmelini, 430.
lineatus, 237.
marginatus, 430.
meleagris, 434.
mongolicus, 429.
motmot, 28.
nycthemerus, 237.
pictus, 236.
torquatus, 424, 426, 427, 428.
varius, 237.
Phasianus brasiliensis, 26.
Phasidus, 431.
niger, 431.
Pheasant, 232.
argus, 233.
Columbian, 201.
English, 232, 234.
golden, 232.
Lady Amherst, 232.
ring-necked, 419.
silver, 232.
Pheasants, 4, 62, 230.
argus, 233.
horned, 232.
Impeyan, 232.
480 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Pheasants, Koklass, 232.
Pucrus, 232.
true, 232.
Philortix, 305.
Philortyx, 235, 272, 305.
fasciatus, 272, 273, 274.
personatus, 275.
virginianus, 317.
picta, Callipepla, 258, 259, 263.
Oreortyx, 254, 255, 257, 2601, 263.
Oreortyx picta, 255, 258, 260, 261,
262, 263.
Orortyx, 260.
Ortyx, 257, 259, 263.
pictus, Chrysolophus, 2, 232, 236.
Oreortyx pictus, 257, 258.
Oreortyx, 257, 259, 260, 263.
Orortyx, 263.
Phasianus, 236.
pinima, Crax, 15.
pinnata, Cupidonia, 217.
pinnatus, Tympanuchus, 217.
Tympanuchus cupido, 208, 212, 217.
Pipile, 6, 9, 20.
cumanensis, 20.
jacuntinga, 20.
pipile, Crax, 9.
Penelope, 20.
Pipilo, 9.
plumbea, Lophortyx californica, 278, 279,
287, 288.
plumbeiceps, Ortalida, 37, 41.
Ortalis vetula, 41.
plumbiceps, Ortalida, 37, 41.
Ortalis vetula, 30, 40, 41, 42.
plumifera, Lophortyx, 258.
Oreortyx picta, 261, 263.
Oreortyx pictus, 260.
Ortix, 260, 261.
Ortyx, 260, 263.
Perdix, 260.
plumiferus, Oreortyx, 258.
Oreortyx picta, 261.
Oreortyx pictus, 258, 260, 263.
poliocephala, Ortalida, 34, 35, 36, 43.
Ortalis, 37.
Ortalis vetula, 30, 35, 37.
Penelope, 34, 36, 43.
polionotus, Odontophorus guianensis, 370.
Odontophorus gujanensis, 370.
Polyplectron, 231, 233.
Polyplectroneae, 233.
Ponolope, 20.
Prairie hen, lesser, 219.
Louisiana, 2l7.
primus, Gallopavo, 455.
pseudalector, Crax, 18.
Pseudotaon, 438.
Ptarmigan, 63.
Alaska willow, 97.
Alexander’s, 104.
Allen’s, 108.
Amchitka, 116.
Baffin Island, 107.
Chamberlain’s, 114.
Dixon’s, 120.
Evermann’s, 109.
Keewatin willow, 100.
Ptarmigan, Kenai white-tailed, 131.
Mount Rainier, 133.
Nelson’s, 117.
rock, 122.
Sanford's, 113.
southern white-tailed, 134.
Townsend’s, 111.
Ungava, 106.
Vancouver, 132.
Welch’s, 126.
white-tailed, 127.
Pternistes, 230.
Pterocles, 1.
Pterocletes, 1, 4.
Pteroclidae, 62.
Ptilopachys, 230.
Ptilortyx fasciatus, 275.
Pucrasia, 231, 232.
pudibundus, Rhynchortyx cinctus, 405,
407.
Pullastrae, 4.
purpurascens, Penelope, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27.
Penelope purpurascens, 22, 23, 25.
Salpiza, 25.
Pyctes, 238.
Quail, banded, 273.
Benson’s, 302.
black-eared wood, 370.
California, 284.
Chihuahua crested, 305.
Chiriqui wood, 366.
Colorado Gambel’s, 297.
desert mountain, 262.
Dickey’s, 356
elegant, 299.
fulvous-breasted, 296.
Gambel’s, 291.
Honduranian long-toed, 389.
Honduranian wood, 373.
Jalisco crested, 303.
Jalisco long-toed, 383.
Leyland’s, 353.
marbled wood, 368.
Massena, 396.
Mearns’s harlequin, 392.
Merriam’s harlequin, 398.
Nayarit crested, 304.
northwestern mountain, 255.
Oaxacan long-toed, 385.
ocellated harlequin, 400.
Olathe, 290.
plumed mountain, 258.
Salle’s harlequin, 399.
Salvadorean long-toed, 387.
San Lucas, 289.
San Quintin Valley, 287.
Santa Catalina, 286.
Sclater’s, 355.
southern mountain, 261.
spotted wood, 373.
Taylor’s long- toed, 388.
Texas Gambel’s, 298.
Tiburon Island, 297.
valley, 279.
Veracruz long-toed, 382.
Veraguan wood, 372.
Warner Valley, 290.
INDEX 481
Quail, white-throated wood, 377.
Yucatan long-toed, 385.
Quails, 62.
American, 230.
New World, 234.
Old World, 230, 231, 234.
Quan, 20, 26.
rainierensis, Lagopus leucurus, 92, 133,
134.
Rasores, 1.
rehusak, Tetrao, 94.
reinhardi, Lagopus rupestris, 126.
reinhardti, Lagopus, 126.
Lagopus mutus, 125.
Tetrao, 126.
reinhardtii, Tetrao, 126.
Lagopus rupestris, 125.
rendallii, Numida, 436.
Rheinardia, 234.
ocellata, 234.
Rhizothera, 230.
Rhynchortyx, 236, 403, 405.
cinctus, 404, 405, 408.
cinctus australis, 405.
cinctus cinctus, 405, 407, 408, 409.
cinctus hypopius, 405, 409.
cinctus pudibundus, 405, 407.
spodiostethus, 407, 409.
richardsoni, Canace, 80, 85, 89.
Canace obscura, 84, 85, 89.
Canace obscurus, 84, 89.
Dendragapus, 83, 89.
Dendragapus obscurus, 83, 84, 89.
Tetrao, 83.
Tetrao obscurus, 84.
Tympanuchus, 85.
richardsonii, Canace obscura, 84, 89.
Dendragapus, 68.
Dendragapus obscurus, 69, 80, 82, 84,
86, 88, 89.
Tetrao, 83, 89.
Tetrao obscurus, 84, 89.
ridgwayi, Colinus, 346, 347.
Colinus virginianus, 308, 309, 344,
347.
Lagopus, 95.
Lagopus mutus, 95.
Ortyx, 347.
robusta, Perdix, 417.
Perdix (Starna), 417.
Rollulus, 2, 230.
rubigenis, Odontophorus, 409.
rubra, Crax, 10, 16, 18.
Crax rubra, 12, 13, 16.
ruesptris, Tetrao, 126.
rufa, Alectoris, 238.
rufescens, Penelopina nigra, 51, 54, 55.
rufficauda, Ortalis, 47.
ruficauda, Ortalida, 47.
Ortalis, 30, 46, 47.
rufiventris, Chamaepetes goudotii, 56.
Penelope, 55.
rupestris, Attagen, 124.
Lagopus, 110, 116, 119, 122, 123, 124,
127.
rupestris, Lagopus rupestris, 124, 125,
127.
Tetrao, 116, 123, 127.
Tetrao (Lagopus), 123.
sabinei, Bonasa, 168, 170, 171.
Bonasa umbellus, 168.
sabini, Bonasa, 167, 169, 177.
Bonasa umbellus, 155, 166, 168, 169,
171, 175, 176, 177, 179, 183.
Tetrao, 167, 171.
sabinii, Bonasa, 167, 168, 171, 177.
Bonasa umbellus, 168, 177.
Sacfa, 410.
hodgsoniae, 410.
saliceti, Lagopus, 94.
Tetrao, 94, 100, 104.
Tetrao (Lagopus), 104.
sallaei, Cyrtonyx, 399, 400.
sallei, Cyrtonyx, 398, 400.
Cyrtonyx montezumae, 391, 392.
Salpiza, 20.
cristata, 27.
purpurascens, 25.
Salpizusa, 20.
salvadoranus, Dactylortyx thoracicus,
381, 387, 388, 389.
salvini, Colinus, 342.
Colinus virginianus, 308, 311, 341,
342, 344.
Ortyx, 342.
sana, Lophertyx gambelii, 277, 297, 298.
sanfordi, Lagopus mutus, 95, 96, 113, 114,
115.
Lagopus rupestris, 114.
sanus, Lophortyx gambeli, 298.
saturata, Ortalis garrula, 45.
saturatus, Ortalis cinereiceps, 44.
saxatilis, Lagopus leucurus, 92, 132.
saxatilis, Perdix, 238.
scantica, Perdix cinerea, 417.
sclateri, Colinus cristatus, 355, 356.
Colinus leucopogon, 309, 311, 355,
356.
Crax, 19.
Eupsychortyx, 356.
scoticus, Lagopus, 66, 91.
Tetrao, 90.
segoviensis, Colinus nigrogularis, 352.
septentrionalis, Phasianus colchicus, 430.
sharpei, Dactylortyx thoracicus, 381, 385,
386.
sierrae, Dendragapus, 68.
Dendragapus fuliginosus, 80.
Dendragapus obscurus, 69, 77, 79, 80,
81, 82, 85.
silvestris, Meleagres gallopavo, 447.
Meleagris, 445.
Meleagris gallopavo, 439, 440, 445,
447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 454, 456.
sitkensis, Dendragapus, 68.
Dendragapus fuliginosus, 74.
Dendragapus obscurus, 69, 70, 73, 74,
82.
smithians, Odontophorus, 379.
sonnini, Colinus cristatus, 308, 311, 360,
Lagopus mutus, 95, 96, 118, 120, 121, 363.
122, 125, 126, 127. Eupsychortyx, 363.
482 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
sonnini, Eupsychortyx sonnini, 363.
Odontophorus, 363.
Ortyx, 362.
Perdix, 362.
sonninii, Colinus, 362.
Eupsichortyx, 363.
Eupsychortyx, 362, 363.
Ortyx., 362.
Perdix, 362.
spilogaster, Ortyx, 302.
spodiostethus, Odontophorus, 403, 407,
409.
Rhynchortyx, 407, 409.
squamata, Callipepla, 264, 265, 267, 268,
269, 270, 271.
Callipepla squamata, 265, 268, 270,
271, 272.
Ortyx, 267, 271.
squamatus, Ortyx, 264, 267, 269, 271.
squamulata, Callipepla, 272.
Starna, 230, 410.
cinerea, 417.
cinerea major, 417.
cinerea peregrina, 417.
cinerea tenuirostris, 417.
cinerea vulgaris, 417.
perdix, 414.
palustris, 417.
Steganolaema, 20.
Stegnolaema, 6, 20, 22.
Strophiortyx, 364.
lineolatus, 385, 386.
strenua, Callipepla, 264, 272.
striatus, Dendrortyx, 248.
Dendrortyx macroura, 241, 247, 248.
Dendrortyx macrourus, 248.
Struthiones alis volantibus, 5.
struthopus, Ortalis, 44.
subalpina, Lagopus, 94.
subalpinus, Lagopus, 94.
sub-alpinus, Tetrao, 94.
sumichrasti, Cyrtonyx, 403.
Cyrtonyx ocellatus, 403.
sylvestris, Gallopavo, 447.
Meleagris gallopago, 447.
Perdix, 417.
Synoicus, 230.
Talegalinae, 5.
Talegallinae, 5.
Talegallus, 2.
taylori, Colinus virginianus, 323.
Dactylortyx thoracicus, 381, 388, 389.
temminckii, Crax, 18.
tenebrosus, Phasianus colchicus, 429.
tenuirostris, Starna cinerea, 417.
teres, Lophortyx douglasii, 277, 278, 303,
304.
Tetrao, 2, 64, 65, 66, 230.
albus, 93, 94, 95, 103, 105, 106, 108,
110, 113.
alpinus, 93, 125.
bonasia, 65.
brachydactylus, 94.
California, 80.
californicus, 275, 281, 284, 287, 295.
canace, 136, 147.
Tetrao canadensis, 136, 141, 144, 145, 148,
149, 150, 152.
canadensis franklini, 142.
canadensis franklinii, 142.
chinensis, 238.
colin, 322.
colinicui, 322.
columbianus, 192, 197, 201.
coturnix, 239.
coyolcos, 340.
coyoleos, 340, 344.
cristata, 272.
cristatus, 272, 305, 363.
cupido, 153, 206, 210, 213, 214, 218,
222.
damascenus, 417.
falcipennis, 66.
franklini, 141.
franklinii, 141.
fusca, 143, 169.
guianensis, 364, 370.
guttata, 397.
islandicus, 90.
lagopus, 90, 93, 95, 102, 105, 106, 123.
lapponicus, 94.
leucurus, 130.
(Lagopus) leucurus, 129, 133, 134.
lyrurus, 65.
marilandica, 322.
marilandicus, 322, 329.
marilandus, 322, 329.
marmoratus, 245.
marylandus, 322. '■
mexicanus, 305, 322.
minor, 323.
montanus, 90, 417.
rnutus, 90, 123, 125.
(Lagopus) mutus, 125.
obscurus, 67, 73, 76, 78, 81, 85, 86,
87, 90.
obscurus fuliginosa, 73, 79.
obscurus fuliginosus, 73.
obscurus richardsoni, 84.
obscurus richardsonii, 84, 89.
perdix, 409, 410, 414.
persicus, 90.
phasianellus, 187, 194, 195, 197, 201,
204.
(Centrocercus) phasianellus, 194,
195.
rehusak, 94.
reinhardti, 126.
reinhardtii, 126.
richardsoni, 83.
richardsonii, 83, 89.
ruesptris, 126.
rupestris, 116, 123, 127.
(Lagopus) rupestris, 123.
sabini, 167, 171.
saliceti, 94, 100, 104.
(Lagopus) saliceti, 104.
scoticus, 90.
sub-alpinus, 94.
tetrix, 65, 66.
tocro, 364.
togatus, 172.
tympanus, 160.
umbelloides, 183, 186.
INDEX
483
Tetrao umbellus, 153, 159, 160, 162, 165,
167, 172, 183, 185.
(Bonasia) umbellus, 160.
urogallus, 65, 66, 194.
urophasianellus, 201.
urophasianus, 227.
(Centrocercus) urophasianus, 227.
virginiana, 315.
virginianus, 305, 315, 324, 327, 329,
346.
Tetraogallus, 230, 231.
Tetraonidae, 1, 3, 62, 63, 64, 65.
Tetraoninae, 63.
Tetraophasis, 230.
Tetrastes, 64, 65.
Tetrix, 66.
tetrix, Lyurus, 66.
Tetrao, 65, 66.
Tetroa, 66.
texana, Ortyx virginiana, 325.
texanus, Colinus, 326.
Colinus virginianus, 307, 309, 322,
323, 325, 329, 331, 332, 333, 344.
Ortix, 324.
Ortyx, 324, 325, 332.
Ortyx virginianus, 324, 325.
Thaumalea, 230, 236.
Thaumelia, 236.
thayeri, Bonasa umbellus, 175.
Colinus virginianus, 307, 310, 340,
343.
thoracica, Perdix, 238.
thoracicus, Dactylortyx, 380, 383, 384,
385, 386, 387, 388.
Dactylortyx thoracicus, 381, 382,
383
Odontophorus, 383, 384, 386, 387.
Ortyx, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388.
Tocro, 364.
tocro, Tetrao, 364.
togata, Bonasa umbellus, 155, 162, 170,
171, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 185,
187.
togatus, Tetrao, 172.
torquatus, Phasianus, 424, 426, 427, 428.
Phasianus colchicus, 419, 421, 424,
426, 427.
Phasianus colchius, 427.
torridus, Canachites canadensis, 137, 138,
151, 153.
townsendi, Lagopus, 113, 114.
Lagopus mutus, 95, 96, 97, 111, 113,
114, 115, 116, 117.
Lagopus rupestris, 113, 114.
Toxostoma palmeri, 294.
Tragopans, 232.
Turkey, eastern, 440.
Florida, 447.
Gould’s, 455.
Moore’s, 457.
ocellated, 460.
Rio Grande, 449.
south Mexican, 454.
T urkeys, 62, 436.
Turnicidae, 62, 230, 231.
Tympanuchus, 64, 65, 67, 136, 206, 212.
americanus, 215, 217, 219, 223.
americanus americanus, 217.
americanus attwateri, 218, 219.
attwateri, 218.
canadensis, 147.
cupido, 207, 211, 215, 219, 220.
cupido americanus, 2 1 5, 219.
cupido americus, 215.
cupido attwateri, 208, 217, 219.
cupido cupido, 208, 211, 212, 213.
cupido pinnatus, 208, 212, 217.
franklini, 143.
obscurus, 88.
pallidicinctus, 208, 219, 222, 223.
pinnatus, 217.
richardsoni, 85.
tympanus, Tetrao, 160.
typicus, Phasianus colchicus, 430.
umbella, Bonasa, 161, 173.
umbelloides, Bonasa, 183, 186.
Bonasa umbella, 179, 181, 186, 187.
Bonasa umbellus, 156, 176, 1 77, 179,
180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187.
Tetrao, 183, 186.
umbellus, Bonasa, 153, 155, 160, 161, 162,
163, 165, 167, 171, 172, 173, 178,
179, 181, 183, 185, 186.
Bonasa umbellus, 155, 156, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170,
171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 179, 180,
182, 184, 186.
Bonasia, 160.
Tetrao, 153, 159, 160, 162, 165, 167,
172, 183, 185.
Tetrao (Bonasia), 160.
ungavus, Lagopus lagopus, 93, 106, 107.
unicolor, Chamaepetes, 56, 57, 58.
Ortalida, 58.
Urax, 8.
Urogallus, 65, 66.
urogallus, 65.
urogallus, Tetrao, 65, 66, 194.
Urogallus, 65.
Urogallus collari extenso pensylvanicus,
159.
Urogallus maculatus canadensis, 144.
Urogallus minor, 210.
Urogallus minor americanus, 144.
Urogallus minor foemina cauda longiore
Canadensis, 195.
Urogallus muscus, 210.
urophasianellus, Pedioecetes, 197.
Tetrao, 201.
urophasianus, Centrocercus, 223, 224, 227,
230.
Tetrao, 227.
Tetrao (Centrocercus), 227.
urumutum, Crax, 8.
vallicola, Callipepla California, 282.
Callipepla californica, 282, 287, 288,
289, 290.
Lophortyx, 283, 288, 289.
Lophortyx californica, 283, 288, 289.
Lophortyx californicus, 282, 283, 288,
289.
Ortalis velula, 30, 40.
484
BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
vallicolus, Lophortyx californicus, 283.
varius, Phasianus, 237.
venusta, Callipepla, 295.
veraguensis, Odontophorus, 376, 377.
verecundus, Odontophorus erythrops,
366, 373.
Odontophorus melanotis, 373.
verus, Colinus verginianus, 323.
vetula, Ortalida, 32, 33, 35, 39, 41.
Ortalis, 29, 33, 35, 39, 41.
Ortalis vetula, 30, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38,
39, 40, 42.
Penelope, 34, 39, 41.
virginiana, Colinus, 319.
Coturnix, 315.
Ortyx, 316, 317, 324, 327.
Perdix, 305, 315.
Perdix (Colinia), 317.
Tetrao, 315.
virginianus, Colinus, 306, 319, 324, 328,
333.
Colinus virginianus, 308, 310, 312,
319, 322.
virginianus, Ortyx, 315, 316, 324, 325,
327, 329, 346, 347.
Ortyx virginianus, 317.
Philortyx, 317.
Tetrao, 305, 315, 324, 327, 329, 346.
viridirostris, Crax, 12.
vociferans, Crax, 32.
Penelope, 32.
vulgaris, Starna cinerea, 417.
vulturina, Numida, 431.
wagleri, Ortalida, 28, 48, 49.
Ortalis, 28, 29, 48, 49.
Ortalis wagleri, 30, 47, 49.
waglerii, Ortalida, 48.
welchi, Lagopus, 127.
Lagopus mutus, 95, 96, 126, 127.
Lagopus rupestris, 127.
yukonensis, Bonasa umbellus, 155, 182,
183, 184.
Date Due
MAR 0 19 fcW
MAR 0 i t99t
-653008
pt . 10
QL681 .R56
Ridgway, Robert
The birds of North and middle
America
^ ft C*
/WO 4 c
DATF
iqqi mn t r^i
257046